浙江省小学生膳食能量和营养素的摄入状况分析

目的了解浙江省1~3年级小学生膳食能量和营养素的摄入状况。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法选取浙江省1~3年级小学生共3682人,采用3 d 24 h膳食回顾法与称重法开展膳食调查,并依据2013版《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》评价能量和营养素的摄入水平。结果浙江省1~3年级小学生平均每人日能量摄入量低于能量需要量的比例为38.5%,蛋白质和碳水化合物摄入不足的比例分别为1.7%和4.1%。维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、钙、硒摄入不足的比例分别为86.7%、43.6%、29.0%、45.8%、83.0%和19.7%,铁、锌等矿物质摄入不足的比例均在5.0%以下。平均每人日钠和钾的摄入量均大于适宜摄入量,摄入量达到或超过预防非传染性慢性病的建议摄入量的比例分别为9.6%和86.1%。蛋白质和脂肪的供能比分别为14.4%和40.8%。结论浙江省1~3年级小学生蛋白质、碳水化合物摄入不足的比例较低,脂肪供能比过高,维生素和矿物质摄入不足严重,仍需适当控制钠的摄入、提高钾的摄入。需要加强合理营养、平衡膳食的宣传教育和行为习惯的干预,从而降低营养相关慢性病的发生率。     

中国9省(区)2000－2011年成年女性膳食营养素摄入变化趋势

目的 了解中国成年女性膳食营养素摄入变化。方法 使用“中国健康与营养调查”2000－2011年数据,结合《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量速查手册(2013版)》,分析9省(区)25~55岁成年女性膳食能量及主要营养素摄入变化趋势。结果 2000－2011年9省(区)成年女性膳食能量和蛋白质摄入达到推荐量的人群比例不断下降,碳水化合物供能比过低(<50.0%)和脂肪供能比过高(>30.0%)的人群比例大幅增加。随时间变化,维生素和矿物质摄入状况同样不容乐观,多数微量营养素的达标比例过低,且该比例仍在继续下降。2011年成年女性能量和蛋白质摄入达到膳食推荐量的比例分别为43.0%和54.4%,碳水化合物供能比过低和脂肪供能比过高的比例分别为40.2%和63.8%;维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、烟酸、维生素C和维生素E摄入达到推荐值的比例分别为25.2%、10.7%、6.9%、54.9%、24.3%和88.5%;钙、镁、铁、锌和硒的摄入量达到推荐值的比例分别为3.3%、23.6%、50.9%、75.7%和13.3%。结论 中国9省(区)成年女性膳食营养状况仍需改善,建议开展有针对性的营养教育和干预。     

中国成年居民营养素日常摄入量的研究

目的计算我国成年居民营养素日常摄入量(usual intake,UI),为准确评估我国居民膳食营养素摄入状况提供科学依据。方法使用"2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"数据,采用ISU方法和NCI方法计算43 672名成年居民的能量、15种营养素、膳食纤维和胆固醇的UI,并与直接计算的3 d摄入量进行比较。结果钙、硒、维生素B2和胆固醇的UI分布均值明显高于3 d摄入量均值,其中男性和女性胆固醇UI分布均值比3 d摄入量均值高14%和30%左右,能量和其余营养素UI分布均值稍低于3 d摄入量均值,其中碳水化合物和维生素C的UI分布均值比3 d摄入量均值低6%左右。能量和所有营养素UI分布标准差均低于3 d摄入量标准差,其中维生素B2的UI分布标准差比3 d摄入量标准差低50%以上;能量和大多数营养素摄入量分布的P10、P25和P50比3 d摄入量分布高,P75和P90比3 d摄入量分布低。结论未经统计学校正的直接计算法高估了大多数营养素摄入量均值及所有营养素摄入量分布的标准差,ISU和NCI方法对于改善营养素摄入量分布曲线尾端的估计很有效。     

