Effect of centchroman on cellular and humoral immunity

Centchroman (Ormeloxifene) is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator that is used as once a week oral contraceptive agent. The effect of centchroman on the immune system was evaluated by using different experimental models such as carbon clearance test, cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia, neutrophil adhesion test, effect on serum immunoglobulins, mice lethality test and indirect haemagglutination test. The first three models namely carbon clearance test, cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia and neutrophil adhesion test were used to study cell mediated immunity while the latter three models were used to see the effect on humoral immunity. Centchroman was administered orally at a dose of 5 mg/kg and levamisole (2.5 mg/kg/ p.o) was used as standard drug. Centchroman significantly increased the levels of serum immunoglobulins and also prevented the mortality induced by bovine Pasteurella multocida in mice. It also increased significantly the circulating antibody litre in indirect haemagglunation test. However, it did not show any significant effect on phagocytic index in carbon clearance assay and nor did influence the adhesion of neutrophils in the neutrophil adhesion test. Centchroman was also not effective in preventing the cyclophosphamde induced neutropenia. Hence, it was concluded that centchroman increases humoral immunity with no significant effect on cell mediated immunity.     

Immunomodulatory Potential of Methanol Extract of Aegle marmelos in Animals

The aim of the current research was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos in an experimental animal model of cellular and humoral immunity. Administration of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos (500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) and Ocimum sanctum (100 mg/kg, p.o.), produced significant increase in adhesion of neutrophils and an increase in phagocytic index in carbon clearance assay. Both doses of Aegle marmelos prevented the mortality induced by bovine Pasteurella multocida in mice. Moreover, all treated groups demonstrated significant elevation in circulating antibody titre in the indirect haemagglunation test. From the above results, it can be concluded that methanol extract of Aegle marmelos possess immunomodulatory potential by stimulating cellular and humoral immune mechanisms. However, low dose of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos was more effective for augmenting cellular immunity, whereas, high dose was more inclined towards humoral immunity.     

Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic fruit extract of Aegle marmelos in experimental animals

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunomodulatory action of methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos fruit (FEAM) in experimental model of immunity.

Methods

Cellular immunity was carried out by neutrophil adhesion test and carbon clearance assay, whereas, humoral immunity was analyzed by mice lethality test and indirect haemagglutination assay. FEAM dose was selected by Stair case method (up and down) and administered at 100 and 500 mg/kg orally. The Ocimum sanctum (OSE, 100 mg/kg, p.o) was used as standard.

Results

FEAM at 100 and 500 mg/kg produced significant increases in adhesion of neutrophils and an increase in phagocytic index in carbon clearance assay. Both high and low doses of FEAM significantly prevented the mortality induced by bovine Pasteurella multocida in mice. Treatment of animals with FEAM and OSE significantly increased the circulating antibody titre in indirect haemagglunation test. Among the different doses, low one was more effective in cellular immunity models than the high. However, all the doses exhibited similar protection in humoral immunity procedures.

Conclusion

From the above findings, it is concluded that FEAM possesses potential for augmenting immune activity by cellular and humoral mediated mechanisms more at low dose (100 mg/kg) than high dose (500 mg/kg).     

Immunomodulatory activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark

The immunomodulatory effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees (Lauraceae), commonly known as cinnamon, was studied using different experimental models such as carbon clearance test, cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia, neutrophil adhesion test, effect on serum immunoglobulins, mice lethality test and indirect hemagglutination test. The bark extracts were administered orally at doses of 10 and 100?mg/kg. Levamisole (2.5?mg/kg p.o.) was used as standard drug. The low dose of cinnamon bark (10?mg/kg p.o.) produced only an increase in serum immunoglobulins levels while the high dose of cinnamon bark (100?mg/kg p.o.) decreased Pasteurella multocida-induced mortality by 17%, increased the phagocytic index in carbon clearance test, increased neutrophil adhesion, increased serum immunoglobulin levels and antibody titer values.     

