国产替罗非班对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者血小板聚集率和临床结果的影响

目的观察国产替罗非班对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者血小板聚集率和临床结果的影响,进而评价其在急诊PCI中的疗效和安全性。方法2005年9月至2006年3月30例在中南大学湘雅二医院行急诊PCI的患者(均为ST段抬高心肌梗死患者)入选替罗非班组,同期相匹配的30例行择期PCI的患者入选对照组。替罗非班组在PCI术前第10~30分静脉注射替罗非班10μg/kg(3min注完),然后以0.15μg/(kg.min)静脉滴注维持36h,对照组以相同的方法输注安慰剂。所有患者均接受静脉注射普通肝素及口服二磷酸腺酐(ADP)受体拮抗剂和阿司匹林。观察两组血小板聚集率、7d和30d复合终点事件发生率(死亡、顽固性心肌缺血、再发心肌梗死和靶血管重建术)和出血事件。结果与对照组相比,替罗非班组血小板聚集率明显下降[(19±8)%比(54±7)%,P<0.001];7d和30d复合终点事件发生率未见差别(16.7%比6.7%,P=0.42;30.0%比13.3%,P=0.21);替罗非班组出血事件有增多趋势(26.7%比3.3%,P=0.026),主要是穿刺点出血,二组均无颅内出血等严重出血事件发生。结论替罗非班对急诊PCI患者是安全有效的。     

Management and outcomes of coronary artery perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention

Coronary perforation is a particularly feared complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. The optimal management and predictors of adverse outcomes for these patients remain to be defined. Advances in management such as the use of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents have not been critically examined in terms of efficacy. We analyzed a cohort of patients who sustained coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention at our institution during a 9-year period to examine the trends in incidence, management, and outcomes. The patient medical records were reviewed, and detailed angiographic analysis was undertaken to identify the predictors of adverse outcomes, including the development of tamponade, the requirement for emergency coronary artery bypass grafting, and in-hospital death. One year of follow-up was attempted for all patients. Seventy-two cases of coronary perforation were identified, with an overall incidence of 0.19%. The perforation grade and presence of chronic renal insufficiency were the only predictors of mortality on multivariate regression analysis. The use of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents to manage perforations was not associated with any reduction in adverse outcomes, such as the development of tamponade, the need for emergency coronary artery bypass grafting, or in-hospital death. In conclusion, coronary perforation remains a feared complication in the contemporary interventional era with significant in-hospital mortality. Emphasis should be placed on preventing this complication whenever possible, including exercising particular caution in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. The treatment of such patients should be tailored to the severity of the perforation. The optimal treatment of these patients needs to be defined, and the efficacy of covered stents needs to be studied prospectively.     

Angiographic and clinical outcomes of bivalirudin versus heparin in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND: Heparin with adjunctive glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet receptor (GP IIb/IIIa) inhibitors has demonstrated its effectiveness in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, has recently been shown to be an effective alternative for patients undergoing elective PCI. OBJECTIVES: To assess the angiographic and clinical outcomes of adjunctive pharmacological strategies in a high-risk population presenting with ACS. METHODS: Of 891 consecutive PCI patients with ACS, 304 received bivalirudin (60.5% male, 68+/-11 years) and were compared with 283 who received heparin (58.7% male, 66+/-12 years). A 30-day major adverse cardiac event was defined as the occurrence of cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, urgent revascularization or major hemorrhage. RESULTS: Adjunctive GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 14.1% of the bivalirudin group and in 72.4% of the heparin group (P<0.010). The occurrence of Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow less than grade 3 was lower and the achievement of angiographic success was higher in the bivalirudin group than in the heparin group (5.2% versus 8.2%, 94.7% versus 89.7%, P=0.039 and P<0.010, respectively). There was no difference between groups in the incidence of bleeding events (bivalirudin 2.0% versus heparin 3.5%, P not significant) and in 30-day major adverse cardiac events (bivalirudin 8.3% versus heparin 5.7%, P=0.223). CONCLUSIONS: In the high-risk cohort undergoing PCI, bivalirudin with provisional GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors achieved better angiographic results. Although not powered to show a difference, and while acknowledging that a selection bias could have affected the data, the present study showed that bivalirudin may be as clinically effective and safe as heparin with adjunctive GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors.     