上海市长宁区177名住养老机构老年人膳食营养现况

[目的]了解住养老机构老年人营养摄入现况,为养老机构老年人的合理膳食提供依据. [方法]采用分层抽样的方法,将3天食物称重法和记帐法二法相结合对上海市长宁区4所养老院177名60岁以上自理老人进行膳食调查. [结果]研究对象各类食物平均摄入量偏低,大多数营养素摄入量不足,各种营养素以中国营养学会平均需要量(EAR)按"切点法"进行评价,养老院老人能量、蛋白质、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、叶酸、碘、锌和硒摄入不足的比例分别为43%、11%、94%、89%、68%、100%、100%、79%、55%;各营养素摄入量基本没有超过可耐受最高摄入量(Uls),但80%的个体由脂肪提供能量超过适宜摄入量(AI)上限值.蛋白质和脂肪的食物来源尚可,但钙和铁的食物来源较差;饱和脂肪酸摄入过多,而单不饱和脂肪酸摄入不足;碳水化合物和蛋白质供能比稍不足,而脂肪供能比过多;早餐能量分配比偏低. [结论]本次调查的养老院老年人膳食营养素不足,尤要补充维生素类、硒、锌、碘等,同时应减少饱和脂肪酸和胆固醇撮入,增加早餐摄入量.     

2010—2012年中国老年人能量及宏量营养素摄入状况

目的分析2010—2012年中国老年人能量及宏量营养素摄入状况。方法利用"中国居民营养与健康状况监测(2010—2012年)"16 612名60岁及以上老年人的连续3天24小时膳食回顾调查和家庭食用油及调味品称重数据,按照2004年和2009年《中国食物成分表》计算老年人每日能量和三大宏量营养素摄入量及供能比,根据2013年中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)对老年人宏量营养素摄入状况进行评价。结果中国老年人能量、碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量分别为(1840. 9±636. 7) kcal/d、(255. 9±106. 8) g/d、(55. 6±22. 7) g/d和(66. 8±35. 0) g/d,碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪供能比分别为(55. 7%±12. 1%)、(12. 3%±3. 4%)和(32. 5%±11. 7%)。城市老年人能量、碳水化合物摄入量及碳水化合物供能比均低于农村,而蛋白质和脂肪摄入量、蛋白质和脂肪供能比均高于农村。无论城乡、地区和性别,能量及各宏量营养素摄入量均随年龄增长呈下降趋势(P<0. 01)。蛋白质摄入不足率男性和女性分别达57. 0%和53. 8%,脂肪供能比高于30%者分别占56. 7%和56. 8%。60～69岁、70～79岁、80岁及以上老年人的蛋白质摄入不足率分别为51. 0%、61. 2%和68. 6%,脂肪供能比超过30%的比例分别为56. 9%、56. 3%和57. 1%。结论 2010—2012年中国60岁及以上老年人宏量营养素摄入模式不合理,蛋白质摄入水平低,脂肪摄入水平较高。     

银川市某私立学校学生膳食营养状况

目的了解私立学校学生膳食营养状况，为改善学生膳食结构提供科学依据。方法用记帐法和称量法调查某私立学校住宿学生1007名的膳食情况。结果平均每人每日能量和各种营养素摄入量为：能量13．05Mj（3120kcal），蛋白质85．4g，脂肪92.6g，碳水化合物486.2g。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物供能比分别为10.96％，26．64％，62．30％，蛋白质供能占总能量比例低于12％。常量及微量元素中钾、钠、磷、镁、铁、铜、锰及维生素PP均达《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》（DRIs）要求，但维生素A、维生素B1、维生素C、维生素E、钙、锌、硒摄入量不足。结论应加强平衡膳食和合理营养的教育，逐步改善学生的营养状况。     

