新生幼鼠缺血缺氧性脑损伤后少突胶质细胞及髓鞘超微结构的变化

目的:探索3日龄幼鼠单侧颈总动脉结扎联合缺氧造成脑白质损伤后少突胶质细胞及髓鞘超微结构的变化。方法:将3日龄未成熟SD新生大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组。实验组大鼠结扎右侧颈总动脉,置8%O2和92%N2混合气体的缺氧装置2h后,取出返笼饲养。对照组仅游离右侧颈总动脉,并未结扎及缺氧实验。术后28d透射电镜观察胼胝体少突胶质细胞及髓鞘超微结构。结果:对照组大鼠少突胶质细胞染色质分布均匀,细胞器结构完整;髓鞘厚度及数目均正常;实验组大鼠部分少突胶质细胞核固缩、核破碎,细胞器广泛缺失;与对照组相比髓鞘厚度变薄,数目明显减少。结论:3日龄幼鼠脑缺血缺氧28d后,脑白质少突胶质细胞的超微结构发生了坏死性病理改变,髓鞘形成能力减弱,髓鞘化轴突的数目减少。     

脑穿刺伤灶愈合过程中大胶质细胞的变化

作者采用免疫组化、免疫荧光染色、流式细胞计数等方法研究脑穿刺损伤灶愈合过程中伤灶组织中大胶质细胞的形态和比例的变化及其规律,阐明大胶质细胞在脑损伤后胶质瘢痕增生中的作用。结果发现,脑穿刺损伤后,大量的胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFA）免疫组化染色阳性细胞聚集在伤灶周围,呈典型的反应性胶质化改变;流式细胞计数结果证实,GFAP阳性细胞比例显著增高,在伤后2w达高峰,为46％;半乳糖脑苷脂（GC）阳性细胞的形态与比例无明显变化。作者提出,星形胶质细胞是胶质瘢痕中增生的主要胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞在这个过程中,不是一种反应活跃的细胞成分。     

Fibroblast growth factor-2 induces astroglial and microglial reactivity in vivo

A role for fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) has been proposed in mediating the glial response to injury in the central nervous system (CNS). We have tested this possibility in vivo, by injecting FGF‐2 into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the brain ventricles of young rats and analysing glial cells in the anterior medullary velum (AMV), which partly roofs the IVth ventricle. FGF‐2 was administered at two different doses, low FGF‐2 (500 ng mL^?1 CSF) and high FGF‐2 (10 µg mL^?1 CSF), and saline vehicle was injected in controls. Injections were performed twice daily for three days, commencing at postnatal day (P) 6, and AMV were analysed at P9, using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Glial cells were unaffected by treatment with saline or low FGF‐2, whereas high FGF‐2 induced reactive changes in glial cell types: (1) there was increased GFAP expression in astrocytes, demonstrated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, and astrocytes appeared hypertrophic, with increased process thickness and number; (2) the number of ED1 labelled microglia/macrophages was doubled, from 47 ± 6 to 114 ± 17 cells per field (0.75 mm²; values are mean ± SEM), and microglia appeared activated, with a multipolar and granular appearance; (3) NG2 positive glial cells appeared more fibrous and there was increased density of processes, although there was no significant increase in their number; (4) oligodendrocyte somata were enlarged and there was a loss of myelin sheaths. The results show that at high CSF titres of FGF‐2 induce glial reactivity in vivo and support a role for FGF‐2 in the pathology of CNS injury and EAE.     

Role of brain inflammation in epileptogenesis

Inflammation is known to participate in the mediation of a growing number of acute and chronic neurological disorders. Even so, the involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and seizure-induced brain damage has only recently been appreciated. Inflammatory processes, including activation of microglia and astrocytes and production of proinflammatory cytokines and related molecules, have been described in human epilepsy patients as well as in experimental models of epilepsy. For many decades, a functional role for brain inflammation has been implied by the effective use of anti-inflammatory treatments, such as steroids, in treating intractable pediatric epilepsy of diverse causes. Conversely, common pediatric infectious or autoimmune diseases are often accompanied by seizures during the course of illness. In addition, genetic susceptibility to inflammation correlated with an increased risk of epilepsy. Mounting evidence thus supports the hypothesis that inflammation may contribute to epileptogenesis and cause neuronal injury in epilepsy. We provide an overview of the current knowledge that implicates brain inflammation as a common predisposing factor in epilepsy, particularly childhood epilepsy.     

