云南省2004年艾滋病流行分析

目的了解云南省艾滋病(AIDS)流行现状和趋势。方法采用哨点监测、专题流行病学调查、自愿匿名咨询检测和重点人群筛查等4种方法，收集艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染资料和全省HIV／AIDS病例报告资料。结果2004年全省共监测各类高危和重点人群418630人，新检出HIV抗体阳性者13486人，AIDS病人316人，死亡186人。新发现的HIV感染者主要为20～30岁、汉族、男性静脉吸毒者，以农民和无业人员居多，主要分布于德宏、红河、大理、昆明、临沧、曲靖、文山和保山等。哨点监测静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为22．6％(2．9％～70．5％)，5个州市静脉吸毒HIV感染率保持高水平；性病门诊男性就诊者HIV感染率为1．7％(0～4．9％)；孕产妇HIV感染率为0．38％(0～0．9％)，玉溪、昭通首次在孕产妇中检出HIV感染者；暗娼HIV感染率平均为2．0％(0．77％～3．85％)；高流行地区医院无关联人群HIV感染率为2．6％。结论云南省HIV流行已经静脉吸毒人群蔓延到全省125个县，并已造成性乱人群中的传播和流行，三分之二的县(区)在暗娼中发现HIV流行，孕产妇HIV感染在增加，全省处于艾滋病广泛流行的严重威胁。     

对HIV流行地区人群抗庚型肝炎病毒抗体的调查

目的：在艾滋病病毒(HIV)流行地区调查庚型肝炎(庚肝)病毒(HGV)的感染率，并探讨其对HIV／AIDS患者病情进展的影响。方法：对某HIV流行地区647名村民询问病史，检测血清抗-HGV和抗-HIV。结果：647人中检测出抗-HGV 333例(51．5％)，抗-HIV 328例(50．7％)，混合感染HGV和HIV 210例(32.5％)；其中≥20岁、有供血浆史或HIV感染者是HGV感染的高危人群。HIV感染合并HGV人群与不合并感染HGV人群相比较。其患AIDS或AIDS死亡者所占比例较低。结论：供血浆传播是造成该地区HGV和HIV流行的主要原因，合并感染HGV似乎能延缓HIV／AIDS患者病情的进展。     

大连市沿海渔民HIV感染现状调查及相关危险因素分析

目的：调查大连市沿海渔民HIV感染状况及影响艾滋病感染的相关危险因素，为制定此人群的艾滋病干预政策提供依据。方法：一次性集中采血调查，连续两年对渔民人群进行非关联监测。结果：在目标人群中共发现7例HIV感染者，1例病人，另有1例HIV感染者为渔民配偶，以上9例HIV／AIDS者占大连市历年发现的HIV／AIDS者总和的23．68％，占本项目实施期间大连市发现的HIV／AIDS者总和的42．86％。结论：渔民已成为艾滋病高危人群，HIV有可能在此人群中传播扩散，应立即对渔民及其相关人群开展艾滋病高危行为干预。     

西昌市静脉吸毒人群HIV/AIDS流行趋势分析

目的 在西昌市静脉吸毒人群中，利用传播动力学数学模型预测未来几年艾滋病病毒(HIV)伎滋病(AIDS)的流行趋势。方法 对当地静脉吸毒人群进行HIV感染横断面和前瞻性队列研究获得的有关数据，利用离散型HIV／AIDS传播动力学数学模型进行分析。结果 建立了静脉吸毒人群中的HIV／AIDS传播动力学模型，给出了有关参数的确定；通过数值模拟对未来几年HIV感染情况进行了预测。结论 由模型可以看出：如果不采取干预措施，到2010年西昌市静脉吸毒人群中的累计HIV感染者／AIDS患者人数约为1070，HIV感染率约为18％；如果采取适当的干预措施，使得HIV感染者的传染性降低50％，则到2010年累计HIV感染者／AIDS患者人数约为630．HIV感染率约为8％。因此．对吸毒人群施加必要的干预措施．就变成一项非常有意义的工作。     