2011—2015年上海市杨浦区223名居民食物和营养素摄入研究

【目的】分析2011—2015年上海市杨浦区223名居民食物、营养素摄入量及其变化。【方法】数据来自2011年和2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"项目中杨浦区2岁及以上居民的原始调查数据,采用3 d24 h膳食回顾法和调味品称重法收集膳食数据,获取居民每标准人日食物、营养素摄入量及能量营养素来源,分析其不同年度的摄入情况。【结果】2015年居民每标准人日蔬菜、水果、畜禽肉、水产品、蛋类、奶及奶制品、大豆及坚果、食用油、盐摄入量均低于2011年,2015年谷薯类、蔬菜、水果、水产品、蛋类、奶及奶制品、大豆及坚果、食用油摄入不足的比例分别占56.0%、84.0%、98.2%、56.0%、70.2%、97.8%、85.3%、91.1%,畜禽肉类摄入过量的比例为51.6%;2015年居民每标准人日能量、蛋白质、脂肪及微量营养素的摄入量均低于2011年,2015年能量、蛋白质、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、钙摄入不足的比例分别为84.0%、56.4%、97.3%、93.8%、93.3%、90.2%、91.6%,2011年、2015年居民碳水化合物供能比低于50%的分别占64.6%、49.8%,蛋白质供能比高于15%分别的占76.2%、40.4%,脂肪供能比高于30%的分别占76.7%、72.9%。【结论】2011—2015年杨浦区社区居民整体上的食物和营养素摄入量均普遍降低,食物摄入不足和摄入过量的问题并存,其中食物摄入不足较严重,能量、大部分维生素及钙等营养素摄入不足情况仍旧严峻。同时膳食结构不尽合理,3大营养素供能失衡,建议应加大对居民的营养宣教。     

深圳市某单位集体用餐人群膳食营养素的调查分析

目的了解深圳市轻体力劳动集体用餐者膳食营养摄入状况。方法选择某单位从事轻体力活动的健康成年男女45人,通过称重记录,监测观察对象2个月内能量摄入的情况,结合《中国居民膳食指南》及中国居民膳食营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)标准进行评价。结果该集体人群的膳食不够合理,膳食结构简单,膳食纤维、维生素A、B1和微量元素钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、硒等与RNI/AI比较,其摄入值都过低,而烟酸,维生素C、E,锰,磷则都高于其RNI、AI值;膳食中三大营养素比例不适宜,摄入蛋白质比、脂肪比显著低于参考值,而碳水化合物比显著高于参考值。结论该人群能量、营养素缺乏和过剩并存,整体营养健康状况不容乐观。     

内蒙古民族大学蒙古族学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,为合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用称重记账法和膳食记录法进行5d膳食调查,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》中18岁以上中等体力劳动的推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)进行比较评价。结果蒙古族男女学生蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足,男生铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2均达到和超过推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)。蒙古族男女学生膳食中存在的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙不足,脂肪类食物来源比例不合理。蒙古族女生膳食蛋白质质量尚可,但数量不足,膳食中能量、铁、锌、维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A和维生素B1摄入严重不足;蒙古族男生早餐能量摄入不足。结论蒙古族男女大学生膳食结构均不合理,应对学生加强营养知识的教育。     

2010年兰州市幼儿园儿童营养状况调查

目的了解现阶段兰州市幼儿园膳食模式和膳食营养状况。方法 采用称重连续5 d进行膳食调查,参照《中国居民膳食指南》及《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（Chinese DRIs）》进行评价。结果调查对象膳食结构以谷类、薯类为主,奶类、大豆及坚果类、鱼、虾类摄入不足;三大营养素供热比存在脂肪供能比例低,碳水化合物供能比例高;热量（79.86%）、脂肪（78.16%）、蛋白质（78.67%）、维生素A（78.35%）、维生素B1（78.57%）、维生素B2（57.14%）、钙（39.45%）、碘（12.67%）、镁（75.94%）、锌（60.67%）、硒（73.40%）不足RNI的80%;优质蛋白质、血红素铁的膳食来源比例低;三餐一点供能比例不合适,早餐供能比低,午餐供能比例高。结论幼儿园儿童膳食营养分布和搭配不合理,营养状况有待改善,需增加奶类、鱼虾等海产品、动物性食物摄入量,在早、中餐之间加一餐点,采用＂三餐二点＂制并合理搭配各种食物,平衡合理的膳食模式有助于提高幼儿园儿童膳食营养质量。     

