光学相干断层成像在老年冠心病介入诊疗中的初步应用

目的探讨血管内光学相干断层成像（OCT）在老年冠心病介入诊疗中的作用和安全性，评价其临床价值。方法9例老年冠心病患者，行冠脉造影和OCT检查，比较二者对冠状动脉病变的显示情况：包括病变结构、管腔狭窄程度、斑块性质等，根据造影及OCT结果参照病人临床表现对于狭窄较重（造影直径狭窄率〉70％），或造影中等程度狭窄（直径狭窄率介于50％～70％），但OCT狭窄相对较重（OCT管腔面积狭窄率〉60％）并伴有不稳定斑块的病变进行球囊扩张和支架植入治疗，并用OCT评价支架植入后的即时效果。结果与冠脉造影相比，血管内OCT能直观、清晰、实时地显示病变冠脉的管腔狭窄程度、微观组织结构、斑块组成性质及支架植入后靶病变血管及支架的形态特征。结论OCT在老年冠心病患者中的操作安全易行，能够精确测量病变血管狭窄程度、清晰观测管腔微观结构特征，明确斑块特征，指导支架植入及观测支架植入后的即刻效果，对老年冠心病人介入治疗具有指导作用。     

无保护左主干病变患者经皮介入治疗的即刻及远期疗效分析

目的探讨无保护左主干病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的近、远期疗效。方法解放军总医院2001年12月~2006年8月接受PCI的77例左主干病变的病例资料,2006年8月对上述患者进行随访,包括造影及电话随访。结果即刻成功率100%,无严重术中并发症,住院期间无死亡。术后随访0.5~54(12.95±10.31)个月,其中1例术后6个月行冠状动脉CT检查,支架内无狭窄;20例患者进行了冠状动脉造影检查,1例术后30天出现支架内亚急性血栓;10例分别在1~12个月造影时显示支架内再狭窄,其中4例发生在左主干支架内,其余再狭窄均发生在分叉远端,并分别进行了处理。其余患者进行了电话随访,1例复发心绞痛,接受药物治疗。结论对经过选择的无保护左主干病变患者进行支架置入是可行和安全的,并有良好的近、远期疗效。     

Utility of optical coherence tomography in acute coronary syndromes

Studies utilizing intravascular imaging have replicated the findings of histopathological studies, identifying the most common substrates for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) as plaque rupture, erosion, and calcified nodule, with spontaneous coronary artery dissection, coronary artery spasm, and coronary embolism constituting the less common etiologies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data from clinical studies that have used high-resolution intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess culprit plaque morphology in ACS. In addition, we discuss the utility of intravascular OCT for effective treatment of patients presenting with ACS, including the possibility of culprit lesion-based treatment by percutaneous coronary intervention.     

光学相干断层成像指导与冠状动脉造影指导直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗6个月随访结果的比较

目的比较光学相干断层成像(OCT)指导和单纯冠状动脉造影(CAG)指导直接冠状动脉介入治疗(PPCI)6个月的随访结果。方法前瞻性研究。连续入选2017年3月至2018年12月阜外医院因ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)行OCT指导的PPCI患者275例(OCT指导组)。收集全部入选患者的人口学资料、合并疾病、冠状动脉造影和OCT特征资料。采用倾向性评分从单纯CAG指导的PPCI患者数据库中1∶1回顾性顺序匹配275例患者(CAG指导组),对比两种策略对6个月临床随访结果的影响。结果OCT指导组中,OCT评估发现斑块脱垂151例(54.9%),支架贴壁不良113例(41.1%),支架近和/或远端夹层38例(13.8%),其中3例(1.1%)同时发生支架近端和远端夹层,38例远端夹层患者中,需行补救性置入支架2例。随访6个月结果显示,OCT指导组与CAG指导组比较,心血管死亡、再次心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建、卒中和出血终点事件差异均无统计学意义(P=0.682)。结论与单纯CAG指导相比,OCT指导的PPCI并不能降低6个月的临床终点事件。     

Three‐dimensional imaging of fibrous cap by frequency‐domain optical coherence tomography

Histopathological data correlated the presence of thin‐cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) with adverse cardiovascular events. Intravascular optical coherence tomography (iOCT) is currently the only imaging modality with sufficiently high axial resolution (～15 μm) that allows direct fibrous‐cap (FC) assessment in vivo. iOCT quantification of TCFA has been validated, but the assessment of a single cross‐sectional image does not depict the complexity of the atherosclerotic plaque. We present two cases that illustrate the importance of three‐dimensional volumetric quantification of the FC capitalizing on the properties of frequency‐domain iOCT. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