中国被毛孢菌丝体对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：研究中国被毛孢菌丝体对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：分别给予中国被毛孢菌丝体50、200和800mg／kg灌胃，连续用药5d，进行小鼠碳粒廓清试验、血清溶血素试验和二硝基氟苯（DNFB）诱导小鼠迟发性变态反应（DTH）。结果：中国被毛孢菌丝体在200mg／kg和800mg／kg剂量下，能明显增强小鼠单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能、体液免疫功能和细胞免疫功能，且有显著剂量依赖性。结论：中国被毛孢菌丝体有明显的免疫促进作用。     

In-vivo antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of mesuol isolated from Mesua ferrea L. seed oil

Mesua ferrea L. (Nagkesar) is traditionally being used for antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic and antiallergic activities. It is an ingredient of ayurvedic formulations like Brahma Rasayana and Chyavanprash which are being used to improve immunity. The present study was performed to evaluate immunomodulatory activity of mesuol isolated from M. ferrea seed oil in experimental animals. In humoral immune response model, mesuol evoked a significant dose dependent increase in antibody titer values in cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg, i.p., 9th and 16th day) induced immunosuppression which was sensitized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) on the 7th and 14th day of experiment. In cellular immune response model, an increase in paw volume was recorded on the 23rd day in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rats treated with SRBC (0.03 ml 2% v/v, s.c.) on the 21st day. Mesuol restored the hematological profile in cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression model. Mesuol potentiated percentage neutrophil adhesion in neutrophil adhesion test in rats and phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay. The study indicated immunomodulatory activity of mesuol.     

蜂胶胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨蜂胶胶囊对正常小鼠免疫调节作用。方法将192只BALB/c小鼠随机分为4批,每批动物分为低、中、高三个剂量组和一个溶剂对照组。其中第一批小鼠进行脏器/体质量比值和小鼠碳廓清实验;第二批小鼠进行抗体生成细胞检测和血清凝血素测定(HC50)和绵羊红细胞诱导小鼠足趾增厚(DTH);第三批小鼠进行腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验;第四批小鼠进行乳酸锂脱氢酶法(LDH)测定NK细胞活性和ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验。结果高剂量组蜂胶胶囊可提高小鼠碳廓清能力(P<0.05),增强绵羊红细胞诱导小鼠DTH能力(P<0.05),促进NK细胞活性(P<0.05)和血清凝血素的生成(P<0.05),并且能促进ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化能力(P<0.05)和抗体生成细胞数的生成(P<0.05);中剂量和高剂量组蜂胶胶囊能提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力(吞噬百分率P<0.05;吞噬指数P<0.05);但对免疫器官/体质量比值无明显影响。结论蜂胶胶囊对正常小鼠的细胞免疫、体液免疫和单核-巨噬细胞功能和NK功能有促进作用,即具有增强免疫力功能。     

花生蛋白多肽对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨花生蛋白多肽对正常小鼠免疫调节作用。方法BALB／c小鼠按随机原则分为4个批次,第一批进行动物进行抗体生成细胞检测、绵羊红细胞诱导小鼠足趾增厚（DTH）和血清凝血素测定（HC50）;第二批动物进行小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验;第三批脏器／体质量比值和小鼠碳廓清实验四批动物进行ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验和乳酸脱氢酶法（LDH）测定NK细胞活性。每批动物分为低、中、高三个剂量组和一个溶剂对照组。结果中剂量组和高剂量组花生蛋白多肽可增强小鼠碳廓清和绵羊红细胞诱导小鼠DTH能力（P〈0．05）;高剂量组花生蛋白多肽能提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力（吞噬百分率P〈0．O5;吞噬指数P〈0．05）、促进促进ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化能力（P〈0．05）、抗体生成细胞数的生成（P〈0．05）、血清凝血素的生成∽〈O．05）和NK细胞活性（P〈0．05）;但对免疫器官／体质量比值和无明显影响。结论花生蛋白多肽对正常小鼠的细胞免疫、体液免疫和单核一巨噬细胞功能和NK功能有促进作用,即具有增强免疫力功能。     

Protective action of ascorbic acid against mutagenicity of aminopyrine plus nitrite