重庆市中小学生膳食营养状况的概率分析

采用概率分析法对重庆市620名7～15岁散居中小学生的膳食调查资料进行评价。结果表明,用概率分析法评价膳食调查资料预示各种营养素摄入不足的发生率均高于用人群营养素摄入量均值与RDA作直接对照的结果。所有学生营养素摄入不足的概率均以钙及硫胺素为最高,钙、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、锌、蛋白质和铁摄入不足的概率分别为:57.1～79.7％,34.3～60.5％,14.3～43.9％,15.9～31.9％,4.4～24.7％,5.7～14.1％和0.1～5.1％。其中11和13～15岁组多种营养素摄入不足的概率略高于其它年龄组.中小学生膳食结构单调和偏食可能是营养素摄入不足的重要原因.     

成都市城乡居民膳食组成及营养素的总膳食研究

应用总膳食研究方法对成都市城乡代表人群的膳食组成和16种营养素（碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、视黄醇、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、钙、铁、锌、镁、钾、钠、铜、锰、钻）进行了研究。结果表明：城市居民动物性食物消费普遍高于农村，其中，以猪肉为代表的肉类消费仍分别占城乡居民动物性食物消费总量的61．9％和87．6％；城乡代表性膳食组成仍以粮谷类和蔬菜等植物性为主；全市平均及城市多数食物消费水平已超过或接近推荐的2000年膳食目标，但农村与目标差距较大。全市平均及分城乡摄入的热量分别达到RDA的106．9％、102．1％和111．8％；蛋白质分别达到RDA的96．7％、104．7％和91，2％；铁、铜、锰、钴、钠的摄入量较充足，已分别达到我国RDA和WHO提出的ESADDI；但也存在全市平均及分城乡视黄醇当量、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、钙、锌、钾均摄入不足以及城市脂肪摄入过高，农村蛋白质质量较差等值得重视的问题。与以往的研究结果比，居民的营养改善不明显。     

中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量

目的：了解中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量。方法：早用1992年全国营养调查中的住户调查及连续3d24h回顾法膳食调查资料，对中国17719名中小学生早餐能量和营养素摄入量进行分析。结果：中国中小学生早餐蛋白质、钙、锌、硒、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、核黄素等营养素摄入量均未达到RDA的25％，其中钙、视黄醇当量和核黄素等摄入量严重不足，仅为RDA的10％左右，中小学生早餐来自蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的能量比例不当。比较来看，小学生早餐蛋白质、脂肪、钙、铁、锌、硒、硫胺素、核黄素和烟酸等摄入量占RDA百分比明显高于中学生。男生早餐蛋白质、铁、锌、硒、视黄醇当量和烟酸等摄入量占RDA百分比稍高于女生。乡村学生早餐能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、钙、铁、锌、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、烟酸及抗坏血酸等摄入量占RDA百分比高于城市学生，脂肪、硒和核黄素摄入量低于城市学生。结论：乡村中小学生早餐平均能量和营养素摄入量好于城市中小学生，但城乡中小学生早餐营养素摄入状况均有待改善。     

绝经后妇女营养状况与骨质疏松

目的:探讨绝经后妇女膳食营养素摄入对骨密度的影响。方法:对159例健康的绝经后妇女进行膳食调查及超声骨密度仪测定桡骨远端骨密度。结果:非骨质疏松者平均每日蛋白质、脂肪、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、维生素C、维生素E以及钾、钙、镁、锌、磷、铁、锰、硒的摄入量均显著高于骨质疏松者(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:膳食中多种营养素与妇女的骨密度(BMD)存在一定的关系,预防骨质疏松应注意全面而合理的膳食。     