冠心病患者冠状动脉介入治疗后吸烟对临床预后的影响

Objective To assess the association between smoking status at follow-up and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing successful percutancous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods The smoking status at follow-up was investigated in 592 patients undergoing successful PCI between Jan. 2003 and Nov. 2006. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of their smoking status at follow-up: non-smokers (n=272), quitters (n=215) and current smokers (n=105). Major adverse cardiac events were recorded. Results The average follow-up time was 19. 0 months. At follow-up, current smokers were significantly younger (P < 0.01), more likely to be male (P < 0.01) than non-smokers and had more favorable clinical and angiographic characteristics: lower prevalence of hypertension (P < 0.05) and diabetes (P < 0.05), fewer diseased vessels (P < 0.05) and fewer implanted coronary stents (P < 0.01), larger target vessel diameter (P < 0.01). However, the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) in quitters (1.40%) was significantly higher than in nonsmokers (0.37%, P < 0.05), the incidence of non-fatal MI in current smokers (4.76%) was significantly higher than quitters (1.40%, P < 0.05) and nonsmokers (0.37%, P<0.01). After adjustments for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidacmia, target vessel diameter, the number of diseased vessels, the kind and number of implanted stents, and the follow-up time, multi-variables logistic regression analysis showed that current smoking was a independent predictive factor for non-fatal MI (β=1.28, wald X2=6.91, P < 0.01) . Conclusions Smokers, especially current smokers, were at increased risk for non-fatal MI post successful PCI. Therefore, all patients underwent PCI should be encouraged to stop smoking.     

Effect of coronary endothelial function on outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Numerous studies have documented the association between endothelial dysfunction and adverse cardiovascular events. For example, coronary artery disease is associated with functional and structural changes of the coronary arteries, resulting in ischemia or plaque rupture, and is highly associated with endothelial dysfunction. Recent data suggest that implantation of drug-eluting stents (DES) can induce coronary artery endothelial dysfunction at follow-up when compared with bare-metal stents (BMS) and that this endothelial dysfunction may be associated with late stent thrombosis. Indeed, despite the superiority of DES in preventing restenosis, the incidence of death and myocardial infarction is similar when comparing DES with BMS. Medical treatment, such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor blockers, can improve endothelial dysfunction. Thus, administration of these drugs along with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be a low-risk strategy to provide therapeutic benefit by stabilizing unstable plaque or by suppressing new lesion formation in patients undergoing PCI.     

Coronary artery perforation in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a single-centre report

The present study reports the incidence, management and clinical outcome of coronary perforations in 5 of 2991 patients (0.1%) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, with non-debulking (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and stent) techniques. There was 1 type I, 1 type II and 3 type III perforations. One perforation was guidewire related, 2 perforations occurred after stent deployment and two occurred during stent-post dilatation with balloons. Restoration was obtained by prolong balloon inflation in three cases. Subsequent cardiac tamponade occurred in 2 patients, requiring pericardiocentesis. One patient died in the cath lab. due to electromechanical dissociation. At follow-up, 3 out of 4 patients were asymptomatic and one had bypass surgery for restenosis. Treatment of coronary perforation requires rapid detection, angiographic classification, and immediate occlusion of perforation site, pericardiocentesis, haemodynamic support and reversal of heparin anticoagulation.     

