结节间沟及其毗邻结构断层解剖学研究

目的本文旨在研究肱二头肌长头脱位的机制以及相关手术方法提供结节间沟和其毗邻结构的解剖学基础。方法成人尸体肩关节部标本3例,制成1.0～1.5 mm厚的水平位、矢状位、冠状位火棉胶连续切片。结果①肩胛下肌肌腱发出之后沿肩关节囊前方走行,在小结节前侧,与关节囊紧密结合,横过结节间沟,扩展到大结节外侧面与冈上肌肌腱指点相融合。②肱二头肌长头通过结节间沟部分表面由肌腱腱鞘所包绕。③结节间沟出口平面,喙肱韧带内侧分支和盂肱上韧带形成复合体结构,加强肱二头肌长头内侧。结论①肩胛下肌肌腱不止于小结节,而是越过结节间沟表面和冈上肌肌腱止点融合;②喙肱韧带和盂肱上韧带是防止肱二头肌长头脱位的重要的结构之一;③手术治疗此种损伤造成的肱二头肌长头脱位应重建其解剖学结构,以防止再脱位的发生。     

肩袖间隙的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：研究肩袖间隙的组成部分和解剖学特点，及其在肩关节运动中的稳定机制。方法：在12具成人尸体24例肩关节标本上，解剖观察肩袖间隙的位置、组成和形态学特点，以及在肩关节活动中的稳定作用。结果：肩袖间隙是冈上肌腱与肩胛下肌腱之间的三角形区域，主要由喙肱韧带和盂肱上韧带组成；在肩内收位时有限制肩关节外旋和肱骨头下移的作用。结论：①肩袖间隙结构的研究对于RI病变的临床诊治具有重要意义；②肩袖间隙损伤后的修补对于维持肩关节稳定具有重要作用。     

健康志愿者肩关节肱二头肌长头肌腱位置、方向及形态学的MRI测量

背景：以往的研究中仅对肱二头肌长头肌腱在肱二头肌腱沟入口偏离度进行定性描述,未进行定量测量。 目的：通过分析健康志愿者肩关节中立位、外旋位和内旋位MRI之轴位图像上肱二头肌长头肌腱位置、方向及形态学改变,探讨肱二头肌长头肌腱 MRI形态学特征以利临床评价肱二头肌长头肌腱。 方法：纳入35名无症状志愿者,在肩关节中立位、外旋位、内旋位进行MR扫描。2名评价者对MR图像进行评价,排除标准为具有肩袖、喙肱韧带、上盂肱韧带、滑车韧带病灶或退行性改变者。一名测量者在轴位3D WATSc序列的上、中、下3个测量层面上对肱二头肌长头肌腱位置、方向及形态进行测量。 结果与结论：健康志愿者肩关节中立位、外旋位和内旋位MR轴位图像上肱二头肌长头肌腱改变结果：①肱二头肌长头肌腱位置：中立位肱二头肌长头肌腱在内外方向的偏离度最大。②肱二头肌长头肌腱方向：肱二头肌长头肌腱的方向角度均为锐角,在中、下测量层面上,肩关节3个体位的肱二头肌长头肌腱角度之间的差异具有显著性意义。③形态：在下测量层面上,肩关节3个体位肱二头肌长头肌腱形态的改变具有显著性意义。结果显示健康志愿者肱二头肌长头肌腱位置、方向、形态与肩关节旋转体位具有潜在关联。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

冈上肌腱的血供特点及临床意义

目的　为肩关节疾患的防治及肩关节功能的重建提供血供解剖学基础。 方法　采用40侧常规防腐灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本,解剖出冈上肌观察其形态结构、起止点、血供来源、走行、分布特点并测量有关数据。 结果　冈上肌的血供主要来自肩胛上动脉和颈横动脉降支。肩胛上动脉起始处外径为(2.9±0.3) mm,主干长(4.8±0.7) cm;营养冈上肌肌支在肩胛横韧带的上方或下方分为2～3支进入肌腹。其入肌点位于肩胛横韧带的前下方(1.9±0.2) mm;冈上肌腱在移行部和扩展部动脉吻合丰富,而在实质部距肌腱止点部1 cm处毛细血管稀疏,是一个明显的乏血管区。冈上肌的神经支配主要是肩胛上神经,与血管伴行分2～3支支配冈上肌。 结论　肩袖撕裂或肩袖损伤考虑行手术修复时,不宜采取简单的断端缝合,应将断端的缺血组织切除后再行缝合或采用合适的肌腱代用材料进行修补,改善局部血供,有利于愈合。     