MK-801对新生大鼠脑外伤后神经元凋亡的影响

目的：探讨N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂MK-801对新生大鼠创伤性脑外伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)后神经元凋亡的影响。方法：建立新生7 d大鼠顶叶皮质挫伤模型,在TBI前30 min、TBI后即刻、TBI后30 min分别给予腹腔注射MK-8011 mg/kg,在TBI后24 h取脑,连续切片,行H-E染色和Caspase-3免疫组化染色,检测脑神经元细胞的损伤和凋亡。结果：MK-801三组不同时间用药组与TBI组相比,在创伤同侧的扣带皮质、顶叶皮质和丘脑神经元凋亡细胞数减少,有显著性差异。其中TBI后即刻用MK-801治疗效果最好。结论：MK-80l能明显减少TBI后神经元的凋亡。     

Alpha-Phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal injury in the neonatal rat brain

Although white matter damage is a fundamental neuropathological feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the motor and cognitive deficits observed later in infants with PVL indicate the possible involvement of cerebral neuronal dysfunction. Using a previously developed rat model of white matter injury induced by cerebral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, we investigated whether LPS exposure also results in neuronal injury in the neonatal brain and whether alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN), an antioxidant, offers protection against LPS-induced neuronal injury. A stereotactic intracerebral injection of LPS (1 mg/kg) was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day 5) and control rats were injected with sterile saline. LPS exposure resulted in axonal and neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex as indicated by elevated expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein, altered axonal length and width, and increased size of cortical neuronal nuclei. LPS exposure also caused loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental areas of the rat brain. Treatments with PBN (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced LPS-induced neuronal and axonal damage. The protection of PBN was associated with an attenuation of oxidative stress induced by LPS as indicated by the reduced number of 4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde or nitrotyrosine positive cells in the cortical area following LPS exposure, and with the reduction in microglial activation stimulated by LPS. The finding that an inflammatory environment may cause both white matter and neuronal injury in the neonatal brain supports the possible anatomical correlate for the intellectual deficits and the other cortical and deep gray neuronal dysfunctions associated with PVL. The protection of PBN may indicate the potential usefulness of antioxidants for treatment of these neuronal dysfunctions.     

mBDNF/Akt/CREB和proBDNF/RhoA信号传导失衡在丙泊酚致新生鼠认知功能障碍的作用

目的探讨m BDNF/Akt/CREB和pro BDNF/Rho A信号传导失衡在丙泊酚致新生鼠认知功能障碍的作用。方法新生7 d大鼠随机分为6组(每组n=12):C组连续7 d腹腔注射0.9%氯化钠溶液;P1组注射0.9%氯化钠溶液6d后,第7天注射丙泊酚;P2组连续7 d注射丙泊酚;T、K及D组连续7 d注射丙泊酚后,第7天再分别注射TATPep5、K252a与DMSO。各组随机抽取6只大鼠进行血糖血气的监测,其余大鼠喂养至第25天进行Morris水迷宫实验,测试空间学习记忆能力。取海马组织,通过Western blot检测m BDNF/Akt/CREB及pro BDNF/Rho A信号通路的表达。结果与C组比较,P1组与P2组大鼠幼年期逃逸潜伏期延长,空间探索时间缩短(P0.05),且P2组改变更为显著。与D组比较,K组大鼠幼年期逃逸潜伏期延长,空间探索时间缩短(P0.05);T组大鼠幼年期逃逸潜伏期缩短,空间探索时间延长(P0.05)。与C组比较,P1组与P2组海马m BDNF/Akt/CREB表达下调(P0.05),且P2组下调更为显著;P1组与P2组海马pro BDNF/Rho A表达上调(P0.05),且P2组上调更为显著。与D组比较,K组海马Akt/CREB下调(P0.05),T组海马Rho A下调(P0.05)。结论丙泊酚导致新生大鼠幼年期学习记忆功能障碍与m BDNF/Akt/CREB抗凋亡信号通路抑制,pro BDNF/Rho A促凋亡信号通路增强有关。     

Minocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced white matter injury in the neonatal rat brain

Our previous studies have shown that intracerebral administration of endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induces selective white matter injury and hypomyelination in the neonatal rat brain and that the LPS-induced brain injury is associated with activation of microglia. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of microglial activation may protect against LPS-induced white matter injury, we examined roles of minocycline, a putative suppressor of microglial activation, on LPS-induced brain injury in the neonatal rat. A stereotactic intracerebral injection of LPS (1 mg/kg) was performed in postnatal day 5 Sprague-Dawley rats and control rats were injected with sterile saline. Minocycline (45 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 12 h before and immediately after LPS injection and then every 24 h for 3 days. Inflammatory responses, activation of microglia and brain injury were examined 1 and 3 days after LPS injection. LPS injection resulted in brain injury in selective brain areas, including bilateral ventricular enlargement, cell death at the sub- and periventricular areas, loss of O4+ and O1+ oligodendrocyte (OL) immunoreactivity and hypomyelination, as indicated by decreased myelin basic protein immunostaining, in the neonatal rat brain. Minocycline administration significantly attenuated LPS-induced brain injury in these rat brains. The protective effect of minocycline was associated with suppressed microglial activation as indicated by the decreased number of activated microglial cells following LPS stimulation and with consequently decreased elevation of interleukin 1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations induced by LPS and a reduced number of inducible nitric oxide synthase expressing cells. Protection of minocycline was also linked with the reduction in LPS-induced oxidative stress, as indicated by 4-hydroxynonenal positive OLs. The overall results suggest that reduction in microglial activation may protect the neonatal brain from LPS-induced white matter injury and inhibition of microglial activation might be an effective approach for the therapeutic treatment of infection-induced white matter injury.     

Apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokine responses of primary mouse microglia and astrocytes induced by human H1N1 and avian H5N1 influenza viruses

Patients with an influenza virus infection can be complicated by acute encephalopathy and encephalitis. To investigate the immune reactions involved in the neurocomplication, mouse microglia and astrocytes were isolated, infected with human H1N1 and avian H5N1 influenza viruses, and examined for their immune responses. We observed homogeneously distributed viral receptors, sialic acid （SA）-a2,3-Galactose （Gal） and SA-a2,6-Gal, on microglia and astrocytes. Both viruses were replicative and productive in microglia and astrocytes. Virus-induced apoptosis and cytopathy in infected cells were observed at 24 h post-infection （p.i.）. Expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-a mRNA examined at 6 h and 24 h p.i. was up-regulated, and their expression levels were considerably higher in H5N1 infection. The amounts of secreted proinflammatory IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-a at 6 h and 24 h p.i. were also induced, with greater induction by H5N1 infection. This study is the first demonstration that both human H1N1 and avian H5N1 influenza viruses can infect mouse microglia and astrocytes and induce apoptosis, cytopathy, and proinflammatory cytokine production in them in vitro. Our results suggest that the direct cellular damage and the consequences of immunopathological injury in the CNS contribute to the influenza viral pathogenesis. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.     