Mutagenicity of aminopyrine and of aminopyrine plus nitrite was tested by the micronucleus test in bone marrow of mice and by host mediated mutagenicity assay with mice as host animals and S. typhimurium strain G 46. In parallel the possibility of the protective action of ascorbic acid was studied. Aminopyrine at the dose of 90 mg/kg po when administered to mice together with potassium nitrite induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and proved to be mutagenic for a Salmonella strain. In both systems mutagenicity of the combination of aminopyrine at this dose plus nitrite was abolished completely by ascorbic acid (373 or 622 mg/kg po). Ascorbic acid neither induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei nor was mutagenic for the strain G 46. A formulation of aminopyrine with ascorbic acid is proposed.     

当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的　研究当归多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法　sc环磷酰胺复制免疫抑制模型 ;测定胸腺、脾脏重量并计算脏器系数 ;碳粒廓清法测定单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能 ;比色法测定血清溶血素IgG、IgM含量 ;MTT法测定混合淋巴细胞培养反应。结果　在 1 0～ 1 0 0mg·kg- 1 剂量范围内 ,当归多糖能对抗环磷酰胺引起的小鼠脾萎缩 ,增加正常小鼠脾重 ,而对于正常及免疫抑制小鼠胸腺影响不大 ;促进正常及免疫抑制小鼠碳粒廓清率 ;而对小鼠血清溶血素IgG、IgM的生成有较强的抑制作用 ;在 30～ 30 0mg·L- 1 剂量范围内能促进同种异型抗原激活的小鼠脾细胞的增殖。结论　当归多糖能增强正常及免疫抑制小鼠的非特异性免疫功能 ,而对正常小鼠的体液免疫功能有抑制作用     

复方黄芪丸对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究复方黄芪丸对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法将实验小鼠随机分为复方黄芪丸高剂量组（3.90 g/kg）、复方黄芪丸中剂量组（1.95 g/kg）、复方黄芪丸低剂量组（0.65 g/kg）、贞芪扶正组（5.4 g/kg）及溶剂对照组,通过测定药物对小鼠网状内皮细胞碳粒廓清吞噬指数、耳郭肿胀率、半数溶血值及免疫器官质量的作用来观察复方黄芪丸对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果复方黄芪丸中、高剂量组小鼠碳粒廓清吞噬指数显著增加,迟发型超敏反应所导致的耳郭肿胀显著减轻,半数溶血值显著提高,免疫器官脾指数和胸腺指数显著增加,与溶剂对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。此外,复方黄芪丸高剂量组作用略强于贞芪扶正组,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论中、高剂量复方黄芪丸具有增强小鼠体液免疫及细胞免疫的作用。     

雷公藤红素对小鼠的免疫抑制作用及其对IL-6mRNA表达影响的研究

目的：研究雷公藤红素对小鼠的免疫抑制作用及对细胞因子IL-6mRNA表达的影响。方法：采用碳粒廓清、迟发型变态反应、血清溶血素测定和T淋巴细胞转化实验，观察雷公藤红素对小鼠免疫功能的影响；运用RT—PCR半定量法研究雷公藤红素对小鼠肝脏IL-6mRNA表达影响。结果：雷公藤红素能抑制小鼠血清溶血素水平（400μg／kg），且与剂量呈依赖关系；小鼠耳廓肿胀度研究表明，雷公藤红素能使迟发型变态反应程度减轻（400μg／kg）；雷公藤红素剂量在0．25μg／mL时，可以明显抑制植物血凝素（PHA）诱导的细胞增殖；雷公藤红素800μg／kg能对抗CCl4引起的急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏IL-6mRNA含量的升高。结论：雷公藤红素在一定程度上能抑制小鼠的免疫功能，能抑制炎症细胞因子IL-6基因的过度表达．     