光学相干断层扫描在冠脉介入治疗方面的发展现状

光学相干断层扫描是迄今为止被认为最有效的辨认易损斑块形态及评估支架术后内膜覆盖程度的工具。光学相干断层扫描可用于指导支架植入,评价支架内膜增生情况,探讨支架内再狭窄的原因,检出支架晚期贴壁不良和支架内血栓形成等方面。     

Evaluation of coronary plaque and stent deployment by intravascular optical coherence tomography in elderly patients with unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the assessment of plaque characteristics and drug eluting stent deployment quality in the elderly patients with unstable angina (UA) and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods OCT was used in elderly patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Fifteen patients, 9 males and 6 females with mean age of 72.6±5.3 years (range 67-92 years) were enrolled in the study. Images were obtained before initial balloon dilatation and following stent deployment. The plaque characteristics before dilation, vessel dissection, tissue prolapse, stent apposition and strut distribution after stent implantation were evaluated. Results Fifteen lesions were selected from 32 angiographic lesions as study lesions for OCT imaging after diagnostic coronary angiography. There were 7 lesions in the left anterior descending artery, 5 lesions in the right coronary artery and 3 lesions in the left circumflex coronary artery. Among them, 12 (80.0%) were lipid-rich plaques, and 10 (66.7%) were vulnerable plaques with fibrous cap thickness 54.2±7.3 μm. Seven ruptured culprit plaques (46.7%) were found; 4 in UA patients and 3 in NSTEMI patients. Tissue prolapse was observed in 11 lesions (73.3%). Irregular stent strut distribution was detected in 8 lesions (53.3%). Vessel dissections were found in 5 lesions (33.3%). Incomplete stent apposition was observed in 3 stents (20%) with mean spacing between the struts and the vessel wall 172±96 mm (range 117-436 mm). Conclusions 1) It is safe and feasible to perform intravascular OCT to differentiate vulnerable coronary plaque and monitor stent deployment in elderly patients with UA and USTEMI. 2) Coronary plaques in elderly patients with UA and USTEMI could be divided into acute ruptured plaque, vulnerable plaque, lipid-rich plaque, and stable plaque. 3) Minor or critical plaque rupture is one of the mechanisms of UA in elderly patients. 4) Present drug eluting stent implantation is complicated with multiple tissue prolapses which are associated with irregular strut distributions. 5) The action and significance of tissue prolapse on acute vessel flow and in-stent thrombus and restenosis need to be further studied.     

经桡动脉路径行CAG或PCI术中桡动脉血栓形成情况及其危险因素

目的应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)技术观察经桡动脉路径行冠状动脉造影(CAG)或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中的桡动脉血栓形成(RAT)情况,并分析其危险因素。方法该研究为回顾性研究。选取2017年10月至2018年7月于首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院心脏中心经桡动脉路径行CAG或PCI的急性冠状动脉综合征患者,冠状动脉操作完成后行桡动脉OCT检查,观察RAT的发生情况,并据此分为RAT组及无RAT组。收集2组患者基本临床资料,根据OCT图像分析桡动脉血栓类型、分布以及桡动脉急性损伤情况,并采用单因素以及多因素回归分析RAT的危险因素。术后24 h及1个月时随访桡动脉闭塞发生率及患者术肢有无缺血症状。结果共入选107例患者,年龄(58.1±12.5)岁,其中男性84例(78.5%)。28例发生RAT,发生率为26.2%(95%CI 17.9%~34.5%),其中15例(53.6%)患者为白血栓,血栓最易形成的部位为桡动脉近段(17例,60.7%),血栓体积为0.05(0.03,0.38)mm³,血栓积分为6.5(3.3,13.8)。单因素分析结果显示RAT组桡动脉急性损伤、鞘管留置时间和比伐卢定使用比例高于无RAT组(P均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归结果显示,桡动脉急性损伤(OR=5.82,95%CI 2.09~16.20,P=0.001)及鞘管留置时间(OR=1.04,95%CI 1.01~1.06,P=0.006)是RAT的危险因素。术后24 h随访,RAT患者与无RAT患者术后桡动脉闭塞发生率差异无统计学意义[7.1%(2/28)比10.1%(8/79),P=1.000]。所有患者均无术肢手部严重缺血的临床症状。结论在经桡动脉行CAG或PCI术中,RAT是一种发生率较高的路径并发症。应用OCT技术可以准确观察RAT的发生,桡动脉的急性损伤及手术操作时间长可能会增加这种并发症的发生风险。     

Excimer laser facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention of a nondilatable coronary stent.

A patient is described in which excimer laser percutaneous coronary intervention is performed inside a suboptimally expanded stent due to nondilatable calcified plaque. The use of excimer laser facilitated full expansion of the stent with a balloon.