ICU病区医院感染病原菌流行菌株及耐药性分析

目的调查分析重症监护病房（ICU）医院感染的病原菌流行菌株分布、耐药情况及其耐药性变化趋势,为临床医生正确使用抗生素提供依据。方法对ICU2004年1月～2009年1月所分离出的病原菌株及其耐药性进行回顾性调查分析。结果共检出病原菌1008株,其中革兰阴性菌766株（75.9%）,以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,主要见于呼吸道感染;革兰阳性球菌242株（24.1%）,以葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属为主,主要见于呼吸道和泌尿道感染;病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,且呈多药耐药,革兰阳性菌分离率逐年增多,革兰阴性菌对主要抗菌药物的耐药率呈逐年上升之势。结论ICU医院感染的部位主要是呼吸道,以革兰阴性菌为主,对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,且呈多重耐药,需严格掌握抗菌药物使用原则,根据药敏选用抗菌药物。     

重症监护室铜绿假单胞菌感染及耐药性分析

目的：分析重症监护室（ICU）铜绿假单胞菌感染及耐药情况,指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法：对252例患者呼吸道、泌尿道及分泌物进行细菌培养及药物敏感试验并进行分析。结果：感染部位主要为呼吸道（痰及咽拭子）193株（76．6％）,泌尿道47株（18．6％）。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、关罗培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿米卡星的耐药率分别为11．5％、13．5％、15．9％、22．2％,复方新诺明的耐药率达97．6％。结论：ICU铜绿假单胞菌感染现象严重,且多为耐药菌株;临床医护人员应严格无菌观念,医生应尽量在药敏指导下合理使用抗生素,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

ICU院内感染细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解ICU院内感染的病原菌分布及其耐药情况，为临床经验性选择抗生素提供依据。方法2003年7月-2004年6月住ICU患采取标本作细菌培养鉴定及药敏试验，对其结果进行统计分析。结果对52例患共检出菌株145株，主要见于呼吸道感染，其中G-菌74株(占51.0％)，以洋葱假单胞菌、鲍曼复合醋酸不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌为主。G^ 菌29株(占20．0％)，以肠球菌和葡萄球菌为主，真菌感染比例升高，共检出42株(占29．0％)，以白色念珠菌为主。结论ICU院内感染的部位主要是呼吸道，病原菌以G-菌为主，细菌对常用抗生素的耐药严重，且呈多重耐药。需严格掌握抗生素使用原则，根据药敏选用抗生素，同时要加强环境监控，防止交叉感染，严格无菌操作，积极治疗原发病。     

综合ICU病房铜绿假单胞菌感染分布及护理干预

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）铜绿假单胞菌的分布及耐药性,旨在为制定预防和控制措施提供依据。方法对2010年1月-2010年12月ICU送检标本分离到的74株铜绿假单胞菌的相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果2010年1月—2010年12月共分离出铜绿假单胞菌74株,主要来源于呼吸道标本（95．95％）,其次为血液（2．70％）、伤口分泌物（1．35％）。耐药率均在54．05％以上。结论铜绿假单胞菌主要见于下呼吸道感染,对13种常用抗菌药物均耐药,及时采取有效的护理干预对控制铜绿假单胞菌医院感染具有重要意义。     

重症监护病房院内下呼吸道感染病原菌及其药敏试验结果分析

目的：探讨重症监护病房（ICU）住院患下呼吸道感染的病原学特点及防治策略。指导临床应用抗生素。方法：对ICU院内肺部感染患深部普进行培养并做药敏试验。结果：221例呼吸道感染患痰培养出病原菌268株，其中革兰氏阴性（G^-）杆菌178株，占66．42％；革兰氏阳性（G^ )球菌5株，占20．29％，真菌36株，占13．43％。药敏试验表明所有细菌均对二种以上的抗生素耐药，未发现对万古霉素耐药的金葡菌。结论：ICU院内肺部感染的致病菌以G^-杆菌为主，铜绿假单胞菌仍是首要致菌；ICU内真菌感染比较严重，ICU内获得性肺部感染不仅数量增加而且细菌耐药性增强，了解本单位病原菌种类及耐药性的变化，合理使用抗生素是降低危重病患院内肺部感染发病率和病死率的重要措施。     