冠心病患者冠状动脉介入治疗后吸烟对临床预后的影响

目的 研究冠心病患者在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后吸烟状态对临床预后的影响.方法 调查592例冠心病患者PCI术前及术后的吸烟状态,根据PCI后吸烟状态将患者分为3组:不吸烟组(n=272)、戒烟组(n=215)及目前吸烟组(n=105),详细记录随访时主要不良心脏事件的发生情况.结果 平均随访19.0个月.术前吸烟率为54.1%,随访时为17.7%.与不吸烟组比较,目前吸烟组患者较年轻(P<0.01),男性较多(P<0.01),高血压病(P<0.05)、糖尿病(P<0.05)较少.病变冠状动脉数(P<0.05)、置人的支架数(P<0.01)也较少,参考冠状动脉的直径较大(P<0.01).与不吸烟组比较,目前吸烟组(0.37%比4.76%,P<0.01)及戒烟组(0.37%比1.40%,P<0.05)的非致死性心肌梗死发生率较高.在校正组间不匹配因素后,logistic多元逐步回归显示随访期间吸烟是PCI术后发生非致死性心肌梗死的危险因素(回归系数为1.28,P<0.01).结论 PCI术后吸烟是术后发生非致死性心肌梗死的危险因素之一.     

Follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become a mainstay in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease in recent years. Although increasingly complex lesions and higher-risk patients are being successfully treated, restenosis, incomplete revascularization and progression of disease continue to cause a need for a clinical functional assessment, in order to reduce morbidity. Angiographic systematic follow-up, although traditionally considered the gold standard for restenosis and disease progression, should nowadays be considered a valuable approach only to monitor small groups of very high-risk patients. Recurrence of symptoms itself has low sensitivity and specificity in detecting restenosis and myocardial ischemia. Exercise testing may provide useful information on symptoms and functional capacity of the patient; however, it has a low diagnostic power for restenosis and myocardial ischemia with a low sensitivity and specificity. Conversely, the significantly increased sensitivity and specificity obtained by stress nuclear or echocardiographic imaging provide great advantage for the clinical assessment of these patients. Additional advantages of stress imaging are the ability to assess location and extent of myocardial ischemia regardless of symptoms as well as to evaluate patients who are unable to exercise or who have an uninterpretable electrocardiogram. Furthermore, the clear superiority of stress imaging with regard to specificity and predictive value for post-revascularization events makes this functional approach of paramount importance for assessing prognosis of such patients. However, as predictive values of functional stress tests are highly dependent on the pre-test probability of disease, follow-up following PCI should always take into consideration the clinical characteristics of the patient (such as diabetes and age), the angiographic characteristics (severity of disease, myocardium at risk, left ventricular function), the procedural characteristics (length of the lesion, vessel size, number of stents implanted, etc.), symptoms and physical activity of the patient. All these parameters together will assess the risk of the patient and will help to choose a functional appropriate follow-up protocol.     

Long-term outcomes of patients with mitral regurgitation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

The most appropriate treatment for patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) remains controversial. MR has prognostic importance in patients after myocardial infarction and those undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, but the long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are less well defined. We evaluated patients who underwent PCI and had assessment of MR by left ventriculography and/or echocardiography in the year 2000. We determined effects of MR on 30-day and 5-year survival. The cohort included 711 patients (67% men) with an average age of 64.5 +/- 12.4 years. MR severity was divided into 3 strata: none (n = 420, 59%), mild (n = 209, 29%), and moderate to severe (n = 82, 12%). Patients with more severe MR differed from patients with mild or no MR in that they were older (p <0.001), more frequently women (p <0.001), and more likely to have a coronary artery bypass graft (p <0.001), myocardial infarction (p <0.001), and lower ejection fraction (p <0.001). Decreased survival rates were associated with increasing MR severity (none vs mild vs moderate to severe) at 30 days (100%, 98.7%, and 96.6%, respectively; p <0.0025) and 5 years (97%, 83.3%, and 57.5%; p <0.0001). MR was an important independent predictor of survival (hazard ratio 1.57, p <0.0009). In conclusion, patients with ischemic MR undergoing PCI have significantly decreased survival rates at 5 years, and severity of MR is an independent predictor of survival.     

