螺旋CT在直肠癌术前分期中的价值

目的：评价螺旋CT(SCT)在直肠癌术前分期中的价值。方法：对58例直肠癌患者术前行SCT检查。与手术及病理结果对比，观察SCT对直肠肿瘤浸润深度、区域淋巴结转移和远处转移判断的准确性。结果：SCT术前分期总的准确率为65．5％(38／58)，T分期的准确率为81．0％(47／58)，N分期的准确率为67．2％(39／58)，评价肿瘤侵犯外膜的敏感性和特异性分别为97．9％(46／47)和63．6％(7／11)，评价淋巴结转移的敏感性为71．1％(27138)，特异性为60．0％(16／20)。结论：SCT对直肠癌术前判断外膜侵犯、淋巴结转移和远处转移情况有重要价值。     

CT和 MRI对卵巢癌的诊断价值比较

目的：比较CT与MRI对于卵巢癌的诊断价值。方法对56例卵巢癌患者术前同时进行CT和MRI检查，并评估术后复发及转移情况。结果在对卵巢癌的临床诊断中，CT准确率为82．1％，MRI准确率为94．6％。在对卵巢癌的定性诊断中，CT准确率为71．4％，MRI准确率为87．5％。在对卵巢癌的分期诊断中，CT准确率为73．2％，MRI准确率为89．3％。在对卵巢癌侵袭和转移的诊断中，CT总的准确率为49．2％，MRI总的准确率为84．1％。结论对卵巢癌的诊断，MRI明显优于CT。     

恶性胆管梗阻的MRI、MRCP诊断与临床对照研究

目的评价磁共振成像（MRI）、磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）对恶性胆管梗阻的诊断价值。方法84例经临床、彩色超声、螺旋CT发现的恶性胆管梗阻患者行MRI、MRCP联合检查,并与手术病理对照。结果MRI及MRCP对恶性胆管梗阻有较高的诊断准确率（95．2％,80／84）。肝内胆管扩张呈树枝状和腊肠状。低位胆管梗阻的胆总管末端呈截断状、杯口状。结论MRI、MRCP联合检查诊断恶性胆管梗阻准确率高,可以作为不宜行经内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）患者的替代检查方法。     

超声造影定量分析在乳腺肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨Qontraxt超声造影定量分析软件在乳腺肿瘤诊断中的临床应用价值。方法对73例患者78枚乳腺病灶进行常规超声和超声造影检查，采用Qontraxt软件分析造影参数成像图及时间强度曲线特征，并与病理检查结果对照。结果病理检查结果显示78枚乳腺病灶巾恶性病灶47枚，良性病灶31枚。恶性病灶造影参数彩图示造影剂峰值强度高低不等，达峰时间长短不一。而良性病灶造影参数彩图颜色单一，病灶每个区达峰时间较一致。时间强度曲线示恶性肿瘤组峰值强度明显大于良性肿瘤组（P〈0．05），平均达峰值时间两组无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。常规超声对乳腺癌诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为70．2％、80．6％、74．4％。超声造影的敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为87．2％、90．3％、88．5％。联合常规超声及超声造影的敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为91．5％、93．5％和92．3％。结论超声造影定量分析的造影参数成像图及时间强度曲线分析有助于乳腺肿瘤的诊断。     

159例急诊手术治疗的肿瘤性肠梗阻的临床分析

目的探讨肿瘤所致肠梗阻的诊断及处理方法。方法回顾性分析159例急诊手术治疗的肿瘤所致肠梗阻病例的临床资料，对比手术前后的诊断、手术处理的方式及预后。结果腹部CT检查在肿瘤性肠梗阻的患者中对梗阻的原因诊断达到了93．3％，明显优于X线及B超检查，术后并发症的发生率为13．2％，死亡率为5．7％，肿瘤切除吻合后吻合口瘘的发生率为3．5％。结论腹部CT检查对于肿瘤性梗阻的诊断在定位、梗阻的性质上有较高的临床价值，手术的方式应根据患者的具体情况作不同的处理，情况良好的患者在肿瘤根治的情况下，一期切除吻合是安全的。     

46例输尿管移行细胞癌的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨输尿管移行细胞癌的诊断方法和治疗效果。方法：分析46例经病理诊断的输尿管移行细胞癌的临床资料。结果：尿脱落细胞学、B超、计算机断层扫描（CT）、磁共振尿路成像（MRU）、膀胱镜及逆行肾盂、输尿管造影等检查阳性率分别为：60．0％（18／30）、21．7％（10／46）、73．7％（28／38）、100．0％（17／17）、85．0％（34／40）、88．9％（24／27）。6例原位复发，5例发生膀胱转移，9例发生远处转移，12例死亡.结论：CT、膀胱镜检查及逆行肾盂、输尿管造影和MRU是最重要的诊断手段，肾、输尿管全程切除及输尿管膀胱开口袖状切除是首选术式。     

