Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis incorporated into rotator cuff repair using suture anchors

A simple and effective technique is described for incorporating arthroscopic biceps tenodesis into arthroscopic suture anchor rotator cuff repair.     

关节镜下保留肌腱的固定术治疗肱二头肌长头肌腱炎

目的：探讨肩关节镜下保留肱二头肌长头腱的肌腱固定术治疗肱二头肌长头肌腱炎早期临床疗效。方法2013年10月至2014年4月,对43例肱二头肌长头肌腱炎患者施行保留肱二头肌长头腱的肌腱固定术,其中男16例,女27例,年龄39～60岁,平均50．6岁。术前与术后3、6、12个月进行Constant‐Murley肩关节评分、加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）肩关节评分及美国肩肘外科协会（ASES）评分。结果所有患者术程顺利,平均随访14．2个月（12～18个月）。术前ASES评分为（15．65±6．06）分,Constant‐Murley肩关节评分为（39．80±11．21）分,UCLA肩关节评分为（13．25±3．77）分,术后12个月 ASES 评分为（34．70±2．47）分,Constant‐Murley 肩关节评分为（86．00±6．35）分,UCLA肩关节评分为（31．75±2．40）分。术后ASES评分、Constant‐Murley肩关节评分、UCLA肩关节评分较术前有明显提高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．001）。术后患者疼痛缓解,未出现复发,无一例发生肱二头肌长头腱回缩引起的大力水手征。结论肩关节镜下保留肱二头肌长头腱的肌腱固定术治疗肱二头肌长头肌腱炎早期疗效满意,可有效避免肌腱止点固定松动导致的肌腱回缩相关并发症,是治疗肱二头肌长头肌腱炎的有效治疗方法。     

肱二头肌长头腱与冈上肌腱联合修复巨大肩袖损伤的疗效分析

[目的]研究关节镜下肱二头肌长头腱与冈上肌腱联合固定术治疗肩袖撕裂的临床疗效。[方法]2013年1月~2015年3月,关节镜下利用冈上肌腱与肱二头肌长头腱联合固定术治疗巨大肩袖损伤40例,其中男16例,女24例;年龄33~64岁,平均(51±5.6)岁。术前查体Neer征、Hawkins征、Speed征、Jobe征等阳性,肱二头肌长头腱压痛阳性。术前肩关节功能Constant-Merly评分(51.1±8.3)分,美国肩肘医师协会(ASES)评分(49.2±5.3)分,VAS疼痛评分(6.2±1.9)分。镜下探查发现除肩袖撕裂外,均伴有肱二头肌长头腱严重磨损。将冈上肌腱与肱二头肌长头腱联合固定修复肩袖损伤,术后上肢制动,Constant-Murley、ASES和VAS评分及影像学指标评估疗效。[结果]手术时间平均(60±16.3)min,术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、再撕裂等手术相关并发症。40例患者均获随访,随访时间9~24个月,平均(14±2.6)个月。末次随访时,肩关节功能Constant-Merly评分(88.2±5.6)分,美国肩肘医师协会(ASES)评分(90.4±6.1)分,VAS疼痛评分(1.2±0.8)分;与术前相比,Constant-Merly和ASES评分均优于术前,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);VAS疼痛评分显著下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论]巨大肩袖损伤伴肱二头肌长头腱严重损伤采用关节镜下冈上肌腱与二头肌长头腱联合固定术修复,有利于增加肩袖修复的牢固性,可获得较好的临床疗效。     

Arthroscopic tenotomy of the long head of the biceps in the treatment of rotator cuff tears: clinical and radiographic results of 307 cases

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the objective, subjective, and radiographic results of arthroscopic biceps tenotomy in selected patients with rotator cuff tears. Three hundred seven arthroscopic biceps tenotomies were performed in patients with full- thickness rotator cuff tears. Patients were selected for arthroscopic tenotomy if the tear was thought to be irreparable or if the patient was older and not willing to participate in the rehabilitation required after rotator cuff repair. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at a mean of 57 months' follow-up (range, 24-168 months). The mean Constant score increased from 48.4 points preoperatively to 67.6 points postoperatively ( P < .0001). Eighty-seven percent of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the result. The acromiohumeral interval decreased by a mean of 1.3 mm during the follow-up period and was associated with a longer duration of follow-up ( P < .0001). Preoperatively, 38% of patients had glenohumeral arthritis; postoperatively, 67% of patients had glenohumeral arthritis. Concomitant acromioplasty was statistically associated with better subjective and objective results only in patients with an acromiohumeral distance greater than 6 mm. Fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff musculature had a negative influence on both the functional and radiographic results ( P < .0001). Arthroscopic biceps tenotomy in the treatment of rotator cuff tears in selected patients yields good objective improvement and a high degree of patient satisfaction. Despite these improvements, arthroscopic tenotomy does not appear to alter the progressive radiographic changes that occur with long-standing rotator cuff tears.     