兰州市HIV/AIDS流行病学特征及流行趋势分析

兰州市自1993年从劳务输出回国人员中检出1例艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体阳性者以来，截止2002年12月，已累计检出HIV／AIDS40例。仅2001年就检出HIV／AIDS9例，占总检出数的22．5％；2002年检出HIV／AIDS18例，占总检出数的45．0％。现对HIV／AIDS流行病学特征及流行趋势分析如下。     

HIV/AIDS病人中甲型H1N1流行性感冒感染情况

目的了解艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者／艾滋病（AIDS）病人（HIV／AIDS病人）中,甲型H1N1流行性感冒（流感）感染状况,分析研究HIV／AIDS病人的CD4^＋T淋巴细胞（简称CD4细胞）水平,对甲型H1N1流感病毒抗体水平的影响,为评价甲型H1N1流感、HIV／AIDS病人现有防控策略和措施提供技术支持。方法对252例HIV／AIDS病人进行问卷调查,并采集静脉血2～5mL检测流感抗体。对问卷调查结果及实验室检测结果以Excel为基础建立数据库,应用SPSS17．0软件对资料进行分析。结果252例HIV／AIDS病人中,甲型H1N1流感抗体阳性40例,阳性率15．9％,阴性212例（84．1％）。流感抗体阳性与阴性者比较显示,CD4细胞水平、有无接种甲型流感疫苗的差异有统计学意义,年龄、性别、婚姻状况、教育程度等情况差异无统计学意义。HIV／AIDS病人与健康人群甲型H1NI流感的抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义。结论HIV／AIDS病人因免疫力低下可优先考虑接种流感疫苗。低CD。细胞水平是感染甲型H1N1流感的危险因素。     

甘肃省2000～2002年AIDS流行病学分析

目的 通过对甘肃省2000～2002年艾滋病(AIDS)疫情、血清学和行为学监测情况分析，为制定甘肃省AIDS防制策略提供依据。方法 通过血清学、行为学和流行病学监测，分析甘肃省AIDS流行病学特征，提供防制措施。结果 2000～2002年共检出艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者47例，AIDS病人9例，死亡6例。以青壮年为主，男女比例为2．6：1；传播途径以静脉注射毒品为主，占59．57％；57％的HIV感染者文化程度为小学以下。3年共完成重点人群监测393501人，检出HIV抗体阳性者47例，阳性率为0．12‰。吸毒人群共用注射器比例呈逐年上升趋势，2002年达20％。结论 甘肃省2000～2002年AIDS流行速度明显加快，高危人群高危行为增加，预计甘肃省HIV感染者将大幅度增加，需加大防制力度，防止进一步蔓延。     

西藏某VCT门诊自愿咨询检测者HIV感染状况分析

目的分析艾滋病自愿咨询检测（VCT）门诊,自愿咨询检测者的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况,为西藏预防HIV传播提供科学依据。方法收集整理2003-2012年西藏某VCT门诊自愿咨询者的人口学信息及HIV抗体检测结果,用描述性方法进行统计分析。结果1929名自愿咨询检测者中,检出HIV抗体阳性188例,阳性率9．75％;女性阳性率（12．94％）高于男性（8．40％）;15～44岁年龄组阳性率达9．92％,其阳性人数占所有阳性者中的94．15％（177／188）。小学及以下文化程度HIV阳性率较高,为17．92％,无业者高于其他职业;静脉注射吸毒阳性率高达62．50％。性传播占总数的89．89％。结论青壮年、小学及以下文化程度者及无业者是感染HIV的高危人群,性接触是主要的传播方式,应针对高危人群的特点,加强艾滋病的宣传教育以及行为干预工作,阻断HIV传播。     

