Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis in the treatment of symptomatic lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) in the treatment of massive symptomatic lower limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Materials and methods

One hundred and three clinically confirmed DVT patients were discharged from our institution. Sixteen patients with massive lower limb DVT were included in this retrospective study. After prophylactic placement of inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs), percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (ATD, n = 10; Straub, n = 6) and catheter-directed thrombolysis were performed in all patients. Complementary therapy included percutaneous transluminal venous angioplasty (PTA, n = 3) and stent placement (n = 1). The doses of thrombolytic agents, length of hospital stay, peri-procedure complications and discharge status were reviewed. Oral anticoagulation was continued for at least 6 months during follow-up.

Results

The average hospital stay was 7 days. The technical success rate (complete and partial lysis of clot) was 89%, the other 11% patients only achieved less than 50% clot lysis. The mean dose of urokinase was 3.3 million IU. There were no significant differences of clinical outcome between the ATD and Straub catheter group. The only major complication was an elderly male who experienced a fatal intracranial hemorrhage while still in the hospital (0.97%, 1/103). Minor complications consisted of three instances of subcutaneous bleeding. No transfusions were required. Vascular patency was achieved in 12 limbs during follow-up. No pulmonary emboli occurred. There is one recurrent DVT 4.5 months after the treatment.

Conclusions

Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis is an effective and safe method for the treatment of symptomatic DVT. A randomized prospective study is warranted.     

AngioJet机械吸栓联合导管接触溶栓与单纯导管接触溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的meta分析

【摘要】 目的 比较AngioJet机械抽吸血栓（PMT）联合导管接触溶栓（CDT）与单纯CDT治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成（LEDVT）的效果。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方和维普数据库,2名研究人员采用RevMan5.3软件对建库至2019年6月的PMT联合CDT与单纯CDT治疗急性LEDVT的研究文献进行独立筛选、提取数据、评价纳入文献质量,并作meta分析。结果 共10篇文献纳入meta分析,结果显示PMT联合CDT治疗的有效血栓清除率（OR=2.29,95%CI=1.19～4.41）、溶栓时间（OR=－20.75,95%CI=－37.72～－3.79）、尿激酶用量（OR=－108.16,95%CI=－128.22～－88.10）、住院时间（OR=－2.37,95%CI=－3.56～－1.19）和随访12个月时Villalta评分（OR=－1.72,95%CI=－2.95～－0.50） 与单纯CDT相比,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组间小出血事件发生率（OR=0.80,95%CI=0.38～1.68）、静脉瓣膜损伤事件发生率（OR=0.62,95%CI=0.29～1.31） 差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 AngioJet机械抽吸血栓联合CDT与单纯CDT相比,能更有效地清除血栓,减少尿激酶用量,缩短溶栓时间和住院时间,减少血栓后综合征（PTS）严重程度,不会增加出血并发症发生率和对静脉瓣膜产生负面影响。     

经皮血栓碎吸联合血管成形治疗髂静脉压迫综合征并深静脉血栓形成

目的探讨经皮血栓碎吸联合血管成形治疗髂静脉压迫综合征并下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床效果。资料与方法回顾性分析184例髂静脉压迫综合征并下肢深静脉血栓形成的病例资料。经皮穿刺患侧股静脉,在导丝引导下采用12～14 F鞘管抽吸髂、股静脉内血栓;对于股、腘静脉血栓,利用Fogarty球囊导管将血栓碎解、拖拉至髂静脉内,再行机械性血栓抽吸术。对髂静脉严重狭窄或闭塞者,行经皮腔内血管成形术或支架置入治疗。结果本组血栓清除率Ⅲ级80.98%,Ⅱ级19.02%;出院时患肢膝上、下15 cm 周径为（43.9±4.7） cm、（31.5±4.1） cm,与入院时相比其间差异有统计学意义（t=6.43,t=5.79,均P=0.000）。随访6～24个月,治疗有效率为97.75%;178例支架置入病人术后6、12、24个月彩色多普勒超声或 DSA 复查,支架通畅率为97.19%、94.94%、92.13%。结论血栓碎吸联合血管成形治疗髂静脉压迫综合征并下肢深静脉血栓形成,其近、中期疗效显著,住院时间短,是一种安全有效的介入治疗方法。     