Overexpression of the immunoreceptor CD300f has a neuroprotective role in a model of acute brain injury

It is well known that cell surface immune receptors play a critical role in regulating immune and inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). We have analyzed the function of cluster of differentiation (CD)300f immunoreceptor in a model of excitotoxic rat brain damage. First, to explore the presence of endogenous ligand(s) for this receptor we used a human CD300f-Ig soluble protein and confocal microscopy, showing specific staining mainly in CNS white matter and on the surface of oligodendrocytes and certain astrocytes. Next, we demonstrated in a model of in vivo rat brain excitotoxic damage that the overexpression of human CD300f induced a significant reduction in the lesion volume. To validate these results, we cloned the rat ortholog of CD300f protein (rCD300f). The overexpression of rCD300f receptor had a comparable neuroprotective effect after the acute brain injury and a similar CNS staining pattern when stained with the rCD300f-Ig soluble protein. Interestingly, when we analyzed the expression pattern of rCD300f in brain cells by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, we detected the expression of CD300f as expected in microglial cells, but also in oligodendrocytes and neurons. These data suggest that the neuroprotective role of CD300f would be the result of a complex network of cell interactions.     

大鼠创伤性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞的变化

目的：探讨大鼠创伤性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞的形态学变化及GFAP和NOS的表达情况。方法：采用大鼠自由落体脑损伤模型，伤后1、3、7d取脑切片，行Nissl染色以及GFAP免疫组化和NADPH—d组化单标记及双标记染色。结果：损伤区周围皮质GFAP阳性细胞胞体增大、突起增粗增长，GFAP阳性细胞数量与正常侧及对照组相比，伤后1d即有明显增加，伤后3d、7d数量持续增加；损伤侧海马CAI～3区和DG各层GFAP阳性细胞排列紊乱，胞体增大、突起增粗增长，GFAP阳性细胞数量与正常侧及对照组相比则无明显变化。损伤区周围皮质、损伤侧海马NOS阳性细胞数量明显增加。伤后3d损伤区周围皮质和损伤侧海马中GFAP与NOS双标细胞分别占GFAP阳性细胞的14．2％和13．4％左右。结论：大鼠创伤性脑损伤后大量的星形胶质细胞活化、GFAP表达增加并且部分转化为NOS阳性细胞，提示其参与了脑组织的损伤与修复过程。     

Minocycline alleviates hypoxic-ischemic injury to developing oligodendrocytes in the neonatal rat brain

The role of minocycline in preventing white matter injury, in particular the injury to developing oligodendrocytes was examined in a neonatal rat model of hypoxia-ischemia. Hypoxia-ischemia was achieved through bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by exposure to hypoxia (8% oxygen) for 15 min in postnatal day 4 Sprague-Dawley rats. A sham operation was performed in control rats. Minocycline (45 mg/kg) or normal phosphate-buffered saline was administered intraperitoneally 12 h before and immediately after bilateral carotid artery occlusion+hypoxia and then every 24 h for 3 days. Nissl staining revealed pyknotic cells in the white matter area of the rat brain 1 and 5 days after hypoxia-ischemia. Hypoxia-ischemia insult also resulted in apoptotic oligodendrocyte cell death, loss of O4+ and O1+ oligodendrocyte immunoreactivity, and hypomyelination as indicated by decreased myelin basic protein immunostaining and by loss of mature oligodendrocytes in the rat brain. Minocycline significantly attenuated hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain injury. The protective effect of minocycline was associated with suppression of hypoxia-ischemia-induced microglial activation as indicated by the decreased number of activated microglia, which were also interleukin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressing cells. The protective effect of minocycline was also linked with reduction in hypoxia-ischemia-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress as indicated by 4-hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine positive oligodendrocytes, respectively. The reduction in hypoxia-ischemia-induced oxidative stress was also evidenced by the decreases in the content of 8-isoprostane in the minocycline-treated hypoxia-ischemia rat brain as compared with that in the vehicle-treated hypoxia-ischemia rat brain. The overall results suggest that reduction in microglial activation may protect developing oligodendrocytes in the neonatal brain from hypoxia-ischemia injury.     

