超声监测肝硬化失代偿期OLT患者内脏高动力循环的改变及其意义

目的:分析肝硬化失代偿期患者行原位肝移植术前及术后730天内内脏高动力循环的变化情况,探讨其临床意义.材料和方法:利用彩色多普勒监测83例肝移植患者术前、术后730天内的门静脉、肝动脉、脾动脉血流动力学参数及脾脏大小,并与正常健康组20例对照.结果:(1)门静脉供体段血流频谱早期呈锯齿样改变,门静脉术前最大流速显著低于对照组(P<0.05),术后730天内门静脉供体段最大流速均显著高于对照组(P<0.05).肝动脉阻力指数术前及术后7天内显著高于对照组(P<0.05).(2)脾动脉阻力指数术前检查高于对照组(P<0.05),而术后至730天与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05).术后730天内的脾脏最长径均高于术前及对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论:肝移植早期肝动脉阻力由高到低而门静脉流速由高到低,两者相互之间的变化关系维持了移植肝脏术后总血流量的基本稳定.远期监测中,门静脉高流速、脾肿大情况虽有所下降,但无法恢复到正常状态.     

超声观察肝移植术后肝动脉与门静脉及胆管的价值

目的:探讨超声观察原位肝移植术(OLT)后肝动脉、门静脉与胆管在诊断与处理术后并发症中的临床价值.材料和方法:采用二维与彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)对6例OLT术后患者行超声随访(3～22个月),观察患者的肝、胆管、脾脏声像表现,检测肝动脉、门静脉的CDFI血流参数.检查次数6～20次.结果:4例OLT术后门静脉血流速度增大,其中2例肝动脉血流速度下降,阻力指数(RI)亦下降;1例肝动脉血流消失;1例肝动脉血流速由低速逐渐升高,RI亦明显增高,之后肝动脉血流消失.3例肝内出现低回声区.2例胆总管吻合口狭窄与闭塞.1例胆总管壁明显增厚.1例肝癌复发.结论:超声跟踪随访肝动脉、门静脉与胆管的变化对尽早发现OLT术后并发症,提高患者的生存率具有重要的临床意义.     

多普勒超声在肝移植中的应用

目的：探讨多普勒超声在肝移植中的应用价值。材料和方法：对105例原位肝移植的患者分别于术前、术中和术后多次行彩色及频谱多普勒超声检查。结果：20例出现排斥反应，多普勒表现为肝静脉频谱变钝，正向波消失，门静脉流速减低，肝动脉阻力指数增高。7例出现肝动脉并发症，其中2例狭窄，5例血栓形成，CDFI主要表现为肝动脉血流信号消失，肝静脉和门静脉充盈良好，经血管造影证实；CDFI发现下腔静脉狭窄1例，门静脉狭窄1例，经球囊扩张后，血流灌注恢复正常。结论：多普勒超声对移植肝血流动力学的监测、手术中及术后并发症的早期诊断具有重要作用。     

肝移植术后血管与胆管并发症介入治疗初探

目的：评价血管造影和胆管造影诊治肝移植术后血管及胆管并发症的价值。方法：46例原位肝移植术后B超提示血流速度不畅或频谱异常，下肢水肿或黄疸的患者16例，进行腹腔动脉造影10例次，下腔静脉造影并球囊扩张或支架置入6例次，经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影并支架置入2例次，经皮肝穿刺胆管造影并引流4例次。结果：肝动脉血栓形成2例，1例经溶栓治疗后部分开通；肝动脉狭窄4例，1例球囊扩张后狭窄减轻；所有下腔静脉和门静脉阻塞或狭窄行球囊扩张及置放支撑架后临床症状好转，4例胆管狭窄和吻合口瘘者行经皮肝穿刺胆管造影引流（PTCD）治疗后黄疸减轻。结论；对肝移植术后出现的血管和胆管并发症，血管造影和胆管造影不仅可明确诊断，而且能同时工取得较好的近期疗效。     