Dietary shortcomings in children on a gluten‐free diet

Background: Coeliac disease (CD), or permanent gluten intolerance, is one of the most common chronic food‐related diseases among children in Europe and the USA. The treatment is lifelong gluten‐free diet (GFD) (i.e. the exclusion of wheat, rye and barley from the diet, which are important sources particularly of iron, dietary fibre and vitamin B). The present study aimed to evaluate dietary intakes of energy and nutrients in children and adolescents on GFD and compare these with intake of comparable age groups on a normal diet as well as current recommendations. Methods: Thirty children, 4–17 years of age with confirmed CD and on GFD were agreed to participate in this study at the Department of Pediatrics, Umeå University Hospital. Weight and height were used to calculate individual energy requirement according to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2004 (NNR‐04). Dietary intake was assessed using 5‐day food records and household measures were used for quantities. Twenty‐five children completed their dietary record. Results: Thirteen of the 25 children did not meet the recommended energy intake and the dietary intakes were inadequate regarding quality of macronutrients and quantity of minerals and vitamins. The mean intakes of sucrose and saturated fatty acids were above and the intakes of dietary fibre, vitamin D, magnesium and selenium below the NNR‐04. High intakes of sucrose and saturated fat and a low intake of dietary fibre were also noted in a previous national survey on healthy children on a normal diet. The nutrient density of vitamin D, riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, magnesium and selenium were lower among CD children than healthy children but, for iron and calcium, it was higher in CD children. Conclusions: Children on GFD appear to follow the same trends as healthy children on a normal diet, with high intakes of saturated fat and sucrose and low intakes of dietary fibre, vitamin D and magnesium compared to recommendations.     

The Status of Dietary Energy and Nutrients Intakes among Chinese Elderly Aged 80 and Above: Data from the CACDNS 2015

This study analyzed the status of dietary energy and nutrients intakes among the oldest-old in China. Data was obtained from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance in 2015 (CACDNS 2015). We enrolled 1929 Chinese elderly people aged 80 and above who participated in both 3-day 24-h dietary recalls and household condiments weighing. The dietary intakes were calculated based on Chinese Food Composition Tables and assessed using Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The dietary intakes of energy and most nutrients were all below the EAR or AI, except for fat, vitamin E, niacin, iron and sodium. As a result, daily dietary intakes of energy and most nutrients were inadequate in the oldest-old in China, especially vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, folate and calcium, with the prevalence of deficiency more than 90%. Furthermore, the prevalence of inadequacy of vitamin C, zinc, selenium and magnesium was also high with the proportion below the EAR more than 60%. Approximately 30% of the subjects with dietary vitamin E intake did not reach AI, and more than 90% of subjects have reached AI in the intake of sodium, while more than 90% did not reach AI in potassium. The mean intakes of niacin and iron have reached EAR, but around 15% were still faced with the risk of deficiency. In addition, although the dietary energy intake was below EER, the energy contribution from fat in total population and all subgroups (region, age, gender, education level, material status, household income level groups) all exceeded the recommended proportion of 30% from the DRIs and close to or over 35%, is a significant concern. For the majority of nutrients, higher daily dietary intakes and lower prevalence of deficiencies were found in the oldest-old living in urban areas, aged 80–84 years, with high school and above education level, living with spouse and from high household income family. These findings indicates that the dietary intakes of energy and nutrients were inadequate, while the energy contribution from fat and dietary sodium intake were too high among the oldest-old in China. Most oldest-old were at high risk of nutritional deficiency, particularly for those who living in rural areas, with lower education level and from low household income.     