重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解我院重症监护病房（ICU）铜绿假单胞菌的感染分布及耐药情况,为ICU治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染及控制院内感染提供依据。方法采用回顾性的方法统计分析2005—2008年我院ICU分离的铜绿假单胞菌分布及耐药状况。结果从1283份标本中分离出铜绿假单胞菌143株,总分离率11．15％。痰标本分离率最高（106株,占74．1％）,其次是伤口分泌物（23株,占16．1％）。该菌对多种抗生素耐药严重,对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、氨曲南耐药率较低,分别为12．6％、15．4％、18．9％、26．6％、40．6％,对其他抗生素耐药率均达50％以上。结论我院ICU铜绿假单胞菌耐药率较高且呈逐年上升趋势,应重视铜绿假单胞菌的感染,动态检测铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性,指导临床合理使用抗生素,有效控制感染。     

重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌感染及耐药性分析

目的 对医院重症监护病房(ICU)铜绿假单胞菌感染及对抗生素耐药情况进行调查。方法 采用法国生物——梅里埃全自动微小物分析系统(VITEK32)及GN1 鉴定卡、GMS——506药敏卡完成细菌的鉴定及药敏实验。结果 共分离鉴定铜绿假单胞菌272株，其中呼吸道标本分离率居首位占90．8％；该菌对抗生素耐药率在79.4——100．0％之间，对GNS——506药敏卡提供的15种抗生素均耐药的多重耐药菌株有171株占62.9％。结论 铜绿假单胞菌已成为医院感染的主要致病菌，在抗生素治疗过程个极易变异而形成多重耐约，ICU病人机体免疫功能低下，是铜绿假单胞菌的易感人群及防治的重要对象；铜绿假单胞菌的耐药谱较广，临床应谨慎选择抗生素；ICU病房内外科病种分开，阻隔各种院内交叉感染的传播媒介，避免铜绿假单胞菌的交叉感染。     

重症监护病房呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨重症监护病房（ICU）呼吸道病原菌种类及耐药性分析,为防治院内感染提供依据。方法对我院2007年1月-2008年12月分离出的368株ICU呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析。药敏试验采用K—B法进行。结果分离出的368株病原茼其中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,260株（70．7％）,铜绿假单胞菌占第一位104株（29．4％）,大肠埃希菌61株（16．6％）,克雷伯菌属49株（13．3％）,不动杆菌29株（7．9％）;革兰阳性球菌48株（13．0％）,主要是金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌;真菌54株（14．7％）,主要为白色念珠菌。结论ICU患者呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,且耐药率较高,应引起临床医生的高度重视;应加强病原菌分布及菌耐药检测,指导临床合理用药十分重要。     

铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株感染分布与耐药性分析

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株的感染分布情况及其耐药性与耐药趋势,方法对2005年7月～2007年7月本院各科室送检合格临床标本进行常规细菌分离培养与鉴定、进行药物敏感性测试,统计分析其院内感染的分布及耐药性。结果共检出204株铜绿假单胞菌。感染部位依次为呼吸道、伤口等在感染患者中,以老年患者为主,主要分布在ICU病房,3年间铜绿假单胞菌对18种常用抗生素耐药率存在普遍增高的趋势。18种抗菌药物中耐药率最高的是头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟钠和四环素,高达90％以上;敏感性最强的是亚胺培南和环丙沙星,敏感率为92．65％和87．25％。结论：本院铜绿假单胞菌分布以呼吸道和伤口感染为主,患者多为老年人。铜绿假单胞菌与院内感染密切相关,且耐药性严重。表现为多重耐药。加强耐药性监测,合理选用抗生素,以减少耐药菌株的出现与传播至关重要。     

ICU病房病原菌的分布及其耐药性分析

目的 探讨综合性重症监护病房（ICU）中感染的病原菌分布及其耐药情况，为临床经验性选择抗生素提供必要的细菌学依据。方法 收集2004年7月～2004年12月入住ICU患者的痰、血、尿、中心静脉穿刺针顶端及局部引流物进行细菌学培养及药物敏感性试验。结果 102例患者中73例发生感染，共分离出菌株141株，其中产ESBL菌株18株。感染部位最多为下呼吸道，其次泌尿系。下呼吸道中最常见病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌、表皮葡萄球菌；泌尿系中常见病原菌为真菌，其次为大肠杆菌。在141株细菌中，G^-杆菌占39、7％，G^＋菌占37．6％，真菌占22、7％。亚胺培南对G^-杆菌的敏感性较好，万古霉素对G^＋球菌的敏感性较好，未发现耐万古霉素的肠球菌及葡萄菌产生。结论 ICU内感染的病原菌主要存在于下呼吸道，病原菌以G^-杆菌为主，病原菌显示多重耐药。亚胺培南对G^-杆菌敏感性较好，而万古霉素对G^＋菌有较高的敏感性。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.