Bedside temporary transvenous cardiac pacing lead placement in patients with tricuspid valve surgery without guidance of X‐ray: A single‐center experience

BackgroundIt is difficult to insert cardiac pacing leads in patient with tricuspid valve surgery (TVS). The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and effectiveness of a novel technique applied for bedside temporary pacemaker placement (TPP) in patients with TVS.MethodsWe investigated patients with TVS who required bedside TPP without X‐ray guidance in cardiac intensive care unit between January 2019 and March 2022. They were divided into Novel pre‐shaped group (N = 21) and Control group (routine pre‐shaped group, N = 26). The ordinary bipolar electrodes were applied in both groups. In Novel pre‐shaped group, electrodes were reshaped by a novel technique with three‐curve with anterior tip method, while electrodes were shaped by traditional strategy in Control group. We evaluated the operation duration, first‐attempt success rate of the lead placement, pacing threshold, success rate of lead placement, the rate of leads displacement, and complications.ResultsCompared with that in Control group, the procedure time was significantly shortened and the first‐attempt success rate of lead placement was obviously increased in Novel pre‐shaped group (both p < 0.05). Although there was a slight reduction in complications in Novel pre‐shaped group when compared with that in Control group. However, there were no statistical significance in pacing threshold, the success rate of lead placement, the rate of leads displacement, and complications when compared between two groups.ConclusionsWe propose a novel technique, three‐curve with anterior tip method, is a feasible and effective bedside method to insert emergency temporary pacing leads in patients with TVS.     

球囊漂浮电极导管床旁心脏临时起搏术40例临床分析

目的观察漂浮电极导管床旁临时心脏起搏的临床应用效果。方法对40例严重缓慢型心律失常患者在床旁体表心电图监护指导下,通过Seldinger穿刺技术,在无X线透视条件下将临时起搏漂浮电极导管送入右心室．通过体表心电图QRS波群确定电极位置。记录放置电极导管所花费的时间与平均起搏时间,观察临时起搏操作并发症。结果40例患者穿刺均获成功,安置球囊漂浮电极导管平均操作时间（9．1±2．1）min,起搏时间1-15d,中位时间5．5d,电极脱位2例,无其他并发症。结论床旁漂浮电极导管可在没有X线设备下紧急起搏而不需搬动危重患者,具有操作简单、起搏迅速、疗效肯定及相对安全的特点,适合在基层医院推广应用。     

普通电极床旁临时起搏78例治疗体会

目的 分析普通电极床旁临时心脏起搏对于心动过缓患者的应用效果及其安装过程中的注意事项及并发症处理.方法 78例缓慢型心律失常患者均在床旁非X线条件下,以改良的Seldinger法穿刺左锁骨下静脉或右锁骨下静脉或右颈内静脉,留置血管鞘.经鞘管送入6F普通起搏电极导管到达右心室,行床旁临时起搏.结果 78例患者完全置入成功,达到有效起搏.所有患者均无血、气胸,心肌穿孔,血栓形成,心包填塞,膈肌跳动等并发症.术后2例患者发生电极脱位,1例患者植入术中发生心室颤动并术后发热,1例患者死于非起搏因素,其他患者均安全度过危险期.结论 普通电极床旁临时心脏起搏在床旁操作,无需X线引导,普通电极即可达到有效起搏,患者痛苦小、创伤小、并发症发生率低,是抢救缓慢性心律失常患者的有效措施.     

Use of the fluid column in a cardiac catheter for emergency pacing

Given the not infrequent need for intracardiac pacemaking during intensive cardiac care, a new type of cardiac pacemaker has been designed and tested [1]. With this pacemaker the heart can be stimulated through the fluid column of any conventional catheter, provided it is filled with a 0.9% NaCl solution. This fluid column pacemaker (FCP) is of the “constant current” type. The FCP was tested in 37 animals, in 30 patients in sinus rhythm, and also in two critical patients. In addition to the pacemaker circuit, a special connector was designed, enabling a fast, effective, and safe contact between patient and pacemaker. The FCP is considered to be ideally suited for use in emergency cardiac pacing in intensive care units and other areas where sudden bradycardias may occur and where intrathoracic catheters are inserted for a variety of reasons.     