多普勒超声在肝移植中的应用

目的: 探讨多普勒超声在肝移植中的应用价值.材料和方法: 对105例原位肝移植的患者分别于术前、术中和术后多次行彩色及频谱多普勒超声检查.结果: 20例出现排斥反应,多普勒表现为肝静脉频谱变钝,正向波消失,门静脉流速减低,肝动脉阻力指数增高.7例出现肝动脉并发症,其中2例狭窄,5例血栓形成,CDFI主要表现为肝动脉血流信号消失,肝静脉和门静脉充盈良好,经血管造影证实;CDFI发现下腔静脉狭窄1例,门静脉狭窄1例,经球囊扩张后,血流灌注恢复正常.结论: 多普勒超声对移植肝血流动力学的监测、手术中及术后并发症的早期诊断具有重要作用.     

肝癌肝动脉血流动力学变化的彩色多普勒超声检测

目的了解供应肝癌的肝动脉分支与非供应肝癌肝动脉分支的血流动力学差异.材料与方法用脉冲多普勒超声对49例肝脏某一叶的单发性肝癌及38例慢性肝病患者进行检查,分别测量左、右肝动脉分支多普勒速度频谱角度矫正的峰值血流速度(PS)及搏动指数(PI).结果在慢性肝病组,左、右肝动脉分支峰值血流速度及搏动指数无显著差异,而3cm以上肝癌,供癌肝动脉分支比非供癌肝动脉分支,峰值血流速度明显升高,搏动指数明显降低,血流动力学变化程度与肝癌大小及门静脉内有无癌栓有关.结论供应肝癌的肝动脉分支较非供应肝癌的肝动脉分支阻力降低.     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断肝移植术后静脉并发症中的价值

肝移植作为一种治疗终末期肝病的临床手段已广泛开展。准确诊断与防治肝移植术后并发症，对移植肝存活与远期疗效有着重要意义。以彩色多普勒超声监测肝移植术后肝动脉、门静脉血流频谱改变来提示某些并发症的报道屡见不鲜，但有关术后以静脉血流频谱改变来诊断并发症的报道不多。现就几种并发症时，肝静脉血流频谱改变总结如下。     

肝动脉与腹主动脉间架桥在肝移植中的作用

目的 改进肝动脉吻合方式，观察肝移植术后移植物恢复情况。方法 2例同种异体背驮式肝移植手术中，利用供体髂动脉进行肝动脉与腹主动脉问架桥，改善供肝动脉供血；观察患者术后肝功能等指标变化。排异反应预防采用FK506和泼尼松二联用药，其他同一般肝移植手术。结果 术后患者供肝恢复良好，2例患者均未出现急性排异反应，痊愈出院。结论 肝动脉与腹动脉吻合或利用供体的髂动脉进行架桥，是预防肝动脉狭窄及栓塞所致并发症的有效方法，值得在肝移植过程中予以选择性加以应用。     

TACE联合内皮抑素对兔VX2肝移植瘤的血流动力学影响的超声评价

目的 利用多普勒超声研究TACE联合内皮抑素栓塞治疗后兔VX2肝移植瘤及肝脏的血流动力学变化.方法 20只荷瘤兔,随机分为对照组和抗血管生成组,每组10只,抗血管生成组经兔肝动脉给予内皮抑素+超液化碘油+阿霉素栓塞治疗,对照组以生理盐水代替.1周后多普勒超声观察肿瘤血供及肝动脉、门静脉血流动力学变化,检测结果与治疗前相应血管的多普勒血流参数进行比较.结果 对照组治疗后肝动脉最大血流速度增大(P<0.05),肝动脉阻力指数和门静脉血流速度无明显变化(P>0.05);抗血管生成组栓塞后肝动脉血流速度明显降低(P<0.05),阻力指数增大(P<0.05),门静脉血流速度无明显变化(P<0.05).治疗前所有病灶内及其周边多普勒超声均可检测出较丰富血流信号.治疗后显示抗血管生成组瘤内及瘤周血流信号均明显减弱,部分消失.结论 TACE联合内皮抑素可有效地阻断兔VX2肝移植瘤供血,多普勒超声可显示该血流的变化.便于对其疗效进行及时评价.     