AngioJet血栓清除术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的术中护理实践

【摘要】 目的 总结AngioJet血栓清除术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成（LEDVT）的术中护理配合经验。 方法 收集206例AngioJet血栓清除术治疗急性LEDVT患者的临床资料,患者均予以充分的术前准备和规范的术中护理配合,包括心理护理与术前访谈、手术器材及药品准备、手术配合、生命体征的观察、疼痛和体位变动护理、特殊用药护理、并发症预防术后处置及交接。结果 206例患者均顺利完成手术,即刻血栓清除评价:Ⅰ级9例,Ⅱ级82例,Ⅲ级115例。48例患者术中感觉不适主要为患肢胀痛、胸闷、心悸。12例高血压、5例低血压、6例窦性心动过速、145例血红蛋白尿患者,经及时护理干预后均缓解。所有患者在围手术期中均未出现急性肾功能损伤、无失血过多、症状性肺栓塞等严重并发症。 结论 完善的术前准备与高效而细致的术中配合是AngioJet血栓清除术安全、顺利完成的重要保障。     

Combined treatment of subacute and acute synthetic and venous bypass-graft occlusions with percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy and thrombolysis

Introduction

Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) is a third choice of treatment for acute arterial occlusions, in addition to thrombolysis and surgical thrombectomy. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the combined treatment of PMT and local thrombolysis with thrombolysis therapy alone.

Materials and methods

Sixty-nine patients with acute (<14 days [n = 35]) or subacute (14–42 days [n = 34]) femoropopliteal bypass occlusions were treated with PMT combined with thrombolysis. Seventy-two patients with acute [n = 40] or subacute [n = 32] femoropopliteal bypass occlusions were treated with thrombolysis alone. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) classification was used to assess the bypass occlusion. Local thrombolysis time and dosage, reopening time, time in the intensive care unit, necessary surgical re-interventions, and clinical outcome were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

The TIMI scores were significantly higher in the PMT plus thrombolysis group than in the thrombolysis group (acute occlusions 1188 versus 935, p < 0.001; subacute occlusions 935 versus 605, p < 0.001). The total urokinase dosage, the total hours of thrombolysis, time in the intensive care unit, and total hospital stay in the acute PMT plus thrombolysis group were significantly lesser than those in the thrombolysis group. After 24 h of treatment, the ankle-brachial index improved in all groups (p < 0.001): in the acute and subacute PMT plus thrombolysis group to 0.63 ± 0.14 and 0.43 ± 0.08, respectively; and in the acute and subacute thrombolysis group to 0.51 ± 0.11 and 0.41 ± 0.04, respectively.

Conclusions

PMT combined with thrombolysis is a safe and very effective therapy for acute and subacute femoropopliteal bypass occlusions compared to treatment with thrombolysis alone.     

AngioJet机械性血栓抽吸联合导管接触溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成效果观察

目的 探讨经皮机械性血栓清除术(PMT)联合导管接触溶栓(CDT)治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的安全性和近期效果.方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年12月徐州医科大学附属医院收治的56例急性中央型、混合型下肢DVT患者临床资料.其中28例接受AngioJet机械性血栓抽吸联合CDT治疗(A组),28例接受单...     