The cellular and behavioral consequences of interleukin-1 alpha penetration through the blood-brain barrier of neonatal rats: a critical period for efficacy

Proinflammatory cytokines circulating in the periphery of early postnatal animals exert marked influences on their subsequent cognitive and behavioral traits and are therefore implicated in developmental psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. Here we examined the relationship between the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) in neonatal and juvenile rats and their later behavioral performance. Following s.c. injection of IL-1 alpha into rat neonates, IL-1 alpha immunoreactivity was first detected in the choroid plexus, brain microvessels, and olfactory cortex, and later diffused to many brain regions such as neocortex and hippocampus. In agreement, IL-1 alpha administration to the periphery resulted in a marked increase in brain IL-1 alpha content of neonates. Repeatedly injecting IL-1 alpha to neonates triggered astrocyte proliferation and microglial activation, followed by behavioral abnormalities in startle response and putative prepulse inhibition at the adult stage. Analysis of covariance with a covariate of startle amplitude suggested that IL-1 alpha administration may influence prepulse inhibition. However, adult rats treated with IL-1 alpha as neonates exhibited normal learning ability as measured by contextual fear conditioning, two-way passive shock avoidance, and a radial maze task and had no apparent sign of structural abnormality in the brain. In comparison, when IL-1 alpha was administered to juveniles, the blood-brain barrier permeation was limited. The increases in brain IL-1 alpha content and immunoreactivity were less pronounced following IL-1 alpha administration and behavioral abnormalities were not manifested at the adult stage. During early development, therefore, circulating IL-1 alpha efficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier to induce inflammatory reactions in the brain and influences later behavioral traits.     

Prophylaxis with α-lipoic acid against lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury in rats

Introduction  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates the synthesis and release of reactive oxygen species that play an important role in the pathogenesis of tissue injuries. In this study the effect of early administration of the antioxidant α-lipoic acid (α-LA) on brain lipid peroxidation, brain hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration, and brain total sulfhydryl group (-SH group) content was evaluated in rats with endotoxic shock induced by administration of LPS (Escherichia coli 026:B6, 30 mg/kg i.v.) Materials and Methods  Rats were treated intravenously with normal saline or α-LA (60 mg/kg) 30 min after LPS injection. After 5 h of observation, the animals were killed and their brains were isolated for the measurements. Results  Injection of LPS alone resulted in the development of shock and oxidative stress, the latter indicated by a significant increase in brain concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) and H₂O₂ and a decrease in total brain -SH group content. Administration of α-LA after the LPS challenge resulted in an increase in total -SH group content and a decrease in TBARS and H₂O₂ concentration in the brain tissue compared with the LPS group. Conclusion  The results indicate that α-LA treatment effectively protected the brain tissue against endotoxin-induced oxidative stress. Administration of LA could be a useful adjunct to clinical application in the management of septic shock.     

Ultrastructural changes in isoniazid-induced brain oedema in the dog

Summary Dogs dosed daily with isoniazid, 15 mg kg^–1for 45 and 69 days or 20–40 mg kg^–1 for 4–20 days, showed; vacuolation of myelin, astrocyte hypertrophy and oligodendrocyte degeneration. The distribution of vacuolation was different in low- and high-dose animals.The vacuolation seen with the light microscope resulted from splitting of the intraperiod line, dilatation of the periaxonal space, distension of the inner tongue of oligodendrocyte cytoplasm and focal axonal swelling. In addition to degenerative changes in the cell body region of oligodendrocytes — pyknotic nuclei, loss of polysomes, mitochondrial enlargement and cell swelling — abnormalities in the appearance of the inner tongue of oligodendroycte cytoplasm occurred. Evidence of demyelination and remyelination was found in the long term animals.In the high-dose animals, focal areas of expanded extracellular space as well as evidence of damaged blood vessels, were seen in the cerebral cortex. It could not be determined if these changes represented early lesions or resulted from perfusion artefact.Attention is drawn to a number of conditions in which astrocytic hypertrophy and myelin vacuolation occur together.     