原位肝移植后血管并发症的血管腔内介入治疗

目的 分析总结血管腔内介入治疗在原位肝移植后血管并发症中的作用和意义. 资料与方法 回顾性分析31例原位肝移植术后血管并发症患者的血管腔内介入治疗资料与随访结果. 结果 31例患者中单纯肝动脉并发症11例,门静脉并发症11例,腔静脉并发症6例,合并肝动脉与门静脉并发症1例,合并腔静脉、肝静脉、门静脉复杂并发症1例,脾动脉窃血综合征1例.均成功进行了血管腔内介入治疗.共置入肝动脉支架13枚,静脉支架21枚,进行肝动脉栓塞1例,部分性脾动脉栓塞2例,单纯腔静脉球囊扩张1例,1例患者肝动脉局部灌注溶栓后置入肝动脉支架,1例患者先后置入腔静脉、肝静脉与门静脉支架各1枚,1例患者同时置入门静脉和肠系膜上静脉支架.所有血管腔内介入操作成功有效,技术成功率100%,手术相关并发症发生率12.9%,并且并发症经处理无后继影响.随访中除1例肝动脉于支架置入后19天发生再狭窄外,其余血管至随访结束未出现明确再狭窄. 结论 肝移植术后血管并发症的血管腔内介入治疗安全有效,技术成功率高而并发症发生率低,是一种理想的微创治疗选择.     

多层面螺旋CT对肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄肝灌注的研究

目的　利用动态单层CT扫描对原位肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄肝灌注与未行肝移植、无肝脏病变者进行比较。资料与方法　对 30例肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄患者选取肝门 (包括肝、门静脉、主动脉和脾 )层面行动态单层CT扫描。高压注射器经肘静脉注射非离子型对比剂欧乃派克 4 0ml,流率 3ml/s,注射对比剂时即进行扫描 ,每间隔1s扫 1层 ,共扫描 35层。通过每一层面选定的ROI作CT值测量 ,绘制出时间 密度曲线 ,从而计算出相应灌注值并与未行肝移植、无肝脏病变者进行对照。结果　肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄 <5 0 %组 ,肝动脉灌注 (t=0 .5 ,P >0 .0 5 )、门静脉灌注 (t=1 ,P >0 .0 5 )与对照组间无显著差异 ;肝动脉狭窄≥ 5 0 % ,肝动脉灌注与对照组存在差异 (t =2 .1 4 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,低于对照组 ,门静脉灌注与对照组有差异 (t=2 .6 3,P <0 .0 5 ) ,高于对照组。结论　肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄≥ 5 0 % ,肝动脉灌注降低而门静脉灌注升高。动态单层CT扫描对于评价肝移植术后肝脏灌注是有帮助的     

多层螺旋CT对肝移植受体手术前后评估

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影（MSCTA）对原位肝移植受体手术前后的评估. 资料与方法对14例临床拟行肝移植受体进行MSCT多期增强扫描,并行2D、3D血管重建,观察肝脏、血管情况.5例行原位肝移植手术患者的MSCTA图像与手术对照分析. 结果 14例患者的肝脏病变及肝动脉和门静脉系血管结构清晰显示,其中肝硬化6例,肝硬化合并肝癌5例,Budd-Chiari综合征1例,Budd-Chiari综合征合并肝硬化1例,Budd-Chiari综合征合并小肝癌1例. 肝动脉解剖走行常见型11例,变异3例,腹腔干狭窄2例,肝动脉狭窄1例,脾动脉瘤1例.显示门静脉系血栓5例,门脉高压侧支循环形成6例;胆管结石3例.5例肝移植受体术前门脉癌栓1例,门脉高压侧支循环形成3例,术后未发现并发症. 结论 MSCTA对肝移植受体术前术后提供更多准确的信息,具有很好的应用前景.     