机械性血栓抽吸治疗中央型下肢深静脉血栓的临床疗效

目的探讨机械性血栓抽吸治疗中央型下肢深静脉血栓形成(lower extremity deep venous thrombosis,LED-VT)的临床疗效。方法回顾分析我院2005年4月～2009年1月236例急性中央型LEDVT病例的临床资料。经健侧股静脉置入下腔静脉滤器,患侧股静脉插入12～14F鞘管手动抽吸髂股段静脉血栓。112例合并髂静脉狭窄或闭塞患者,行PTA和支架置入术;术后辅以肝素抗凝治疗。结果出院时健、患肢膝上、下15cm处周径差降为(1.34±0.57)cm和(0.93±0.42)cm,与入院比较差异有统计学意义(t=19.37和23.99,P=0.00);随访16～48个月,中位随访35个月,随访率97.88%。术后36个月,水肿、色素沉着、溃疡等后遗症发生率:12.99%(30/231)、8.23%(19/231)、0%;静脉通畅率98.27%;随访疗效:优92.21%。支架置入术后12、24、36个月通畅率均100%。结论机械性血栓抽吸治疗中央型下肢深静脉血栓疗效显著,并发症少,住院周期短,能够明显降低后遗症的发生率。     

Transhepatic catheter-directed thrombectomy and thrombolysis of acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical outcomes after percutaneous treatment of superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients with SMV thrombosis treated with percutaneous catheter-directed thrombectomy/thrombolysis. The demographics of the study population, potential causative factors contributing to SMV thrombosis, and morbidity and mortality associated with therapy were assessed. RESULTS: Eleven patients (mean age, 44.3 years +/- 12.8) with SMV thrombosis were treated with percutaneous transhepatic catheter-directed thrombectomy/thrombolysis. Potential causative factors included recent major abdominal surgery, thrombophilic conditions, pancreatitis, and repetitive abdominal trauma. The mean duration between the onset of symptoms and percutaneous treatment was 8.6 days +/- 6.5. Computed tomography confirmed the clinical diagnosis in nine patients (81.8%). One patient (9.1%) had a bleeding complication, which was treated by chest tube drainage without long-term sequelae. One patient (9.1%) with refractory SMV thrombosis died of sepsis and multiple organ failure. No recurrent episode of SMV thrombosis or mortality was documented during a mean follow-up of 42 months +/- 22.5. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous transhepatic catheter-directed thrombectomy/thrombolysis for SMV thrombosis is associated with a rapid improvement in symptoms and low incidences of long-term morbidity and mortality. Percutaneous thrombectomy and thrombolysis should be considered in all patients with acute SMV thrombosis without evidence of bowel necrosis.     

超声引导下置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床应用价值.方法 自2009年9月至2011年9月共收治下肢DVT患者34例,均采用下腔静脉滤器置入后,患肢在超声引导下经皮置管,持续导管内给予溶栓药物尿激酶50 万u/d和肝素5 000 u/d,交替使用.其中2例患者合并下腔静脉血栓,采用经颈静脉途径释放下腔静脉滤器;2例患者采用大隐静脉置管;其余均采用经皮腘静脉置管.结果 所有患者均置管成功,放置溶栓导管5 ～ 7 d.27例患者术后下肢肿胀基本消失,活动能力明显改善.5例患者活动后仍有较明显乏力和沉重感.1例患者术后3个月复发,再次置管后好转.1例患者术后6个月复发合并健侧下肢DVT,采用外周血管溶栓治疗.所有患者均采用DSA了解溶栓情况,26例患者髂股静脉术后连续性通畅,8例患者阶段性通畅.结论 超声引导下经皮置管溶栓治疗具有创伤小、定位准确、药物剂量个人化以及溶栓率高等优点,是治疗DVT的有效方法.     