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is being performed by an increasing number of orthopaedic surgeons. The principles, techniques, and instrumentation have evolved to the extent that all patterns and sizes of rotator cuff tear, including massive tears, can now be repaired arthroscopically. Achieving a biomechanically stable construct is critical to biologic healing. The ideal repair construct must optimize suture-to-bone fixation, suture-to-tendon fixation, abrasion resistance of suture, suture strength, knot security, loop security, and restoration of the anatomic rotator cuff footprint (the surface area of bone to which the cuff tendons attach). By achieving optimized repair constructs, experienced arthroscopic surgeons are reporting results equal to those of open rotator cuff repair. As surgeons' arthroscopic skill levels increase through attendance at surgical skills courses and greater experience gained in the operating room, there will be an increasing trend toward arthroscopic repair of most rotator cuff pathology.     

Arthroscopic absence of the long head of the biceps tendon

Absence of the long head of the biceps tendon was detected during arthroscopic evaluation of shoulder pain in a weight-lifter. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound showed the presence of a hypoplastic tendon with altered depth and width of the bicipital groove. The tendon-glenoid insertion shown by magnetic resonance imaging was apparently normal.     

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

The arthroscopic operation for repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears is successful and has the advantages of glenohumeral joint inspection, treatment of intraarticular lesions, smaller incisions, no deltoid detachment, less soft tissue dissection, less pain, and more rapid rehabilitation. However, these advantages must be balanced against the technical difficulty of the method, which limits its application to surgeons skilled in open and arthroscopic shoulder operations.     

Incidence and severity of biceps long head tendon lesion in patients with complete rotator cuff tears

BACKGROUND: Biceps long head tendon lesion is commonly associated with rotator cuff tendon pathology. This study is to determine the pathologic spectrum of biceps long head tendon in surgical cases with complete full thickness rotator cuff tear. METHODS: Between 1993 and 2002, 122 complete rotator cuff tears with surgery were included for the analysis. During surgery, biceps long head tendon was grossly examined or evaluated via arthroscopy. A simplified classification was used to describe the biceps lesion. RESULTS: 50 (41%) patients had type 1 lesion (tendinitis), 10 (8%) patients had type 2 lesion (subluxation), 12 (10%) patients had type 3 (dislocation), 15 (12%) patients had type 4 (partial tear), and 6 patients (5%) had type 5 (complete rupture). The remaining 29 patients (24%) did not have obvious pathology. All chronic rotator cuff tear (> 3 months) were associated with biceps tendon pathology. A rotator cuff tear greater than 5 cm as determined at surgery was strongly associated with an advanced biceps lesion. CONCLUSION: Biceps tendon injuries are associated with complete rotator cuff tears and there may be a causal relationship due to the impingement that occurs. Early identification and repair of rotator cuff lesions may prevent further deterioration of the biceps tendon.     

Arthroscopic treatment strategies for the long head of the biceps tendon

Shoulder pain is a common issue in orthopedic clinics and the advancement and progress in shoulder arthroscopy has brought new knowledge into the anatomy, pathology and treatment. Affection of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) may be the cause of these disorders. Pathologies of the LHBT are comorbidities of rotator cuff tears or shoulder instability. The following article gives an overview of diseases of the LHBT as well as arthroscopic treatment options.     