肺结核病人中人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染的检测

了目的：了解住院肺结核患者中HIV感染及艾滋病（AIDS）发病状况,方法：对2151例住院肺结核患者常规采用HIV抗体ELISA法检测进行了初筛,阳性者抽血复验,并由广东省防疫站HIV检测中心确定。结果2151例中HIV（＋）7例,阳性率3．25‰,男性5例,女性2例,通过静脉吸毒血源性感染3例,多性伴4例,结论：对肺结核患者的HIV感染高危对象进行HIV抗体检测,有助于HIV／AIDS的早期发现和及时采取有效的控制措施。     

2007～2012年陆川县吸毒人群HIV感染状况分析

目的了解陆川县吸毒人群HIV感染状况及影响因素,为制定控制策略和措施提供依据。方法对2007—2012年陆川县部分吸毒人群进行HIV抗体检测分析。结果2007～2012年共筛查吸毒人群546例,男性518例,女性28例;共检出HIV阳性19例,均为男性,HIV阳性率为3．48％。546例吸毒者中,静脉吸毒466例,HIV抗体阳性18例（3．86％）,有口吸行为80例,HIV抗体阳性1例（1．25％）;有性乱行为271例,HIV阳性9例（3．32％）。结论陆川县吸毒人群中部分已感染HIV,吸毒和不良性行为是传播HIV最主要的原因,加强对吸毒人群的监测对控制艾滋病性病蔓延具有重要意义。     

中国艾滋病哨点监测系统的建立及1995年监测报告

为了更科学、有效地监测ＨＩＶ流行趋势，为制定艾滋病预防规划提供准确的信息，我国在２３个省的城市中建立了４２个ＨＩＶ监测哨点，于１９９５年始每年两轮对四类高危人群，即性传播疾病（ＳＴＤｓ）门诊就诊者、暗娼、吸毒者和长途卡车司机，开展ＨＩＶ哨点监测。１９９５年首轮检测了３个目标人群共１１０７１人，在北京的ＳＴＤｓ门诊就诊者中发现ＨＩＶ感染者１例；第二轮检测了４个目标人群共１１７２１人，发现ＨＩＶ感染者３例，其中在福建的ＳＴＤｓ门诊就诊者中发现一例，在海南暗娼人群中发现一例，在新疆的吸毒人群中发现一例。与１９９５年第一轮监测结果相经，检出ＨＩＶ阳性者的地区、人群和阳性数均有增加。本ＨＩＶ哨点监测的结果表明，我国被监测地区高危人群中ＨＩＶ感染率仍处于低水平，但已有广泛流行的潜在危险。另外该ＨＩＶ哨点监测系统有待于进一步完善。     

天津市吸毒人群HIV和梅毒感染现状及影响因素

目的通过对天津市吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒(SP)感染状况及HIV危险因素的调查,为在该人群中开展相关控制措施提供依据。方法采用横断面调查,对2008-2009年新进入戒毒所的821名吸毒人员进行问卷调查,同时抽取血样进行梅毒和HIV的实验室检测。结果天津市吸毒人员梅毒感染率为2.9%(24/821),HIV感染率为3.8%(31/821),多因素分析表明,外省籍(OR=13.222,95%CI:3.665～47.703)、少数民族(OR=5.046,95%CI:1.541～16.522)、注射毒品(OR=9.151,95%CI:2.301～36.397)、艾滋病知识知晓率高(OR=0.363,95%CI:0.136～0.969)与HIV感染关系有统计学意义。结论天津市吸毒人群HIV感染率较高,危险行为普遍存在,急需采取有效措施控制HIV的传播蔓延。     

桂林市2008～2010年艾滋病自愿咨询及检测情况分析

目的了解艾滋病自愿咨询及检测人群的HIV感染分布情况,有针对性地开展艾滋病健康教育。方法由经过专业技术培训的医护人员对2008年1月至2010年12月在我院艾滋病咨询及免费检测门诊（VCT门诊）的1232例求询者进行HIV抗体（ELISA法）初筛检测,并对确诊试验阳性的患者情况进行分析。结果1232例求询者中75例HIV阳性（6．09％）。75例HIV阳性患者中男性49例,女性26例,其中外省流动人口3例。年龄3～78岁,其中21～40岁者39例（52．0％）。结论艾滋病的发病仍保持低流行状态,应加强对高危人群的检测及健康教育干预,更好的预防和控制艾滋病传播。     