经腘静脉置管接触性溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成应用价值研究

目的探讨经患侧腘静脉置管接触性溶栓(CDT)治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012年3月至2017年3月收治的39例应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT患者的临床资料。所有患者均在腔静脉滤器保护下经患侧腘静脉置管CDT。记录置管成功率,健、患肢周径差值,静脉血栓评分,静脉再通率,深静脉瓣膜保存率,介入治疗并发症与下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征(PTS)的发生率等指标并评价疗效。结果所有患者均穿刺置管成功,置管成功率为100.0%(39/39)。患者治疗前后的健、患肢周径差值分别为(6.12±1.03)cm与(2.55±0.76)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),肢体肿胀消退明显。患者治疗前后静脉血栓评分为(5.73±0.94)分与(2.13±1.60)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),血栓消融明显,静脉再通率为(64.23%±16.21%)。39例患者中,1例患者出现置管处炎症,1例患者出现穿刺处血肿,1例患者溶栓后出现髂静脉狭窄并行髂静脉支架植入术治疗,即介入治疗并发症的发生率为7.7%(3/39)。随访6~12个月,34例患者完成随访,随访率为87.2%(34/39),无DVT复发与肺栓塞发生。深静脉瓣膜保存率为(76.14%±9.15%),PTS的发生率为15.4%(6/39)。结论应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT安全有效。     

下肢深静脉血栓的经动脉溶栓治疗

目的：探讨经动脉保留导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的应用价值。方法：40例下肢深静脉血栓患者经健侧股动脉穿刺插管至患侧髂股动脉内，并保留导管3－7d，经导管注入肝素3000－5000IU及尿激酶25万－100万IU稀释液50－200ml，每日1次。另40例经足背静脉注入同样的药物。共植入下腔静脉滤器31例，髂股静脉支架植入术10例。结果：80例患肢肿胀、疼痛均于溶栓治疗后1－3d内开始消退、减轻。31例滤器均未发生移位变形，下腔静脉通畅，10例支架无阻塞。结论：经动脉保留导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成，安全有效。     

机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：评价经皮机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的可行性、安全性及有效性。 方法：选取2015年4月-2017年6月收治左髂静脉受压综合征伴急性下肢DVT的患者33例,发病时间6 h-14 d,平均年龄（57.97±14.44）岁。所有患者均在滤器保护下进行治疗。AngioJet血栓清除术、球囊扩张和髂静脉支架植入均在同期完成,术后保留鞘管予以溶栓治疗,每天复查造影,若血栓完全溶解,取出下腔静脉滤器并结束溶栓。术后第1、3、6、12个月进行门诊随访,行彩色超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查了解下肢深静脉及髂支架内血流通畅情况。 结果：33例患者均同期完成手术,技术成功率100%,AngioJet抽吸时间为（224.70±72.78）s,溶栓时间（34.00±15.37）h,尿激酶用量（112.58±49.92）万U。33例患者同期植入髂静脉支架33枚。血栓清除率Ⅲ级患者29例,血栓清除率Ⅱ级患者4例。无出血、症状性肺栓等严重并发症发生。术后随访1例患者术后两月血栓复发,32例患者术后随访超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查提示下肢深静脉及髂静脉支架内血流通畅。 结论：机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种安全有效的方法。     

AngioJet药物机械偶联血栓清除术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的 探讨AngioJet药物机械偶联血栓清除术治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的效果与并发症.方法 回顾性分析2015年2月至2016年8月通过AngioJet药物机械偶联血栓清除术治疗的22例急性下肢DVT患者临床资料,依据患者术后临床症状缓解情况及血栓清除率评估治疗效果,观察手术相关并发症发生情况.结果 22例患者术后症状即刻缓解,患健肢大腿周径差由术前(4.5±0.6) cm下降至术后(1.0±0.4) cm(P＜0.05).尿激酶平均剂量(18.4±3.1)万U,平均溶栓时间(4.2±0.7)h.19例DVT完全清除(＞90％),2例大部分清除(50％～90％),1例部分清除(＜50％).术后6例患者出现短暂性血红蛋白尿,经补液水化后当日缓解,无肺栓塞、大出血等并发症发生.结论 AngioJet药物机械偶联血栓清除术治疗急性下肢DVT安全有效,并发症少.     

