额叶癫痫的特点及手术治疗

目的 :分析额叶癫痫的临床特征、发作期及发作间期脑电图特点 ,探讨额叶癫痫手术治疗。方法 :应用视频脑电图对 9例额叶癫痫患者进行长程监测 ,并对其中 6例记录颅内脑电图。分析癫痫发作的临床表现及脑电图特点 ,定位致痫灶 ,行手术切除。结果 :额叶癫痫的发作特点为 :发作频繁而短暂 ,以睡眠期发作为主 ,常见过度运动 ,姿势性强直 ,发声等发作症状。发作期可见棘波节律 ,广泛低幅快活动 ,节律性慢波等特征性脑电活动。颅内电极记录可清晰显示异常脑电活动的发作起源及扩散情况 ,有助于定位致痫灶。手术切除病灶及致痫灶 ,效果满意。结论 :额叶癫痫是一组具有特征性的癫痫综合征 ,颅内电极记录有助于揭示其脑电活动变化。对于难治疗性额叶癫痫 ,准确定位致痫灶是手术成功的关键。     

癫痫外科中侵袭性电极监测的临床应用

侵袭性电极监测是一种将记录电极直接放入颅内的脑电监测技术.近年来作为一种重要的致痫灶定位技术在我国逐步应用于癫痫的诊断和术前评估.本文将从侵袭性电极监测的技术方法、在癫痫外科中的应用领域、记录数据分析、目前尚存在的问题及将来应用前景等多方面作一综述.     

耐药性颞叶内侧癫痫发作前期海马脑电特征分析

目的 观察耐药性颞叶内侧癫痫患者发作前期海马电极脑电活动特点,为判断和切除癫痫病灶提供神经电生理学依据.方法 对16例非侵入性手段难以明确病灶的耐药性颞叶内侧癫痫患者进行双侧海马电极监测,患者停用抗癫痫药在非麻醉状态下监测48～72 h,分析癫痫发作前期海马电极脑电图资料,探讨耐药性颞叶内侧癫痫发作前期海马电极脑电活动特点.结果 16例发作间期记录到背景活动基础上出现局限于某几个电极点的阵发性高幅慢波1例、发作性快波节律1例、棘波或棘尖慢复合波14例,视为异常脑电活动;经过48～ 72 h监测,10例监测到33次临床癫痫发作,发作起始期海马电极均可记录到清晰可辨的癫痫样脑电波形.结论 颞叶内侧癫痫临床发作起始期海马电极癫痫样放电清晰可辨,部位局限,易于确定癫痫性活动起源部位.对于非侵入性手段难以判断癫痫样放电起源的颞叶内侧癫痫可采用脑立体定向技术植入海马深部电极进行脑电监测.     

脑电监测癫痫患者的护理及干预

目的：为癫痫患提供在脑电监测癫痫发作过程的安全护理。保证脑电监测质量，确定致痫灶，为手术提供准确定位。方法：脑电监测前对患进行心理评估，对患应用抗癫痫药物进行干预，做好脑电监测过程中癫痫发作时各种抢救工作及护理安全措施。结果：42例癫痫患在脑电监测癫痫发作、美解眠诱发癫痫发作，在抢救工作准备充分，护理措施得当，监测医生和护士密切配合，即描记到致痫灶波形，又安全度过癫痫发作过程，无一例意外发生。结论：脑电监测癫痫波是确定致痫灶一种主要检查项目，是为选择手术方式提供科学依据一种主要手段。在脑电监测患癫痫发作期间，监测医生与护士进行密切配合，做好各项抢救及护理措施准备，是患平安度过脑电监测癫痫发作期的重要保证。     

术中皮层脑电监测在癫痫手术中的应用

癫痫术前评估最重要的是确定癫痫的致痫区,我们2004年3月至2009年2月对120例难治性癫痫患者手术中应用皮层脑电监测技术[1],现报道如下.     

癫癎同步录像脑电图监测技术的临床应用

同步录像脑电图（Video-EEG或V-EEG）俗称视频脑电图，集脑电、行为、声音三者于一体，能记录并回放同步出现的脑电活动与临床表现，因此可更有效地用于癫痫的诊断与分类，了解癫痫发作频率与发作规律，确定癫痫灶及癫痫放电的传播，鉴别心因性发作和评价抗癫痫治疗的效果。 我院从2003-12～2004-11对56例临床诊断癫痫患者进行了Video-EEG监测，现报告如下。     

手术方法治疗顽固性癫痫

目的 对顽固性癫痫病人联合采用几种手术方法，对其临床疗效进行评价，以探讨不同类型顽固性癫痫的最佳治疗方案。方法 手术治疗顽固性癫痫5l例。术前均行头皮脑电视频连续监测，及MRI、SPECT检查。行单纯局部致癫痫病灶切除术7例，加行皮质软膜下横纤维切断术3例，加行皮质热灼术12例，加行皮质热灼术及胼胝体切开术5例；前颞叶切除术 皮质热灼术17例，立体定向核团毁损术6例，迷走神经刺激术l例。结果 无手术死亡及术后并发症，随访3～24个月，于术总有效率90．2％，优良率70．6％。结论 多种手术联合治疗顽同性癫痫病人安全、有效。     

癫癎诊断中的问题分析

癫痫是因为大脑神经细胞异常电活动而引起的各种各样症状的一种综合征。所以异常电活动和临床症状是癫痫诊断的两个必要条件，必须同时具备，否则癫痫的诊断不能成立。虽然异常电活动强度不够大时，可以不引起临床发作。但如果从来没有临床发作，绝对不能仅凭脑电图诊断为癫痫。同时只有临床发作而无同步出现的异常电活动，只可能是癔病，绝对不是癫痫。     

额叶癫痫的长程视频脑电特征及其在额叶癫痫诊断和外科定位中的应用

目的探讨长程视频脑电（VEEG）在额叶癫痫诊断及手术定位中应用的意义。方法回顾性分析47例诊断为额叶性癫痫并进行手术治疗患者的长程视频脑电特征及临床资料。结果癫痫临床发作有以下特点：①持续时间短;②睡眠中较多见;③继发难治全身性发作多见;④强直性或运动性姿势症状突出;⑤常伴发声。癫痫发作间期VEEG存在以下形式：①脑电无异常;②一侧额部或一侧前头部异常波形波幅优势;③额部或前头部异常波形波幅优势且双侧对称;发作期VEEG存在以下形式：①多见去同步化低电压;②一侧或双侧额叶低幅快活动;③一侧或双侧额叶的高幅优势放电;④全导联同步对称异常放电。38例患者的癫痫灶术前被精确定位,9例患者癫痫灶术前不能确定侧别。结论应用长程视频脑电监测能够较全面了解额叶癫痫临床发作表现及脑电图特点,有助于准确诊断及术前定位。     

癫癎外科手术选择标准的探讨

目的探讨癫痢外科手术选择的标准。方法总结l000例癫痫外科门诊病人和120例癫痫术后获长期随访病人的临床资料，分析癫痫手术的必要性和可行性，制定手术标准评分表。结果手术选择评分标准0，18分，其中包括危害性、影像检查情况各0-4分，脑电（磁）图检查情况、年龄各0—3分，病程、用药情况各0，2分。总分≥12分者适合手术．分数在7，11分者如果病人及家属有强烈的手术愿望可以手术治疗，分数低于7分者不考虑手术。结论本癫痫外科手术标准包括了癫痫手术的各种影响因素．具有较强的实用性。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.