喙突周围肌腱与韧带转位治疗肩锁关节脱位的解剖及临床应用

目的 :探索肩锁关节脱位的治疗方法 ,并为临床提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 30侧成年尸体上对喙突、肌皮神经、肱二头肌短头腱、喙肱肌、喙肩韧带的形态、血供进行了观察 ,设计了用肱二头肌短头肌腱或喙肱肌腱并喙肩韧带转位治疗肩锁关节脱位的术式 ,并在临床验证。结果 :(1 )肱二头肌短头腱、喙肱肌腱、喙肩韧带都有足够的长度向锁骨翻转修复喙锁韧带 ;(2 )翻转的肌腱与韧带弹性差 ,抗拉力及强度大 ;(3)肌腱翻转后对原有的功能影响不大 ;(4)临床应用 1 6例 ,1 2例获随访 ,疗效满意。结论 :用肱二头肌短头腱、肱喙肌腱、喙肩韧带转位修复肩锁关节脱位的术式 ,有其形态学基础 ,可以在临床上推广应用     

关节镜Bristow-Latarjet术中打内固定骨道时CT定位肩胛上神经的应用价值

文题释义： Bristow-Latarjet术：是带有联合腱的喙突骨块，穿过被横断的肩胛下肌腱后，固定于肩盂前缘，是治疗复发性肩关节前脱位的有效方法。神经损伤是该术式常见并发症。 肩胛上神经：在肩胛盂上方穿过肩胛上横韧带与肩胛切迹组成的纤维骨性通道即肩胛上孔，进入冈上窝。肩胛上神经的冈上窝段紧贴着冈上肌深面向外下走行，穿过肩胛下孔(由冈盂切迹和连于肩峰根部及肩胛骨背面的肩胛下韧带构成)并绕着冈盂切迹向内下而到冈下窝，发出分支支配冈下肌。 背景：Bristow-Latarjet术是治疗复发性肩关节前脱位的可靠方法。然而据报道，其中1.6%的患者伴有神经损伤。因此全关节镜Latarjet术式越来越受欢迎，由于外科医生不能触诊神经，神经的定位和保护变得困难。 目的：研究肩胛上神经在肩胛颈后上方的CT定位，提高对Bristow-Latarjet术临床操作安全范围的认知。 方法：选用经甲醛常规固定的成年尸体上肢标本12侧，男8侧，女4侧，实验方案符合东莞市中医院对研究的相关伦理要求。解剖并使用显影线标记12侧标本肩胛上神经的主干和分支，CT水平位上测量肩胛上孔、冈盂切迹、最外侧神经分支入肌点3个位置在肩关节内旋45°和外旋45°体位时到肩胛盂前后缘连线的距离、成角以及与肩胛盂的高度比，所得数据进行统计学处理。 结果与结论：①Pearson 相关性分析：盂的高度分别与冈盂切迹、入肌点到关节面的距离呈正相关；②内旋45°与外旋45°两个体位比较：肩胛上孔处的距离和成角度数差异无显著性(P均> 0.05)；冈盂切迹处的距离和成角差异有显著性意义(P均< 0.01)，高度比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)；入肌点处的距离、成角和高度比差异均有显著性意义(P均< 0.01)，表明与内旋位相比，外旋位具有更大的角度和距离的安全范围；③内外旋45°位时，冈盂切迹处与入肌点处的角度、距离、高度比差异均有显著性意义(P均< 0.01)，表明相比冈盂切迹，入肌点与关节面的角度更小、距离更短，相对盂的高度比更大；④提示关节镜下Bristow-Laterjet术打内固定骨道时建议外旋位操作，以减少神经损伤的发生概率。 ORCID: 0000-0002-6828-042X(袁胜超) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节；骨植入物；脊柱；骨折；内固定；数字化骨科；组织工程     

肱二头肌短头腱喙肱肌腱喙肩韧带重建喙锁韧带的应用解剖

目的为肱二头肌短头腱、喙肱肌腱和喙肩韧带复合转位修复肩锁关节脱位提供解剖学基础.方法用50侧成人尸体标本,对喙锁韧带(锥状韧带和斜方韧带),肱二头肌短头腱、喙肱肌腱、喙肩韧带的形态结构进行解剖学观察.结果锥状韧带基底宽(1.3±0.3)cm,高(1.5±0.4)mm,斜方韧带长、宽、厚分别为(1.1±0.2)、(1.3±0.2)、(2.4±0.8)mm;肱二头肌短头和喙肱肌联合腱的长、宽、厚分别为(7.1±0.7)、(1.7±0.4)、(1.1±0.3)mm;喙肩韧带前、后缘长为(3.1±0.5)、(2.5±0.2)cm,喙锁间隙为(0.5±0.1)cm.结论以肱二头肌短头腱、喙肱肌腱和喙肩韧带复合转位重建喙锁韧带可有效地治疗肩锁关节脱位.     