预测冠心病患者冠状动脉介入术后长期效果的预测因素

目的:分析预测冠心病患者冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)后长期临床效果的预测因素。方法:收集592例冠心病患者PCI后的临床资料并进行随访,随访主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生情况并经多元logistic回归的方法分析这些事件的相关因素。结果:平均随访时间18.96(3～57)个月。MACE的发生率为7.6%,全因性死亡率为2.4%,非致死性心肌梗死发生率为1.5%。MACE发生的预测因素有PCI方式、近段病变、参考血管的直径及氯吡格雷的应用时间,年龄、有心肌梗死史及氯吡格雷应用时间可预测全因性死亡,术后未戒烟及完全停止抗血小板治疗增加非致死性心肌梗死的危险。结论:高龄、单纯经皮冠状动脉球囊成形术或置入金属裸支架、小血管病变、近段病变和对抗血小板治疗及戒烟的依从性差是预测PCI后不良预后的因素。     

并发心房颤动对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗效果的影响

目的:探讨并发心房颤动(房颤)对冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)近期和远期临床结果的影响。方法:选择接受PCI治疗的冠心病患者3 893例,根据有无房颤分为无房颤组(A组,3 802例)和并发房颤组(B组,91例),分析房颤对冠心病患者PCI术后住院和随访期间不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)的影响。结果:A组与B组院内死亡、心肌梗死、脑卒中和再次血运重建发生率比较,差异无统计学意义;A组、B组随访时间中位数分别为535d、520d,B组MACCE发生率较A组有增高趋势(15.4%∶11.4%),主要为全因死亡率较高(5.7%∶1.7%,P=0.019),心肌梗死、脑卒中和再次血运重建发生率相当。结论:并发房颤的冠心病患者接受PCI术后的远期死亡率明显高于无房颤患者,房颤是预测PCI术后远期死亡率增高的独立危险因素。     

Comparison of clinical outcomes of overlapping sirolimus- versus paclitaxel-eluting stents in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) and paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) implantation for the treatment of single coronary lesions has proved to be effective and durable. However, the safety and efficacy of overlapping drug-eluting stents for the treatment of long lesions have not been well established. In total, 114 patients who received overlapping drug-eluting stents were identified, 55 of whom received overlapping SESs and 59 received overlapping PESs. Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were balanced. In-hospital complications were similar between the 2 groups. At 30-day and 6-month follow-ups, all clinical outcomes were also similar. In addition, the event-free survival rate was comparable (p = 0.71). Implantation of overlapping drug-eluting stents for the treatment of long, native coronary lesions is feasible and effective. In conclusion, in this observational study, clinical outcomes appeared similar in patients treated with overlapping SES implantation compared with those treated with overlapping PES implantation.     

Early and late clinical and angiographic outcomes following terumo coronary stent implantation

The Terumo stent is a new, balloon-expandable, stainless-steel device with a unique multicellular design to provide robust radial force and end-stoppers to prevent dislodgement. We evaluated the early and late clinical and angiographic outcomes of Terumo coronary stent implantation in native coronary arteries using an open, nonrandomized 3-center registry. From July 1998 to June 1999, a total of 118 Terumo stents were implanted in 105 patients (mean age, 58 +/- 10 years). A significant proportion of patients suffered from diabetes (34%), prior myocardial infarction (MI; 43%) and unstable angina (31%). Most target lesions (48%) had unfavorable morphological characteristics (type B2 or C); mean reference luminal diameter was 2.76 +/- 0.41 mm and lesion length was 11.4 +/- 5.3 mm. Primary success in stent deployment was achieved in 103 patients (98%). There was 1 patient with acute stent thrombosis in whom 2 overlapping stents were deployed. Following stenting, the minimal luminal diameter increased from 1.04 +/- 0.48 mm to 2.39 +/- 0.33 mm. Six-month angiography was performed in 97 patients (92%), and the binary angiographic restenosis (> or = 50% narrowing) rate was 16%. Late loss index was 0.50 +/- 0.43. By 6 months, two patients (1.9%) died, two patients (1.9%) had Q-wave MI and 9 patients (8.4%) required repeat coronary interventions. Therefore, our study shows that the Terumo stent is potentially safe and efficacious in the treatment of coronary narrowings, even in the presence of unfavorable clinical conditions and complex lesion morphological characteristics.     