动脉溶栓与机械碎栓联合动脉溶栓的对比分析

目的 比较两种不同动脉溶栓方法治疗超早期脑梗死患者的疗效,探讨哪种方法更有益于开通血管.方法 收集2009年10月- 2011年5月55例脑梗死急性期并行超早期介入治疗患者,其中25例(联合治疗组)采用机械碎栓联合尿激酶进行动脉内溶栓治疗,30例(尿激酶组)采用尿激酶进行单纯动脉内溶栓治疗.术后观察患者闭塞血管再通和神经功能障碍恢复情况,并比较分析两种动脉溶栓方法的疗效.结果 联合治疗组患者血管再通23例,成功再通率为92%(23/25),尿激酶组患者则为18例,再通成功率仅为60%(18/30).术后平均NIHSS(脑卒中量表)及ADL(日常活动量表)评分联合治疗组(1 h 分别为8.6 ± 2.5和20.0 ± 4.6;24 h分别为9.0 ± 1.8和17.0 ± 2.5)改善程度明显优于尿激酶组(1 h分别为7.5 ± 2.0和28.0 ± 3.5;24 h分别为8.1 ± 2.0和24.0 ± 2.1),两组间差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05).尿激酶用量及溶栓时间联合治疗组分别为(36.8 ± 8.4)万u和(35.3 ± 11.6)min,尿激酶组分别为(50.4 ± 15.3)万u和(55.7 ± 13.3)min,前者低于后者,两组间差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05).结论 超早期应用动脉内机械碎栓联合动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效优于单纯动脉溶栓.     

Mechanical thrombectomy in patients with deep venous thrombosis

Purpose: To report our experience with mechanical thrombectomy in proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Methods: Eighteen patients with a mean (± SD) age of 37.6 ± 16.1 years who presented with DVT in the iliac and femoral vein (n = 3), inferior vena cava (n = 5), or inferior vena cava and iliac vein (n = 10), were treated with the Amplatz Thrombectomy Device after insertion of a temporary caval filter. Results: Successful recanalization was achieved in 15 of 18 patients (83%). Overall, the percentage of thrombus removed was 66 ± 29%: 73 ± 30% at caval level and 55 ± 36% at iliofemoral level. Complementary interventions (seven patients) were balloon angioplasty (n = 2), angioplasty and stenting (n = 2), thrombo-aspiration alone (n = 1), thrombo-aspiration, balloon angioplasty, and permanent filter (n = 1), and permanent filter alone (n = 1). There was one in-hospital death. Follow-up was obtained at a mean of 29.6 months; three patients had died (two cancers, one myocardial infarction); 10 had no or minimal sequelae; one had post-phlebitic limb. Conclusion: Mechanical thrombectomy is a potential therapeutic option in patients presenting with proximal DVT.     

Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: evaluation with ferumoxytol-enhanced MR imaging and dual-contrast mechanism--preliminary experience

Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained for this HIPAA-compliant study, whose purpose was to prospectively evaluate the use of a dual-contrast mechanism in conjunction with an iron oxide blood pool contrast agent, ferumoxytol, to depict deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Nine patients with lower extremity DVT detected with duplex ultrasonography (US) were imaged with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and ferumoxytol. Three techniques, including precontrast two-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) imaging, ferumoxytol-enhanced bright-blood imaging, and ferumoxytol-enhanced dark-blood imaging, were applied. Image quality for precontrast and ferumoxytol-enhanced images was analyzed by using a four-point scale. Thrombus was depicted as a filling defect within the blood pool on bright-blood images and as bright tissue that appeared highly contrasted against a dark background on dark-blood images. Image quality of ferumoxytol-enhanced images was uniformly superior to that of precontrast TOF images (P = .007). Compared with precontrast TOF images, ferumoxytol-enhanced bright-blood images had higher contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) between thrombus and blood (P = .051), whereas ferumoxytol-enhanced dark-blood images showed significantly higher CNRs between thrombus and surrounding muscle (P = .008). Ferumoxytol-enhanced MR imaging can depict DVT with a dual-contrast mechanism and show the extent of thrombus.