Altered hepatic hemodynamics caused by temporary occlusion of the right hepatic vein: evaluation with Doppler US in 14 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate with Doppler ultrasonography (US) the altered hepatic hemodynamics caused by temporary occlusion of the right hepatic vein. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 14 patients being considered for hepatic arterial infusion or transarterial embolization. In all patients, maximum peak velocity of the blood flow in the right portal vein was measured with Doppler US before and during the occlusion of the right hepatic vein. In 13 patients, color Doppler US was performed to evaluate Doppler signal in the portal venous branch in the occluded area before and during occlusion. Average peak velocity in the right hepatic artery in eight patients was measured by using a transducer-tipped guide wire before and during occlusion. RESULTS: Maximum peak velocity of the right portal vein significantly decreased with occlusion (P <.01). Hepatic venous occlusion changed the Doppler signal in the portal venous branch in the occluded area from hepatopetal to no signal in 10 patients; to weakened hepatopetal in two; and to hepatofugal in one. Average peak velocity of the right hepatic artery showed a decrease or plateau for 15-30 seconds after the start of occlusion and then a rapid increase to reach a plateau at around 75-90 seconds, with 1.5-2 times as much velocity as that before occlusion. CONCLUSION: Increase in hepatic arterial velocity is accompanied by a decrease in the portal velocity with temporary occlusion of the right hepatic vein; the expected increased drainage through the portal vein was almost undetectable.     

Predictors of Thrombosis in Hepatic Vasculature during Microwave Tumor Ablation of an In Vivo Porcine Model

PurposeTo evaluate and model the risk of in vivo thrombosis in each hepatic vessel type during hepatic microwave ablation as a function of vessel diameter, velocity, and vessel-antenna spacing.Materials and MethodsA single microwave ablation antenna was inserted into a single porcine lobe (n = 15 total) adjacent to a hepatic artery, hepatic vein, or portal vein branch. Conventional ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound were used to measure the vessel diameter, blood flow velocity, and vessel-antenna spacing. A microwave ablation zone was created at 100 W for 5 minutes. Thrombus formation was evaluated on ultrasound performed immediately after the procedure. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the predictive value of vessel diameter, blood flow velocity, and vessel-antenna spacing on vascular thrombosis.ResultsThrombosis was identified in 53% of portal veins, 13% of hepatic veins, and 0% of hepatic arteries. The average peak blood flow rate of the hepatic artery was significantly greater than the average peak blood flow rate of the hepatic vein and portal vein. Peak blood flow velocity < 12.45 cm/s, vessel diameter < 5.10 mm, and vessel-antenna spacing < 3.75 mm were strong predictors of hepatic vein thrombosis. However, these individual factors were not predictive of the more common portal vein thrombosis.ConclusionsHepatic arteries do not appear to be at risk for thrombosis during microwave ablation procedures. Portal vein thrombosis was more common than hepatic vein thrombosis during microwave ablation treatments but was not as predictable based on vessel diameter, flow velocity, or vessel-antenna spacing alone.     

Doppler sonography of hepatic arterial blood flow velocity after percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to elucidate the changes in hepatic arterial blood flow after portal vein embolization. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We prospectively measured the flow velocity and resistive index of the common, right, and left hepatic arteries, using Doppler sonography, in 21 patients who underwent embolization of the right portal vein. The measurements were performed before and 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after embolization. We assessed the changes in liver volume with a volumetric study using CT. RESULTS: After embolization, flow velocity in the common hepatic artery increased significantly (p < 0.0001). Flow velocity in the right hepatic artery also increased significantly (p < 0.0001), with a significant decrease in resistive index (p < 0.0001). The flow velocity and resistive index of the left hepatic artery were unchanged. The increase in flow velocity in the right hepatic artery significantly correlated with that in the common hepatic artery (r = 0.514, p < 0.05). The calculated volume of the embolized right hepatic lobe significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased, from 685 +/- 32 cm(3) before embolization to 568 +/- 28 cm(3) after embolization. The atrophy rate of the right hepatic lobe significantly correlated with the increase in flow velocity in the right hepatic artery (r = 0.700, p < 0.0005). CONCLUSION: Portal vein embolization induces an increase in hepatic arterial blood flow velocity in the embolized hepatic segments, resulting from an increase in common hepatic arterial flow, but not from a steal phenomenon due to decreased hepatic arterial blood flow in the nonembolized hepatic segments. This observation may be explained by the simple mechanical effect of interposing a slower flowing stream (portal flow) in the path of a faster flowing stream (arterial flow).     