Early reperfusion and late clinical outcomes in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction randomly assigned to primary percutaneous coronary intervention or streptokinase

Background

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become an alternative to thrombolytic therapy as a reperfusion strategy for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods

The main goal of this study was to determine whether PCI and thrombolytic therapy achieve comparable reperfusion rates, as evidenced by ST-segment resolution. Secondary end points included infarct vessel patency rates before hospital discharge and short- and long-term outcomes. Patients with ischemic chest pain with duration ≤12 hours and no contraindication for thrombolytic therapy were included.

Results

Between October 1993 and August 1995, 58 patients were randomly assigned to streptokinase (SK) and 54 patients to primary PCI. Baseline clinical characteristics and infarct location were well balanced in both groups. Median age (interquartile range) was 68 (58, 75) years, 29% were women, and 78% of the patients met at least one criterion for “not low risk” AMI (anterior location, age >70 years old, previous MI, systolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg, and/or heart rate >100 bpm). The median time from symptom onset to random assignment was 217 (139, 335) minutes in the PCI group and 210 (145, 334) minutes in the SK group. Median random assignment to balloon time was 82 (55, 100) minutes, and median random assignment to needle time was 15 (10, 26) minutes (P < .0001). TIMI grade 3 flow after primary PCI was obtained in 85% of patients. The proportion of patients with ST-segment resolution ≥50% at 120 minutes was 80% in the PCI group and 50% in the SK group (P = .001). The predischarge angiogram showed the presence of TIMI 3 flow in 96% of patients who received PCI and 65% of patients who received SK (P < .001). A composite of in-hospital death, reinfarction, severe heart failure, stroke, and major bleeding occurred in 15% of patients who received PCI and 21% of patients who received SK (P = .4). At 3 years, freedom from the composite end point of AMI, postdischarge revascularization, and death was 61% in the PCI group and 40% in the SK group (P = .025).

Conclusions

Our study shows that primary PCI, as compared with SK, is associated with more effective ST-segment resolution, higher patency rates in the infarct vessel at 7 days, and more favorable clinical outcomes at 3 years of follow-up.     

Progress with diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

See doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.11.002 for the article to which thiseditorial refers A revolution has taken place. We are witnessing a time whenmedical intervention is quantitatively improving the clinicaloutcomes of diabetic patients. As physicians we knew that diabeticpatients had a worse natural history than non-diabetics. Asinterventional cardiologists, we knew that diabetic patientssuffer from much higher restenosis     

冠状动脉介入治疗患者不同年龄人群双联抗血小板评分的分布特点及预后

目的:双联抗血小板(DAPT)评分,是指导冠状动脉动脉介入术后DAPT的有效工具,年龄是评分系统中重要的因素,但年龄对预后的影响及不同年龄的患者DAPT评分的分布特点并不清楚。通过单中心大样本队列研究,观察不同年龄组的PCI患者临床预后及DAPT评分的分布。方法:连续入选我院14 990例接受PCI的患者,所有患者按年龄分为三组:≥75岁(n=1 591),65～75岁(n=4 217)以及65岁(n=9 182)。调查三组患者心肌梗死、支架血栓及GUSTO中重度出血的发生率,以及DAPT评分的分布特点。结果:在中位19. 4个月的随访时间中,三组患者支架血栓及心肌梗死的发生率均差异无统计学意义。和年轻患者相比,年龄65～75岁和≥75岁均是GUSTO中重度出血的预测因素(65～75岁HR=2. 05,95%CI:1. 46～2. 88;≥75岁HR=3. 35,95%CI:1. 52～7. 39)。随着年龄组的增加,DAPT评分中位数均减少1分。DAPT评分≥2分的患者在65岁的患者中占到63. 5%,在65～75岁患者中占32. 6%,而在≥75岁的老年患者中仅占到13. 2%。结论:老年患者PCI术后不增加心肌梗死及支架血栓的风险,但出血事件明显增加。与年轻患者相比,老年患者DAPT评分更低,≥2分的比例更低。