Arthroscopic versus mini-open rotator cuff repair: A meta-analysis

BackgroundAn all-arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ASR) may result in less postoperative pain and better functional outcomes than the mini-open (MOR) approach. This meta-analysis provides an updated assessment of the current literature which compares the clinical outcomes of mini-open versus all arthroscopic rotator cuff repair techniques.Material and methodsThe main online databases were accessed in October 2021. All the trials directly comparing primary ASR versus MOR for rotator cuff rupture were accessed. Studies concerning revision settings were not eligible, nor where those combining the surgical procedures with other adjuvants.ResultsA total of 21 articles were retrieved. Data from 1644 procedures (ASR = 995, MOR = 649) were collected. The mean follow-up was 26.7 (6.0–56.4) months. Comparability was found between ASR and MOR groups at baseline with regards to age (P = 0.3), gender (P = 0.7) and mean duration of the follow-up (P = 0.7). No difference was found between ASR and MOR with regard to surgical duration (P = 0.05), Constant score (P = 0.2), University of California at Los Angeles Shoulder (P = 0.3), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder (P = 0.5), VAS (P = 0.2), forward flexion (P = 0.3), abduction (P = 0.3), external rotation (P = 0.2), internal rotation (P = 0.7), re-tear (P = 0.9), adhesive capsulitis (P = 0.5).ConclusionArthroscopic and mini-open rotator cuff repair result in similar clinical outcomes. Male gender and older age lead to greater rates of rotator cuff re-tears, while longer surgical duration was associated with a greater rate of adhesive capsulitis.     

Arthroscopic rotator cuff tear repair

Rotator cuff injuries or disease can be particularly troubling to patients by causing them pain, weakness, and dysfunction of the shoulder. Surgery of the shoulder and, in particular, of the rotator cuff, has evolved over the years from open surgery to include arthroscopic treatment for many conditions. Although technically demanding, arthroscopic repair of full- and partial-thickness rotator cuff tears has been shown to produce satisfactory results. Along with the advantages of the arthroscopic technique, smaller skin incisions, access to the glenohumeral joint for inspection and treatment of intra-articular lesions, no detachment of the deltoid, and less soft-tissue dissection, patients' results are comparable with those obtained with the open method of repair. The three phases of shoulder rehabilitation for patients who have undergone surgical treatment of rotator cuff disease are described: Phase 1, the immediate postoperative, or protective, phase; phase 2, the progressive strengthening phase; and phase 3, the advanced conditioning and return-to-sport phase. The postoperative rehabilitation programs for the arthroscopic and mini-open rotator cuff repair are essentially the same.     

Tenoplasty of the long head of the biceps in massive rotator cuff tear

AIM: It was the aim of this study to investigate the success of biceps tenoplasty in massive interval rotator cuff tears. METHOD: Fifteen patients, who had a massive rotator cuff tear in the area of the interval and a pathology of the long head of the biceps tendon, were examined clinically and by MRI. A primary reconstruction of the rotator cuff tear was possible in none of the patients. All patients had a secondary reconstruction with a biceps tenoplasty. The Constant Score was determined postoperatively and the satisfaction of the patients was explored. RESULTS: The mean age at the time of the operation was 55 years. The examination was 23 months postoperatively. A simultaneous rupture of the supraspinatus- and subscapularis tendon was seen in 12 patients, an additional rupture of the infraspinatus tendon in 3 patients intraoperatively. The long head of the biceps was dislocated in 10 patients and subluxated in 5 patients. The postoperative determined Constant Score was 82.7 points. The personal satisfaction was investigated by asking for the German schoolmarks, which extend from 1 (excellent) to 6 (not satisfactory). The preoperative schoolmark was 5.2 and the postoperative schoolmark 1.4. In the MRI examination one rerupture could be seen, an atrophy of the supraspinatus tendon was evaluated in four patients. Knowing the postoperative result, all patients would have repeated the operation. CONCLUSION: The biceps tenoplasty is a suitable operative method to achieve a better function and relief of pain in massive interval rotator cuff tears with simultaneous pathology of the long head of the biceps tendon. A high degree of personal satisfaction for the patient can be achieved.     

Morphologic changes in long head of biceps brachii in rotator cuff dysfunction

Morphologic changes in the long head of the biceps brachii (LHB) and bicipital groove associated with cuff tears were studied in 170 cadavers. In specimens with minimum or moderate cuff tears, the primary finding was relative stenosis at the bicipital groove induced by enlargement of the LHB. However, this stenosis was not apparent in specimens with massive cuff tears and in these specimens, the medial wall of the groove exhibited wear and tear, a potential cause of LHB instability. We suggest that the long head of the biceps brachii muscle can potentially compensate for inadequate rotator cuff function. This increasing activity could lead to enlargement of the tendon and cause deterioration of the bicipital gliding mechanism. Received for publication on Jan. 8, 1998; accepted on Jan. 13, 1998