Can Doppler sonography grade the severity of hepatitis C-related liver disease?

OBJECTIVE: Many authors have claimed that Doppler sonography indexes are of value in grading and assessing diffuse liver disease. However, there is much controversy regarding the reliability and reproducibility of these techniques. We performed a prospective study to evaluate whether these methods can grade disease in a well-stratified cohort of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-five patients with biopsy-proven HCV-related liver disease were recruited, and Doppler sonography was performed by one operator. The patients were classified into one of the following three groups on the basis of the Ishak-modified histologic activity index (HAI) fibrosis (F) and necroinflammatory (NI) scores: mild hepatitis (F < or = 2 and NI < or = 3), moderate or severe hepatitis (3 < or = F < 6 or NI > or = 4), or cirrhosis (F = 6/6). We measured the following Doppler indexes: main hepatic artery peak velocity (Vmax) and resistive index, main portal vein peak velocity (Vmax), and maximal portal vein diameter and circumference that allowed calculation of the portal vein congestive index (portal vein area and portal vein velocity). The ratio of the hepatic artery velocity (Vmax) to the portal vein velocity (Vmax) was also calculated, and the phasicity (triphasic, biphasic, or monophasic) of the hepatic veins of each patient was recorded. We also measured the maximal spleen length longitudinally. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients with liver disease (mild hepatitis, n = 20; moderate or severe hepatitis, n = 25; cirrhosis, n = 20) with biopsy-proven HCV-related liver disease were studied. Optimal hepatic arterial traces were obtained in only 30 patients and portal vein circumference in 18 patients. No significant differences were observed in the Doppler indexes with increasing severity of liver disease. Five (29%) of 17 patients with mild hepatitis had an abnormal hepatic vein trace (i.e., biphasic or monophasic) compared with 11 (55%) of 20 patients with moderate or severe hepatitis and 12 (60%) of 20 patients with cirrhosis. The only index to show a significant intergroup difference was splenic length (analysis of variance, p < 0.001), but there was still overlap between the groups. CONCLUSION: Doppler-derived indexes, which have previously been recommended for the assessment of severity in chronic liver disease, are difficult to reproduce reliably and therefore have a limited clinical role in the noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis or inflammation.     

TACE联合内皮抑素对兔VX2肝移植瘤的血流动力学影响的超声评价

目的 利用多普勒超声研究TACE联合内皮抑素栓塞治疗后兔VX2肝移植瘤及肝脏的血流动力学变化。方法 20只荷瘤兔,随机分为对照组和抗血管生成组,每组10只,抗血管生成组经兔肝动脉给予内皮抑素＋超液化碘油＋阿霉素栓塞治疗,对照组以生理盐水代替。1周后多普勒超声观察肿瘤血供及肝动脉、门静脉血流动力学变化,检测结果与治疗前相应血管的多普勒血流参数进行比较。结果 对照组治疗后肝动脉最大血流速度增大（P〈0．05）,肝动脉阻力指数和门静脉血流速度无明显变化（P〉0．05）;抗血管生成组栓塞后肝动脉血流速度明显降低（P〈0．05）,阻力指数增大（P〈0．05）,门静脉血流速度无明显变化（P〈0．05）。治疗前所有病灶内及其周边多普勒超声均可检测出较丰富血流信号,治疗后显示抗血管生成组瘤内及瘤周血流信号均明显减弱,部分消失。结论 TACE联合内皮抑素可有效地阻断兔VX2肝移植瘤供血,多普勒超声可显示该血流的变化,便于对其疗效进行及时评价。