联合肌腱转位手术对肩关节稳定作用的生物力学研究

本文对８具尸体肩关节中联合肌腱（肱二头肌短头和喙肱肌）进行前方稳定性作用的生物力学分析。将上臂置于外展９０°，外旋９０°位，对肱骨头施以１５Ｎ前移力。然后右肩关节囊完整或破损、联合肌腱原位或转位（移位到肩胛下肌和关节囊之间）。对联合肌腱施加０Ｎ、１５Ｎ或３０Ｎ的载荷情况下，通过三维测量仪分别监测肱骨头的位置。结果显示在所有上述情况下随着联合肌腱负载的增加，肱骨头的前移减少。特别是在关节囊破损、联合肌腱转位后，联合肌腱对肱骨头的这种阻挡前移作用最为显著。由此我们认为当上臂处于外展外旋位时，联合肌腱对孟肱关节     

肩袖合并肩胛上神经损伤原因的解剖学研究

目的:探讨肩袖损伤合并肩胛上神经损伤的解剖学原因及其临床意义。方法:在44侧经常规防腐处理的成人尸体上肢标本上解剖观测肩袖和肩胛上神经,观测肩胛上神经及其分支的数目、直径、起始、走行、分布以及与肩袖的解剖关系。结果:肩胛上神经行程迂曲,有起点、入肌点两个固定点,另有肩胛上孔、肩胛下孔两个约束点,在冈盂切迹处形成大约50°左右的转折角,发出冈上肌支44支、冈下肌支44支、上关节支42支、下关节支53支、感觉支37支,分布于冈上肌、冈下肌和肩关节等处。肩胛上神经分别在肩胛上、下孔处贴近肩胛上韧带、肩胛下韧带,活动余地较小,肩部外展活动时神经张力增大,肩袖和肩胛上神经干之间有筋膜相隔。结论:肩胛上神经内在的解剖因素是肩袖合并肩胛上神经损伤的基础,肩袖的牵拉是其受伤的直接原因,肩袖损伤时可合并肩胛上神经损伤。     

成人结节间滑液鞘和肩峯下囊的观测

为肩周炎有关诊治提供结节间沟滑液鞘和肩峰下囊的资料,本文观测了30侧成人肩关节标本,剖检前用有色明胶溶液分别注射到肩峰下囊和肩关节腔内。 一:结节间沟滑液鞘 肱二头肌长头腱起自肩胛骨盂上结节,通过肩关节的关节腔,其腱周包有滑膜,并随肌腱伸出关节囊达给节间沟处,即结节间滑液鞘。从肱骨大结节上缘中点开始测量,此鞘平均长度4.4cm,均与肩关节腔相通。结节间沟的沟嵴上有薄层横韧带将肌腱限制在沟内。     

Anatomical composition of the anterior shoulder joint capsule. A cadaver study on 12 glenohumeral joints

Twelve right cadaver shoulder joints were investigated after alcohol-formalin-glycerol fixation. The tendons of the "rotator cuff" were separated from the joint capsule. The capsulo-ligamentous structures: Lig. coracohumerale, Lig. coracoglenoidale and Ligg. glenohumeralia were dissected. In addition to the Ligg. glenohumerale superius, medium et inferius, an "unknown glenohumeral ligament" coursed in the midline of the superficial layer of the anterior shoulder joint capsule. It arose from the axillary part of the Lig. glenohumerale inferius and the insertion tendon of the Caput longum m. tricipitis brachii, coursed upwards laterally and fused with the Lig. glenohumerale medium. Between the Ligg. glenohumerale medium et inferius it was connected with the shoulder joint capsule by loose connective tissue. Craniolaterally it melted into the superior portion of the M. subscapularis and inserted together with its tendon to the Tuberculum minus of the Humerus. The ascending fibres of the "unknown glenohumeral ligament" and the oblique, descending fibres of the Ligg. glenohumeralia medium et inferius crossed twice and formed X-shape connections between the ligaments. In external rotation and abduction or anteversion the course of fibres of the "unknown glenohumeral ligament" was spiral. According to the shape and anatomical position of the "unknown glenohumeral ligament" we propose to name it "Lig. glenohumerale spirale".     