AIDS risk behaviors and knowledge among heterosexual alcoholics and non-injecting drug users

The disinhibitory effects of abusable substances on sexual behavior and the increasing HIV prevalence among heterosexuals suggest that alcoholics and non-injection drug users may be at risk for HIV infection. We examined alcohol and non-injection drug use as AIDS risk factors, AIDS risk knowledge, and the effect of AIDS education upon voluntary HIV testing among 91 heterosexual male inpatients in a VA alcohol rehabilitation program. Questionnaire data revealed relationships between age, the use of alcohol, marijuana and intranasal cocaine just prior to sex and an increase in the number of female sexual partners. Use of alcohol just prior to sex was also associated with an increased number of unprotected sexual behaviors. AIDS risk knowledge in our sample was comparable to norms from previous studies. Inpatients received education concerning alcohol and sexuality either with or without an AIDS component. AIDS education and offer of HIV testing were associated with increased requests for HIV testing.     

Contrasting prevalence of delta hepatitis markers in parenteral drug abusers with and without AIDS

Parenteral drug abusers are the second largest group at risk for developing AIDS (25% of US cases) and a major risk group for infection with both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the HBV-dependent RNA hepatitis delta virus (HDV). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence in 1984-1985 and relationships of HDV and HBV infections in 372 unselected parenteral drug abusers without AIDS or symptoms related to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (but 49% of whom were positive for HIV-1 antibodies) and in 53 drug abusers hospitalized with AIDS. The prevalence of HDV markers in the combined study groups was 20%; 81% of study subjects with hepatitis B surface antigenemia (HBsAg) had one marker for HDV infection. Significant differences were found between patients with and without AIDS with respect to the prevalence of hepatitis delta antigen (5.7% vs. 0.8%, P less than .05) and antibody (0 vs. 21.4%, P less than .01) and HBsAg (15.1% vs. 5.1%, P less than .05). The significantly higher prevalence of hepatitis delta antigen and HBsAg in subjects with AIDS suggests that persistence or reactivation of these viruses is significantly greater among parenteral drug abusers with AIDS than among those without AIDS. These findings, along with the absence of hepatitis delta antibodies in the drug abusers with AIDS, are probably related to the profound general immunosuppression that occurs in AIDS.     

2009-2012年湖州市艾滋病确证实验室HIV抗体检测结果分析

目的分析湖州市艾滋病网络实验室艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体检测情况和艾滋病流行特征,为指导艾滋病防治提供科学依据。方法对HIV抗体初筛阳性标本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和胶体硒法进行复检,两种试剂均呈阳性或一阴一阳的用蛋白免疫印迹法（WB）进行确证,确证阳性病例进行流行病学分析。结果717份HIV抗体初筛阳性标本,复核阳性333例,确证阳性321例,其中男性230例,女性91例。各类医院检查的占45．5％（146／321）;初中及以下文化占74．1％（238／321）;异性性传播占65．1％（209／321）,男男同性性传播占15．9％（51／321）。结论应加大健康教育和对高危人群行为干预的力度,遏制艾滋病的蔓延。     

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in the normal population and high risk groups in north Kerala.