注射用贞芪扶正对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的研究注射用贞芪扶正对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺制备免疫功能低下的动物模型,采用碳廓清实验检测小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,测定吞噬指数和吞噬活性;绵羊红细胞的定量溶血测定法测定血清溶血素水平;二硝基氟苯诱导迟发型变态反应模型,观察不同剂量注射用贞芪扶正对小鼠细胞免疫、体液免疫以及单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。结果注射用贞芪扶正（3.0和6.0g/kg）可提高免疫功能低下小鼠的吞噬指数K和吞噬活性α（P〈0.05或〈0.01）;3个剂量组注射用贞芪扶正对环磷酰胺导致的血清中溶血素水平的降低均有不同程度的升高（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。另外,3个剂量注射用贞芪扶正均可提高免疫功能低下小鼠的耳肿胀度,中高剂量组对环磷酰胺导致的胸腺和脾脏指数的降低均有恢复作用（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。结论注射用贞芪扶正能明显改善环磷酰胺致的免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫功能。     

清解利感合剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：考察清解利感合剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响,为临床应用提供实验依据。方法：采用小鼠碳粒廓清实验,观察清解利感合剂对小鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响;采用小鼠迟发型超敏反应、血清溶血素生成实验,观察清解利感合剂对小鼠特异性细胞免疫及体液免疫的影响。结果：清解利感合剂以2．5、5、10、20mL／kg的剂量连续灌胃给药7d,能明显增强免疫低下小鼠单核吞噬细胞系统的吞噬功能及促进血清溶血素生成,但对正常小鼠无明显影响;能增强免疫低下小鼠DNFB诱发的迟发型超敏反应,对正常小鼠则有抑制趋势。结论：清解利感合剂能增强免疫低下小鼠的非特异性和特异性细胞及体液免疫功能。     

广枣总黄酮对小鼠免疫功能的影响

证实广枣总黄酮(TFC)40.32mg/kg和20.16mg/kg均可明显增强正常和环磷酰胺所致免疫功能抑制小鼠细胞免疫和体液免疫功能。表现为增加免疫器官重量,使溶血素、溶菌酶含量和再次抗原刺激抗体的效价升高,增加淋巴细胞ANAE(+)细胞百分率,促进腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能等。     

Immunotoxicity of paraquat after subacute exposure to mice

The immunotoxic effect of paraquat (PQ), a herbicide that has been used widely in agriculture was investigated using Balb/c mice. Paraquat was administered at doses of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/kg for 21 days. Body weight, organ weight, cellularity of spleen, delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response, plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay, hemagglutination titer (HA), quantitative hemolysis of SRBC (QHS) assay, spleen cell subtypes, cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation assay were studied in various groups of animals. Results showed that high dose of PQ (1 mg/kg) could suppress both cellular and humoral activity of the immune system. PQ at medium dose (0.1 mg/kg) did not show any changes in organ weight, body weight and spleen cellularity but significantly decreased the proliferation response to PHA and the production of IFNγ. PQ at low dose (0.01 mg/kg) did not produce any significant changes in humoral or cellular responses of the immune system. In conclusion, paraquat at high dose has an inhibitory effect on the cell-mediated and humoral immunity. It seems that PQ has no adverse effects on mice immune system at low doses of 0.01 mg/kg, which is two times the PQ allowed daily intake (ADI) limit.     

豹皮樟总黄酮对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究豹皮樟总黄酮(litsea coteana total flavone,LCTF)对环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,Cy)诱导的免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法以Cy50mg·kg-1ip给药,每天1次,连续2d,诱导小鼠免疫低下模型,采用碳廓清试验、溶血素生成试验、二硝基氟苯(DNFB)诱导的迟发性超敏反应,观察LCTF对免疫低下小鼠非特异性免疫、体液免疫和细胞免疫的影响。结果碳廓清试验,LCTF(200、400mg·kg-1)组可提高Cy致免疫低下小鼠的吞噬指数α值和廓清指数K值,提高免疫低下小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能;溶血素试验,LCTF(100、200mg·kg-1)组能提高免疫低下小鼠血清IgM和IgG的生成,LCTF(100、200、400mg·kg-1)能增加免疫低下小鼠脾细胞溶血素的产生;LCTF(200、400mg·kg-1)组可明显促进免疫低下小鼠DTH反应,LCTF(100、200、400mg·kg-1)能提升CD4+、CD8+细胞数以及CD4+/CD8+比值,并能提高脾淋巴细胞生产IL-2含量。结论以上结果表明,LCTF通过广泛刺激小鼠的特异性及非特异性免疫应答,对免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能有良好的增强作用。     