食物频率问卷法评估人群能量和营养素摄入量的准确性验证

目的:食物频率问卷法(FFQ)问卷评估人群膳食能量和营养素摄入量的准确性进行验证。方法:使用3d称重法(WFR)和FFQ收集北京市130名35～49岁健康成人食物摄入资料,计算出其能量和营养素的摄入量并加以比较。结果:由食物WFR计算到的研究对象能量摄入为9.6MJ/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化物摄入分别为82.1、87.5和269.7g/d。由FFQ得到的能量摄入量为9.7MJ/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化物摄入量分别为88.3g/d、113.9g/d和248.8g/d,两种方法调查的膳食能量、蛋白质及其供能比无显著性差异,FFQ显著高估膳食脂肪摄入量(高估27.2%),碳水化物摄入量则被低估(低估10.8%)。FFQ得到的膳食维生素和矿物质的摄入量普遍高于WFR,但低估维生素E、铁和硒的摄入量。由FFQ得到的能量和营养素摄入,除维生素C、胡萝卜素和视黄醇当量外,均与WFR显著正相关,相关系数在0.22~0.51之间,但在调整年龄、性别和膳食能量摄入量的影响后,FFQ对膳食脂肪、维生素B1、钠和磷摄入量的估计与WFR相关的显著性消失。结论:FFQ可以用于评估膳食能量、蛋白质、碳水化物、维生素A、维生素B2、尼克酸、钾、钙、锌和硒的摄入量,但FFQ不适于评估膳食脂肪、视黄醇当量、胡萝卜素、维生素B1、维生素C、维生素E、钠、铁和磷的摄入量。     

Estimating food intakes in Australia: validation of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) food frequency questionnaire against weighed dietary intakes

Background:  There is a dearth of knowledge about the foods that Australian adults eat and a need for a flexible, easy-to-use tool that can estimate usual dietary intakes. The present study was to validate a commonly used Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) food-frequency questionnaire (C-FFQ) against two 4-day weighed food records (WFR), as the reference method.
Methods:  The C-FFQ, as the test item, was administrated before the WFR. Two 4-day WFR were administrated 4 weeks apart. Under-reporting was established using specific cut-off limits and estimated basal metabolic rate. Seventy-four women, aged 31–60 years, were enrolled from a free-living community setting.
Results:  After exclusion for under-reporting, the final sample comprised 62 individuals. Correlations between protein intake from the WFR and urinary urea were significant. Overall agreement between FFQ and WFR was shown by 'levels of agreement' (LOA) and least products regressions. There was presence of fixed and proportional bias for almost half the nutrients, including energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates. For most of the nutrients that did not present bias, the LOA were 50–200%. Agreement was demonstrated for percentage dietary energy protein and fat; carbohydrate; and absolute amounts of thiamine, riboflavin, magnesium and iron. However, relative intake agreement was fair to moderate, with approximately 70% of (selected) nutrients exact or within ±1 quintile difference.
Conclusion:  The C-FFQ is reasonable at measuring percentage energy from macronutrients and some micronutrients, and comprises a valuable tool for ranking intakes by quintiles; however, it is poor at measuring many absolute nutrient intakes relative to WFR.     

Risk of nutrient inadequacies in elite Canadian athletes with spinal cord injury

Energy intakes of adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) have been reported to be relatively low, with many micronutrients below recommended amounts, but little is known about the diets of athletes with SCI. The purpose of this cross-sectional, observational study was to assess energy intakes and estimate the prevalence of dietary inadequacy in a sample of elite Canadian athletes with SCI (n = 32). Three-day self-reported food diaries completed at home and training camp were analyzed for energy (kcal), macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals and compared with the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). The prevalence of nutrient inadequacy was estimated by the proportion of athletes with mean intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Energy intakes were 2,156 ± 431 kcal for men and 1,991 ± 510 kcal for women. Macronutrient intakes were within the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges. While at training camp, >25% of men had intakes below the EAR for calcium, magnesium, zinc, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D. Thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, and vitamin D intakes were higher at home than training camp. Over 25% of women had intakes below the EAR for calcium, magnesium, folate, and vitamin D, with no significant differences in mean intakes between home and training camp. Vitamin/mineral supplement use significantly increased men's intakes of most nutrients but did not affect prevalence of inadequacy. Women's intakes did not change significantly with vitamin/mineral supplementation. These results demonstrate that athletes with SCI are at risk for several nutrient inadequacies relative to the DRIs.