气相色谱法测定皮炎平软膏中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量

目的用气相色谱法测定皮炎平软膏中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量.方法色谱柱为10%PEG-20M 3.2 mm×2.1m,玻璃柱,柱温150℃,检测器温度200℃.结果樟脑在0.4288～2.144 mg/ml,薄荷脑在0.4232～2.116 mg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,(r樟=0.9993,r薄=0.9995);回收率为樟脑98.8%、RSD=0.78%,薄荷脑99.2%、RSD=0.83%.结论本法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于皮炎平软膏樟脑、薄荷脑的含量测定.     

气相色谱法同时测定蒸气吸入剂中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量

目的:建立以气相色谱法同时测定蒸气吸入剂中樟脑、薄荷脑含量的方法。方法:采用玻璃填充柱(涂覆10%PEG-20mol/L),柱温为120℃,进样口温度为160℃,检测器温度为250℃,载气为高纯度氮气,流速为50ml/min。结果:樟脑、薄荷脑检测浓度分别在0.016～0.176mg/ml(r=0.9998)、0.04～0.44mg/ml(r=0.9999)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为100.27%(RSD=0.79%)、100.18%(RSD=1.11%)。结论:本方法快速、准确、分离度好、灵敏度高,可同时测定蒸气吸入剂中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量。     

GC法测定筋骨舒喷雾剂中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量

目的：采用毛细管柱气相色谱法测定筋骨舒喷雾剂中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量。方法采用毛细管柱气相色谱法,DB-624毛细管色谱柱（30m×0.53mm,3μm),程序升温,初始温度130℃,保持10分钟,以5℃/min升至180℃,保持20分钟。进样口温度200℃,FID检测器温度250℃;外标法。结果樟脑浓度在0.0515-0.5154mg/ml,薄荷脑浓度在0.0565-0.5654mg/ml范围内,具有良好的线性关系,线性回归方程分别为y=983.80x+2.6836,r=0.9995（n=6）, y=979.66x+2.0510,r=0.9995（n=6）;樟脑平均回收率为102.6%,RSD=1.4%（n=6);薄荷脑平均回收率为101.6%, RSD=1.5%(n=6）。结论所建立的方法简便、准确、重复性好,可作为筋骨舒喷雾剂的质量控制方法。     

气相色谱法测定寒痹软膏中樟脑、冰片和薄荷脑的含量

目的：建立测定寒痹软膏中樟脑、冰片、薄荷脑含量的方法。方法采用气相色谱法,毛细管柱为 ZB-Wax（30m ＆#215;0.25mm×0.5μm）,萘为内标物,程序升温,FID检测器。结果樟脑、冰片、薄荷脑分别在0.3209～0.6417mg·mL -1、0.2414～0.4828mg·mL -1、0.2392～0.4784mg · mL -1范围内呈良好线性关系。平均回收率分别为：樟脑102.54％,RSD 为1.02％;冰片98.81％,RSD 为1.05％;薄荷脑102.13％,RSD 为1.53％。结论本方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,可同时测定寒痹软膏中樟脑、冰片和薄荷脑的含量。     

GC法同时测定复方苯海拉明搽剂中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方苯海拉明搽剂中樟脑和薄荷脑含量的方法。方法:采用气相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent19095N-123 INNOWAX毛细管柱,柱温为120℃,进样口温度为220℃,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为260℃,载气为氮气,柱流速为6.0 ml/min,空气流速为450 ml/min,氮气流速为40 ml/min,分流比为20∶1,进样量为1μl。结果:樟脑和薄荷脑质量浓度线性范围为0.612~6.12、0.593~5.93 mg/ml(r=0.999 9、0.999 9);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2%;加样回收率分别为98.0%~100.7%、98.7%~100.7%,RSD分别为1.0%、0.7%(n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便、结果准确、重复性好,可用于测定复方苯海拉明搽剂中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量。     

瘀散清风油中α-蒎烯、樟脑、薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯的气相色谱法测定

目的:采用气相色谱法测定瘀散清风油中α-蒎烯、樟脑、薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯的含茸。方法:气相色谱柱为PEG-20M 柱(3 m×3．3mm);采用FID检测器,进样口温度200℃,检测器温度220℃,采用程序升温,起始温度60℃,保持1 min,每分钟10℃,终止温度180℃,保持3 min。结果:α-蒎烯、樟脑、薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯线性范围分别为:0．25-4．01 mg·mL-1 (r=0．9999),0．27-4．08 mg·mL-1(r=0．9995),0．94-14．11 mg·mL-1(r=0．9998),0．75-12．13 mg·mIL-1(r= 0．9998);平均回收率分别为98．4％,96．4％,97．6％,97．6％,RSD均小于3％(n=6)。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,可同时在一种药油中测定α-蒎烯、樟脑、薄荷脑、水杨酸甲酯的含量。     

GC法测定止痒氧化锌洗剂中樟脑、薄荷脑和苯酚的含量

目的建立GC法测定止痒氧化锌洗剂中樟脑、薄荷脑及苯酚含量的方法。方法 GC色谱条件为Zebron ZB-Wax(30 m×0.32 mm,0.50μm)毛细管柱;进样口温度180℃;检测器温度150℃;FID检测器;柱温初始温度为160℃,以30℃·min~(-1)速率升温至200℃;载气为氮气。结果樟脑、薄荷脑及苯酚的线性均为25~500 mg·L~(-1)(r≥0.998 3)。樟脑、薄荷脑和苯酚的平均回收率分别为100.28%(RSD=1.63%,n=9)、99.61%(RSD=1.42%,n=9)和101.94%(RSD=1.56%,n=9)。结论该方法可用于止痒氧化锌洗剂中樟脑、薄荷脑和苯酚的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定复方氧化锌粉中薄荷脑和樟脑含量

目的:建立气相色谱法同时测定复方氧化锌粉中的樟脑、薄荷脑两组分的含量。方法:以萘为内标物质,环己烷作为溶剂,岛津CBP-M25-025（25 m×0.22mm,0.25μm）为色谱柱;载气为氮气,柱温130℃,进样口和检测器温度均为180℃,FID氢火焰离子化检测器,进样量1μl。结果:测定各组份达到良好分离,樟脑的线性范围为0.26～2.63 mg·ml^-1,薄荷脑的线性范围为0.51～5.06 mg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）;樟脑的平均回收率为99.5%（RSD=1.10%）,薄荷脑的回收率为98.9%（RSD=1.36%）。结论:本方法灵敏、快速、简便、可用于复方氧化锌粉的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱－示差折光检测法同时测定复方苯海拉明搽剂中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱-示差折光检测法测定复方苯海拉明搽剂中樟脑和薄荷脑含量的方法.方法:采用示差折光检测器,色谱柱采用十八烷基键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-水(80:20);柱温为30℃;流速为1.0mL·min-1.结果:樟脑和薄荷脑分别在0.10～1.00 mg·mL-1和0.10～1.00 mg·mL-1的浓度范围内有良好的线性关系,r分别为0.9997和0.9998,两者的平均回收率分别为99.9%(RSD=1.0%)和99.5%(RSD=0.7%).结论:此法简便,快速,结果准确可靠,适用于同时测定复方苯海拉明搽剂中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑的含量

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为WatersNova-pakC18,流动相为三氯甲烷-甲醇-水(14∶52∶30),流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为289nm,柱温为35℃。结果:樟脑检测浓度在0.8～5.6μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均加样回收率为99.4%(RSD=0.7%)。结论:本方法专属性好、简便、快速、准确,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.