湿迪胶囊的免疫调节作用研究

目的：研究湿迪胶囊的免疫调节作用。方法通过二硝基氟苯（DNFB）诱导迟发型变态反应模型检测耳肿胀度,碳粒廓清法测定网状内皮系统吞噬功能,分光光度法测定血清溶血素,噻唑蓝（MTT）法测定脾淋巴细胞增殖反应。结果湿迪胶囊高、中剂量对二硝基氟苯致小鼠迟发型超敏反应实验中测得的耳肿胀度均有明显抑制效果;湿迪胶囊高剂量能显著提高吞噬指数K,湿迪胶囊高、中剂量能校正吞噬指数α;湿迪胶囊高、中剂量组小鼠血清中溶血素的含量明显降低;湿迪胶囊各剂量可以抑制小鼠的脾淋巴细胞增殖反应。结论湿迪胶囊可能对小鼠免疫功能具有双向调节作用,其治疗类风湿性关节炎的作用可能与抑制特异性细胞免疫功能与抑制体液免疫功能有关,同时具有提高小鼠的非特异性免疫功能。     

方格星虫多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究方格星虫多糖(Sipunculus nudus polysaccharides,SNP)对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。方法采用ConA诱导淋巴细胞转化试验和NK细胞活性测定试验测试方格星虫多糖对小鼠细胞免疫功能的影响;采用血清溶血素水平检测和抗体形成细胞数检测方法测试SNP对小鼠体液免疫的影响;采用碳廓清试验测试SNP对小鼠非特异性免疫的影响。结果 SNP能明显提高小鼠的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能,促进小鼠碳廓清速率和小鼠肝脏与脾脏对异物的吞噬功能。结论 SNP可提高小鼠的免疫功能。     

Cytochrome P450 1B1 is required for 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene (DMBA) induced spleen cell immunotoxicity.

7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) is a potent carcinogen that induces immunosuppression of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice and other species. Previous studies have shown that CYP1B1 is required for bone marrow toxicity produced by DMBA in mice. Therefore, the purpose of these studies was to determine whether CYP1B1 was required for spleen cell immunotoxicity. Female C57BL/6N wild-type (WT) and CYP1B1 knockout (-/-) mice were treated with 0, 17, 50, or 150 mg/kg (cumulative dose) DMBA in corn oil by oral gavage once a day for five days. Several immunotoxicological assays were used to assess the effects of DMBA on systemic immunity. These included the in vitro T-dependent antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) measured using a direct plaque forming cell (PFC) assay, T- and B-cell mitogenesis induced by Con A and LPS, and nonspecific cell-mediated immunity was evaluated using an NK cytotoxicity assay. In addition, lymphocyte subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry using specific cell surface markers. Following five days of DMBA treatment, the body weights and spleen cell surface markers of the WT and CYP1B1 (-/-) mice showed no significant changes. A decrease in NK activity was found at the 50 mg/kg DMBA dose in WT mice, but not in the CYP1B1 (-/-) mice. Interestingly, at the 150 mg/kg dose of DMBA, CYP1B1 null mice had decreased NK activity, whereas WT mice did not. The SRBC PFC response demonstrated that the IgM antibody response was suppressed by DMBA in WT mice in a dose-dependent manner (significant at 50 and 150 mg/kg). However, there were no changes in the SRBC PFC responses in any DMBA test group in the CYP1B1 (-/-) mice. Similarly, while DMBA suppressed B- and T-cell mitogenesis at the 50 and 150 mg/kg dose levels in C57BL/6N WT mice, no effect was seen in CYP1B1 (-/-) mice. Thus, CYP1B1 appears to be critical for the immunosuppression of DMBA in mice, suggesting a role for bioreactive metabolites in the spleen cell immunotoxicity produced by DMBA.