肝外胆管癌常规磁共振和磁共振胆胰管造影的诊断价值

目的 探讨肝外胆管癌的常规磁共振(MRI)和磁共振胆胰管造影(MRCP)影像表现和临床应用价值。方法 54例经手术病理证实的肝外胆管癌经常规MRI检查,其中MRCP44例,Gd-DTPA增强扫描29例。综合分析MR1和MRCP的影像学表现和诊断,并与手术病理结果进行对照。结果 MRI显示肿块39例,29例增强扫描中22例病灶强化,胆管壁不规则增厚13例。MRCP显示病变部位胆管中断,梗阻近端形态截断状或圆锥状16例,鸟嘴状或鼠尾状26例,杯口状2例。29例显示梗阻远端的胆管。结合常规MRI和MRCP原始与重建图像,定位诊断准确率为96．3％,定性诊断准确率为92．6％。结论 常规MRI和MRCP源像是MRCP诊断肝外胆管癌的重要补充。MRCP结合常规MRI对肝外胆管癌定位诊断准确,定性诊断有较高特异性。     

四种检查法对结肠癌诊断价值的评价

目的：探讨X线、B超、结肠镜、CT对结肠癌诊断的价值。方法：回顾性分析54例经手术证实的结肠癌病例资料，对4种检查法对结肠癌诊断的准确率进行比较。结果：B超、结肠镜、结肠气钡双重造影和CT对早期结肠癌的诊断符合率分别为25．0％、90．0％、83．3％、3／6，对中晚期结肠癌的诊断符合率依次为80．9％、92．0％、98．2％、93．7％。结论：早期结肠癌的诊断应以结肠气钡双重造影结合结肠镜检查为主；中晚期结肠癌应以钡灌肠为主，另选择B超或CT检查观察病变周围浸润情况及观察淋巴结、邻近脏器转移的有无，为选择治疗方案提供依据。     

超声造影胆管成像术在肝外胆管梗阻中的临床应用探讨

目的：评价超声造影成像在良恶性肝外胆管梗阻中的应用价值。方法：总结2006年3月至2009年3月间60例接受过超声造影检查并经手术病理／临床确认（综合各种影像包括增强CT/MRI/DSA、实验室检查、治疗性诊断、1年以上随访）证实的胆管梗阻病例。结果：超声造影均获得满意图像;对37例恶性梗阻患者均正确诊断;超声造影诊断恶性梗阻符合率为100％（37／37）;良性梗阻患者23例,正确诊断22例,1例胰头炎性肿快误诊为胰头癌;超声造影诊断肝外胆管良f生梗阻符合率为96％（22／23）。超声造影诊断肝外胆管良、恶性梗阻符合率为98％。结论：超声造影有助于胆道梗阻鉴别的诊断,值得进一步推广。     

动态增强MRI结合DWI对前列腺癌的诊断价值

[目的]探讨动态增强MRI结合扩散加权成像(DWI)对前列腺癌(PC)的诊断价值.[方法]对52例临床怀疑为PC者行MR平扫加动态增强、DWI检查,分析各项MRI图像及表观扩散系数(ADC)图并测量ADC值,根据MR平扫、DWI、平扫加动态增强及三者联合分别作出诊断并与临床及病理结果对照.[结果]MR平扫、DWI、平扫加动态增强及三者联合对PC的定性诊断准确率分别为73.1％、84.6％、88.5％、92.3％,分期诊断准确率分别为62.5％、70.8％、75.0％、87.5％.单纯平扫与平扫加动态增强、三者联合的定性诊断准确率有统计学差异(P＜0.05);DWI与平扫加动态增强、三者联合无统计学差异(P＞0.05).[结论] PC在MR动态增强及DWI上有特征性表现,MR平扫结合动态增强及DWI有利于提高PC的诊断准确率.     

Does a full bladder aid upper tract visualization in magnetic resonance urography?