The spinoglenoid ligament: an anatomic study

The spinoglenoid ligament and its anatomic variations are described in 27 shoulders from 15 cadavers. In each shoulder one or two distinct spinoglenoid ligaments originated from the base of the spine of the scapula; they inserted on the neck of the scapula or the shoulder joint capsule. In the 19 shoulders in which only one spinoglenoid ligament was present, it inserted into the neck of the scapula in 14 cases and into the shoulder joint capsule in five instances. In the eight shoulders in which there were two ligaments, one inserted into the neck of the scapula and the other into the shoulder joint capsule. We did not observe any hypertrophic spinoglenoid ligaments that may have compressed the suprascapular nerve.     

Transverse humeral ligament: Does it exist?

The insertion of the tendon of subscapularis is accepted as being on the lesser tubercle of the humerus. The transverse humeral ligament (THL) is described as a distinct entity in most textbooks, overlying the long tendon of biceps as it emerges from the capsule of the shoulder joint. In this study, we dissected 85 embalmed shoulders to clarify the anatomy of the THL and variation in the insertion of the tendon of subscapularis. In all specimens no distinct THL could be identified, but in every shoulder a fibrous expansion arose from the posterior lamina of the tendon of pectoralis major overlying the long tendon of biceps. In 86% of shoulders, fibres from the tendon of subscapularis passed over the long tendon of biceps within this fibrous expansion and inserted on to the greater tubercle of the humerus where one would expect to find the THL. In 33% of dissections, fibres from the tendon of subscapularis lay deep to the long tendon of biceps, inserting either into the bicipital groove or on to the greater tubercle. In only 8% of cases did the tendon of subscapularis insert exclusively on to the lesser tubercle. We conclude that the THL does not exist as a separate entity. We suggest that in the majority of cases, the structure overlying the long tendon of biceps as it emerges from the capsule of the shoulder joint consists of tendinous fibres from subscapularis, contained within a fibrous expansion derived from the posterior lamina of the tendon of pectoralis major. In the minority of shoulders, where the tendon of subscapularis inserts exclusively on to the lesser tubercle, we hypothesise that this fibrous expansion acts as a retinaculum preventing the long tendon of biceps from "bowstringing."     

Ultrasonographic findings of the shoulder in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and comparison with physical examination

The objectives of this study were: 1) to identify the ultrasonographic (US) abnormalities and 2) to compare the findings of physical examination with US findings in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with shoulder pain. We studied 30 RA patients. Physical examination was performed systemically as follows: 1) area of tenderness; 2) range of passive and active shoulder motion; 3) impingement tests; 4) maneuvers for determining the location of the tendon lesions. US investigations included the biceps, the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis tendons; the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa; and the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints. Thirty RA patients with 35 painful and 25 non-painful shoulders were examined. The range of motion affected the most by shoulder pain was abduction. The most frequent US finding of shoulder joint was effusion in the long head of the biceps tendon. Among the rotator cuff tendons, subscapularis was the most frequently involved. Tendon tear was also common among non-painful shoulders. Physical examination used for the diagnosis of shoulder pain had low sensitivity and specificity for detecting abnormalities in the rheumatoid shoulder joint. In conclusion, US abnormalities showed frequent tendon tears in our RA patients. Physical examination had low sensitivity and specificity for detecting rotator cuff tear in the rheumatoid shoulder joint.     

Ultrasound Dimensions of the Rotator Cuff and Other Associated Structures in Korean Healthy Adults

In evaluating patients complaining of shoulder pain, ultrasonography is an emerging imaging tool due to convenience, low cost, high sensitivity and specificity. However, normative values of ultrasound dimensions of the shoulder to be compared with pathologic findings in Korean adults are not provided yet. We evaluated the ultrasound dimensions of the rotator cuff, long head of biceps tendon, deltoid muscle and acromioclavicular joint in Korean healthy adults. Shoulder ultrasonography was performed on 200 shoulders from 100 healthy adults. The dimensions of the thickness of rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis tendon), deltoid muscle, long head of biceps tendon, subacromial subdeltoid bursa, and acromioclavicular joint interval were measured in a standardized manner. Differences in measurements among sex, age, and dominant arms were compared.The thickness of rotator cuff tendons (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis) and deltoid muscle were significantly different between men and women. The thickness of subacromial subdeltoid bursa was significantly different between men and women for non-dominant side. In rotator cuff tendon measurements, the differences between dominant and non-dominant shoulders were not significant, which means the asymptomatic contralateral shoulder can be used to estimate the normal reference values. When stratified by age divided by 10 years, the measurements of supraspinatus, subscapularis and deltoid thickness showed tendency of increase with the age. The acromioclavicular joint interval, on the other hand, revealed decreasing tendency. This report suggests normative values of ultrasound dimensions of healthy Korean population with varying age, and can be useful as reference values in evaluating shoulder pathology, especially in rotator cuff tendon pathology.     