Role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury

Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is an important cause of neonatal mortality and subsequent serious neurological sequel. In neonatal brain the severity of hypoxic injury varies most probably due to the effects of multiple protective or deleterious factors. But the mechanisms under this difference are still not full understood. In recent years, some evidence has been found supporting the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in many neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. We hypothesised that epigenetic mechanisms have been also involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury possibly by suppression of ischemia-induced cerebral inflammation and changing the expression of proapoptotic-antiapoptotic genes.     

罗格列酮对大鼠脑出血急性期小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的影响

目的:研究罗格列酮对大鼠脑出血后小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、大剂量干预组、小剂量干预组和假手术组。采用Ⅳ型胶原酶肝素生理盐水尾状核立体定向注射法建立大鼠脑出血模型,大剂量干预组给予罗格列酮2 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)灌胃,小剂量干预组给予罗格列酮0.2 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)灌胃,连续7 d。在术前和术后每日进行1次Longa神经功能缺损评分和尾部微量血糖测量,在术后第2天和第7天采用免疫组织化学检测脑小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞。结果:大剂量干预组在术后第4天到第7天,小剂量干预组在术后第5天到第7天的Longa神经功能缺损评分低于对照组;大剂量干预组在术后第4天到第7天,小剂量干预组在术后第6天和第7天的微量血糖低于对照组;大剂量干预组术后第2天和第7天血肿周边活化的小胶质细胞较对照组增加,小剂量干预组术后第7天血肿周边活化的小胶质细胞较对照组增加;大剂量干预组和小剂量干预组术后第7天星形胶质细胞较对照组明显增加。结论:罗格列酮可以部分改善大鼠脑出血急性期神经功能,这可能与调节小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞激活和功能有关。     

新生大鼠大脑皮层少突胶质细胞/Ⅱ型星形胶质祖细胞原代培养及形态

目的:研究不同诱导条件对大鼠大脑皮层O2A祖细胞生长活性的影响。方法:采用两次恒温摇床振荡培养法,倒置显微镜结合免疫荧光染色法鉴定细胞种类并判断纯度,透射电镜观察细胞超微结构。结果:O2A祖细胞胞体呈圆形,常有单极或双极突起.形成克隆球,A285标记阳性,免疫荧光鉴定细胞纯度可达90%以上。O2A祖细胞具有双向分化的能力,在不同诱导条件下可分化为星形胶质细胞或少突胶质细胞。电镜观察O2A祖细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,核仁可见,胞质内细胞器少,核周见成束胞质丝。结论:选择合适的培养基对O2A祖细胞纯化培养及诱导分化极其重要。     

蛋白脂蛋白在两型星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞中的表达

目的:探讨蛋白脂蛋白(PLP)在分化成熟的两型星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞中的表达。方法:用激光共聚焦双重免疫荧光标记技术检测PLP在分化成熟的两型星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞中的表达情况。结果:在O-2A谱系来源的成熟2型星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞中PLP抗体标记为阳性,而在T1A谱系来源的成熟1型星形胶质细胞中则未检测到PLP的表达,从而在蛋白质水平验证本室研究两型星形胶质细胞基因表达谱差异基因芯片结果中PLP mRNA在T2A中高表达,而在T1A中低表达的现象。结论:PLP等脂代谢相关基因可能在O-2A谱系发生和分化过程中起重要作用,O-2A谱系与神经髓鞘发生以及脑内脂质代谢内在机制密切相关。     

IL-6在CNS损伤修复中的作用

长期以来,人们普遍认为中枢神经系统(CNS)损伤后的炎症反应参与其继发性损伤,导致损伤部位附近的神经元和胶质细胞进一步丢失,从而加重功能障碍.近年来,大量的实验证据表明,CNS损伤后的炎症反应,除产生神经毒性作用外,还具有神经保护作用,这就导致炎症反应在一些CNS损伤实验模型中增加组织损伤,而在另一些实验模型中却发挥神经保护和促进修复作用.