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a full bladder improved the visualization of the upper renal tract during magnetic resonance urography (MRU). Twenty volunteers were recruited into the study. The MRU imaging was carried out on a 1.5‐T MR system. Imaging was carried out in the coronal plane using a half‐Fourier acquired single‐shot turbo‐spin‐echo technique. All volunteers were examined in two separate MRU studies to visualize the urinary tract. The first study was carried out with a ‘full’ bladder followed by a study with an ‘empty’ bladder, leading to a total of 40 examinations. Two radiologists then reviewed maximum intensity projection images from both ‘full’ and ‘empty’ studies independently. Both left and right upper tracts were divided into five segments. A three‐point grading system was used to evaluate visualization. Excellent visualization = 3, good visualization = 2 and poor visualization = 1. Maximum score per patient was 30. Results were tabulated and analysed using an Excel database. The average score for visualization for the ‘full’ bladder group was 22.1/30 (73.8%) and the average score for the empty bladder was 16.2/30 (54%). Overall improvement in visualization was 5.9/30 (19.8%). There was strong interobserver agreement, with a concordance value of 92.5%. The MRU carried out in healthy young adult volunteers with a full bladder allows improved visualization of the upper tracts.     

Magnetic resonance urography in children – when and why?

Background

The aim of the study was to determine the potential of magnetic resonance urography (MRU) in evaluation of paediatric urinary tract pathologies.

Patients and methods.

Twenty-one paediatric urological patients were evaluated with T1, T2 prior and after and 3D gradient echo sequences after the contrast administration. Results were compared with findings obtained with ultrasound which was performed to all of patients, intravenous urography performed to 14 patients with the diagnosis of hydronephrosis and voiding cystouretrography performed to 6 patients where hydronephrosis was suspected to be caused by vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).

Results

MRU not only established the cause of hydronephrosis in all 14 cases (5 ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stenosis, 1 functional stenosis, 3 residual hydronephrosis, 1 combination of UPJ and vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ) stenosis with hydromegaureter, 2 fetal ureters and 3 insufficient broad ureteral orifices), but gave additional information about existing pathological conditions in all of patients compared to other previously performed examination (1 caliceal lithiasis, 4 UPJ stenosis, 1 VUJ stenosis, 1 neurogenic bladder, 1 hypotonic ureter, 1 urinary infection, 1 duplication of pelvis and ureter, 1 urinary retention and 1 fetal ureter). Other MRU findings were: 3 polycystic kidney disease, 1 caliceal cyst, 2 simple renal cysts, 1 long hypotonic twisted ureters and 1 hypertrophied column of Bertini.

Conclusions

Because of the ability to acquire high contrast and spatial resolution images of the whole urinary tract in any orthogonal plane, MRU enables a precise detection and differentiation of pathological urological conditions. We believe that in the future, because of its advantages, MRU will replace traditional methods in the evaluation of urinary tract pathologies.     

Magnetic resonance urography: possibilities and prospects

A new technique of urinary tracts visualization--magnetoresonance urography (MRU)--for a year (2000) was applied in examination of 25 patients aged 17 to 63 years with ureteral concrements (n = 11), ureteropelvic stenosis (n = 10), ureteral stenosis (n = 2), urinary bladder tumor (n = 1), Ormond's disease (n = 1). MRU provides the same information about the obstruction and dilatation of the urinary tracts as excretory urography (EU). In cases of EU contraindication (allergy, renal failure) or lack of contrast substance excretion, MRU allows to avoid additional invasive diagnostic procedures. It also enables visualization of non-dilated urinary tracts in medicinal polyuria. Non-invasiveness, no need to contrast, absence of radiation load open wide perspectives for MRU application in various groups of patients including pregnant women.     

Informative value of radiodiagnosis methods of pyelo-ureteral strictures in kidney anomaly

A total of 98 patients aged 18-67 years (mean age 42.5 +/- 10.3 years) suspected to have a pelviureteral stricture (PUS) were examined using ultrasound investigation in B-mode (BUI), excretory urography (EU), angiography, slice and multislice computed tomography (SCT, MSCT). This combined examination allowed to make diagnosis of hydronephrosis in 83 (84.7%) patients including PUS diagnosis in 48 (57.8%) patients. Basing on CT findings PUS was operated in 41 (85.4%) patients. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of BUI in detection of the level of the upper urinary tract obstruction was 92.8, 75.0, 89.3%, EU--94.5, 77.8, 92.2, SCT--100, 97, 98.1%, respectively. MSCT detected the level of the obstruction in all the cases. PUS was identified by BUI in 26.5, 89.3, 65.6, EU--in 81.3, 73.7, 79.1, by SCT in 90.5, 96.8, 94.2, MSCT--96.3, 100, 97.8% cases. Thus, MSCT is most effective in radiodiagnosis of PUS and can be recommended as a method of choice in PUS.     