Relaxin Receptor RXFP1 and RXFP2 Expression in Ligament,Tendon, and Shoulder Joint Capsule of Rats

Numerous musculoskeletal disorders are caused by thickened ligament, tendon stiffness, or fibrosis of joint capsule. Relaxin, a peptide hormone, can exert collagenolytic effect on ligamentous and fibrotic tissues. We hypothesized that local injection of relaxin could be used to treat entrapment neuropathy and adhesive capsulitis. Because hormonal effect depends on the receptor of the hormone on the target cell, it is important to confirm the presence of such hormonal receptor at the target tissue before the hormone therapy is initiated. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were relaxin receptors in the ligament, tendon, and joint capsular tissues of rats and to identify the distribution of relaxin receptors in these tissues. Transverse carpal ligaments (TCLs), inguinal ligaments, anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs), Achilles tendons, and shoulder joint capsules were obtained from male Wistar rats. Western blot analysis was used to identify relaxin receptor isoforms RXFP1 and RXFP2. The distribution of relaxin receptors was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The RXFP1 isoform was found in all tissues examined. The RXFP2 isoform was present in all tissues but the TCLs. Its expression in ACLs tissues was relatively weak compared to that in other tissues. Our results revealed that RXFP1 and RXFP2 were distributed in distinctly different patterns according to the type of tissue (vascular endothelial cells, fibroblast-like cells) they were identified.     

Bilateral absence of the quadrangular space of the axilla]

In the 1988 student course on gross anatomy dissection of cadavers at Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, two cases of the absence of the quadrangular space of the axilla were found bilaterally in a 92-year-old female who had died of heart failure. The cases were investigated anatomically. The tendons of insertion of the latissimus dorsi and the teres major muscles and the tendon of origin of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle were united, forming a conjoint tendon that attached to the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and the lower part of the anatomical neck of the humerus adhering to the articular capsule of the shoulder joint. The subscapularis muscle was normal except that a muscular bundle arose from the conjoint tendon and inserted to the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the crest continuing down from the tubercle. A part of the conjoint tendon was covered by the insertion of the subscapularis muscle, and there was no space between the conjoint tendon and the insertion of the subscapularis muscle. The teres major muscle was poorly developed, but the area of origin was rather wide and arose from both the dorsal and costal surfaces of the scapula. The anatomical features of the latissimus dorsi and the long head of the triceps brachii muscles were normal except for the insertion of the former and the origin of the latter. The triangular space of the axilla was found to be surrounded by the conjoint tendon, teres major muscle, and the lateral border of the scapula covered by the subscapularis and the teres minor muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Surgical and clinical anatomy of the interclavicular ligament

Dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint can be associated with life-threatening complications; therefore, a thorough knowledge of the ligaments contributing to sternoclavicular joint stability is essential for the clinician dealing with this anatomical area. The aim of our study was to examine the anatomy of the interclavicular ligament. We examined 50 human cadavers. The interclavicular ligament was identified in 90% of the specimens. The interclavicular ligament was located at the base of the sternal notch in 50% of the cases and connected the superior portions of the capsule of the sternoclavicular joints of each side. The interclavicular ligament connected with the posterior superior aspect of each medial end of the clavicle and with the fibers of the posterior and anterior interclavicular ligaments forming a continuous ligamentous layer. The mean length of this ligament was 2.1 cm, the mean width was 0.72 cm and the mean thickness was 0.36 cm. With the elevation of the shoulder joint and the abduction of the humerus, the interclavicular ligament remained lax. With the depression of the shoulder joint and the adduction of the humerus, this ligament became fully taut. As a result, the interclavicular ligament prevented the upward displacement of the clavicle during forceful depression of the humerus and the shoulder. The tensile force necessary for failure was >53.7 N/cm² in all the specimens. These data may be useful to surgeons for instituting techniques for surgical procedures that reconstruct the sternoclavicular joint. Moreover, a future study aimed at evaluating the long-term consequences of surgical transection of this ligament may be in order.