BACKGROUND: Our aim is to assess the prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections among normal healthy persons and high risk groups in the northern part of Kerala state in South India as there is insufficient published literature related to this subject. METHODS: HBsAg and AntiHCV screening were done in normal persons and in high risk groups. Normal persons screened included voluntary blood donors, those attending mandatory medical check up for jobs in middle east Asia and pregnant women. High risk groups were health care workers, intravenous drug abusers, commercial sex workers and male homosexuals. RESULTS: HBsAg and anti HCV antibody test results in the various groups were as follows. Voluntary blood donors--HBsAg was positive in 0.71 % and anti HCV was positive in 0.33%; job seekers to middle east Asia had 0.89% and 0.12% prevalence of HBV and HCV respectively. Among the pregnant women, 0.21% were HBsAg positive. Among the high risk groups, none of the health care workers were HbsAg positive and 0.79% were antiHCV positive. Among the IV drug abusers 2.7% were HBsAg positive and 51.89% were positive for antiHCV. In commercial sex workers, 3.47 % were HBsAg positive and 2.6 % were antiHCV positive. In male homosexuals, 4.49% were HBsAg positive and 3.37% were antiHCV positive. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in the normal population of Calicut in the northern part of Kerela is 0.52% and 0.24%. Compared to other areas of India, the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C are low in the normal population of Calicut. Among the high-risk groups, IV drug users have a high prevalence of AntiHCV.     

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type 1 Infection in an Inner-City Alcohol Treatment Program

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rate was examined in a selected cohort of healthy clients of an inner-city alcohol treatment center from 1990 through 1993. These subjects were also participating in a research protocol (n= 258) designed to assess immunity and HIV risk behaviors in inner city alcohol-dependent persons. Healthy alcohol-abusing heterosexual clients (165) had HIV testing conducted in an inner-city ambulatory alcohol treatment center between September 1990 and December 1993. Respondents were 93.9% African-American and 3.6% Hispanic; 72.1 % were male. Anonymous HIV-1 antibody testing was conducted retrospectively for an additional 80 subjects who participated in the research protocol during the same interval, but for whom HIV-1 antibody testing was not conducted clinically at the time. HIV infection rate among the clinic-tested subjects (n= 165) was 4.4% for individuals who were exclusively alcohol-dependent, 1.4% for non-injecting drug use (IDU) mixed substance abusera, and 46.8% for clients with a history of IDU. Rates did not differ among cohorts tested in different years. Among non-injecting drug users tested in the clinic, all infected respondents (n= 3) were women (p= 0.03). Among those tested anonymously (n= 80), however, infection rate for exclusively alcohol-dependent persons was 16.7%, non-IDU mixed abusers 11.1%, and injecting drug users 48.3%, with seropositive males as well as females in each group. HIV infection rates for the pooled samples (n= 245) were 8.7% for exclusively alcohol-dependent persons, 5.1% for mixed abusers, and 54.5% for injecting drug users. Among non-injecting drug users, exclusively alcohol-dependent women had a significantly higher (p < 0.01) infection rate (20.0%) than the remaining females and males. Infection rates among exclusively alcohol-dependent males, male and female polysubstance non-IDU abusers, and injecting drug users were comparable with that seen in an earlier screening in the same clinic in 1989, with apparently little diffusion of infection from the IDU population to other substance abusers. An exception seemed to be exclusively alcohol-dependent females, who show substantially elevated rates. Age, housing, and other social differences may help segregate substance-abusing populations in the relatively small Newark metropolitan area, although not protecting exclusively alcohol-dependent females.     

Perception of HIV/AIDS risk among urban, low-income senior-housing residents.

Despite the rising number of cases of HIV in adults over age 50, older persons rarely are considered to be at risk for HIV/AIDS, and even though they may be involved in risky behavior, such as unprotected penetrative sex, they may not consider themselves vulnerable to becoming infected. Informed awareness of risk is essential to making positive decisions about adopting preventive measures. We examined demographic, sociobehavioral, and contextual factors that predict urban, low-income older adults' perception of HIV/AIDS risk. Logistic regression results from 398 residents aged 50-93 living in six buildings in two American cities found that males, younger participants (aged 50-61), those living in higher risk buildings, and those who worried more about contracting HIV/AIDS were more likely to perceive themselves to be at HIV/AIDS risk. Findings accounted for 32% of the variance and the prediction success rate was 72%. Results point to the importance of considering sociodemographic characteristics and environmental (contextual) factors as they influence heuristic decision making in understanding HIV/AIDS risk perception among low-income urban older adults and when designing HIV/AIDS education and intervention strategies targeting this population.