Assessing renal function in children with hydronephrosis - additional feature of MR urography

Background

Magnetic resonance urography (MRU) is one of the most attractive imaging modalities in paediatric urology, providing largest diagnostic information in a single protocol. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic value of MRU in children with urogenital anomalies (especially anomalies of the renal pelvis and ureter) and the renal function using different post-processing functional software.

Patients and methods

Ninety six children (7 days – 18 years old) were examined. In 54 patients of them, a static T₂ MRU was completed by excretory T₁ MRU after gadolinium administration and functional analysis has been performed using two functional analysis softwares “CHOP-fMRU” and “ImageJ” software.

Results

MRU showed suspicious renal and the whole urinary tract anomalies with excellent image quality in all children. In ureteropelvic obstruction, MRU was confirmatory to the other imaging techniques, but it was superior modality concerning the evaluation of end-ureteral anomalies. There was an excellent correlation between the MRU data and diagnosis, determined by surgery. The renal transit times, renal volumes and volumetric differential renal function were assessed separately by “CHOP-fMRU” and “ImageJ” with excellent agreement with 99^mTc-DTPA and among them.

Conclusions

MRU overcomes a lot of limitations of conventional imaging modalities and has a potential to become a leading modality in paediatric uroradiology. Synthesis of both anatomical and functional criteria in MR urography enables to select the best candidates for surgical treatment. Even small kidney dysfunction can be detected by functional analysis software.     

Combined diagnostic imaging of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

The case of a female patient with recurrent macroscopic hematuria and negative vesical and renal ultrasonography, is discussed. On urography a gross pyelocaliceal filling defect was visualized. Urographic findings were suggestive of the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary. CT was performed to confirm the diagnosis and stage the tumor: it showed the presence of an advanced lesion. At histology the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract was confirmed.     

NMP22肿瘤标志物诊断尿路上皮癌的初步评价

目的：探讨基质蛋白（ＮＭＰ２２）对尿路上皮癌临床诊断的价值。方法：应用酶联免疫法检测２８例尿路上皮癌及４例非尿路上皮肿瘤术前尿液的ＮＭＰ２２的含量。结果：尿路上皮癌ＮＭＰ２２的阳性率为７１．４％，其与病理分级、分期无明显相关性，而尿细胞学阳性率为３２．１％，４例非尿路上皮癌患者尿ＮＭＰ２２含量检测结果的为阴性。结论：尿液ＮＭＰ２２含量的测定有助于尿路上皮癌的诊断，且快速方便。     

Modern imaging of renal tuberculosis in children

Renal tuberculosis is relatively uncommon in children. Imaging of renal tuberculosis in children differs from adults in that intravenous urography is rarely performed for urinary symptoms in childhood because of radiation dose considerations. Modern imaging modalities include cross‐sectional techniques such as ultrasound, CT and MRI, which successfully show renal, calyceal, ureteric and bladder pathology of renal tuberculosis in children.     

23例原发性输尿管肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨原发性输尿管肿瘤的临床特征、诊断和治疗方法 .方法 对23例原发性输尿管肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 通过B超、静脉尿路造影(IVU)、逆行肾盂造影、CT、MRU及输尿管镜等检查,术前诊断符合率为91.3%(21/23).23例均行手术治疗,术后病理:1例内翻性乳头状瘤,1例乳头状瘤,21例移行细胞癌.结论 原发性输尿管肿瘤中输尿管癌多见.联合应用多种检查方法 可以提高原发性输尿管癌的诊断正确率,患侧肾、输尿管和膀胱袖状切除是治疗原发性输尿管癌的首要方法 .     

Upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. A 10-year experience

OBJECTIVE: To present our 10-year experience with patients surgically treated for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 264 patients (218 males and 46 females), aged 37-93 years (mean, 69.5), treated surgically for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma during the period January 1996 to December 2005. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up of 58 months (range, 12-120), local relapse was diagnosed in 14% of the patients. The mean time to recurrence was 13 months (range, 1-102). The overall mortality was 14%, and the mean survival was 109 months. Survival was significantly influenced by the following parameters: male gender (P = 0.0151), age over 80 years (P = 0.0012), location in both the pelviocaliceal system and the ureter (P = 0.051), a two incision operation (P = 0.0075), grade III (P = 0.0314), stage T3 and T4 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Tumor stage was identified as the most important determinant in predicting recurrence and survival. Other predictors of survival included male gender, age over 80 years, location in the pelviocaliceal system and the ureter, a two incision operation, and high grade.