老年患者床旁快速临时起搏器安置术路径的研究

目的探讨老年患者床旁快速临时起搏器安置术路径。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2013年2月收治于本院ICU行床旁快速临时起搏器安置术的老年患者(≥70岁)128例,其中右颈内静脉组25例、左锁骨下静脉组37例、右锁骨下静脉组27例和股静脉组39例,比较各组间植入时间、起搏器电极脱落例数、并发症等情况。结果各组间穿刺失败和起搏器电极脱落例数比较均无统计学差异。左锁骨下静脉组成功植入时间明显短于其余3组,右颈内静脉组总并发症多于股静脉组。结论从穿刺的并发症方面、起搏失败和起搏器电极脱落来说更趋向于经股静脉植入起搏器,如果出现植入困难或失败后建议行左锁骨下静脉途径。     

Adverse effects of direct current cardioversion on cardiac pacemakers and electrodes Is external cardioversion contraindicated in patients with permanent pacing systems?

Use of pacing in sick sinus syndrome and recent developments in pacemaker therapy for intermittent atrial fibrillation raise the question of whether external electrical cardioversion should be used for termination of atrial fibrillation. This paper analyzes three cases of pacemaker and/or electrode dysfunction appearing after direct current (DC) cardioversion for termination of atrial fibrillation. Despite similar conditions during cardioversion in all cases, different dysfunctions reflecting damage to the pulse generator and/or a rise of the stimulation threshold in both, atrial and ventricular leads, have been observed. The possible mechanisms for these effects are discussed and recommendations for the management of cardioversion in patients with permanent pacemaker systems are given.     

Prevalance of diabetes in elderly patients requiring permanent cardiac pacemaker insertion

Diabetes mellitus increases the rate of atrioventricular block after a myocardial infarction; right bundle branch block is more common than expected in the diabetic outpatient population. We decided to assess whether diabetic subjects were more likely to need permanent cardiac pacemaker insertion. Data from patients in Leicestershire who had undergone permanent cardiac pacemaker insertion during a 4-year period were analysed. The capture-recapture technique was used: Hospital Activity Analysis data as capture, ward admission book and case note confirmation as recapture. Diabetes coding accuracy was confirmed from the central register and from an analysis of 100 sets of case notes. The number of these patients with diabetes was then recorded. Data for the reference population was obtained using a survey of a market town in Leicestershire. There were 688 patients, most (79%) aged over 65 years. Our analysis was performed on this group. Of this age group undergoing pacemaker insertion, 11.1% was diabetic. In the same age group, 8.3% of the controls were diabetic: a relative risk of 1.34 (P<0.01, 95% confidence interval 1.25–1.44). This relative risk is likely to be an underestimate. The aetiology of this excess risk is uncertain; it is most likely due to ischaemic heart disease, but microangiopathy or increased cholinergic sensitivity may play a role.     

Myocardial perforation due to temporary transvenous pacing catheters in pediatric patients

Over a 13-year period, 18 pediatric patients received temporary transvenous pacing catheters for symptomatic bradycardia due to complete atrioventricular block or sinoatrial node dysfunction. Right ventricular wall perforation occurred in two patients. The utility of two-dimensional echocardiography in the detection and assessment of myocardial perforation by temporary pacing catheters is discussed.     

Clinical outcomes of conduction system pacing compared to biventricular pacing in patients requiring cardiac resynchronization therapy

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心脏临时起搏支持严重心率缓慢患者的血液净化

目的观察心脏临时起搏对严重心率缓慢患者血液净化的作用。方法7例因各种病因引起的急慢性肾功能衰竭患者伴严重心率缓慢时,经右颈内静脉、左锁骨下静脉途径穿刺置管行气囊电极床边紧急心脏临时起搏,支持血液净化。结果7例中5例行右颈内静脉置管,2例行左锁骨下静脉置管,起搏均成功,效果肯定,起搏时间2～16天,支持血液净化共32次,其中连续性静脉血液滤过(CVVH)2次,8例次行血液透析滤过(HDF),22例次行常规血透(HD),未发现心脏穿孔、气胸、血胸,1例发生导管感染。1例扩张型心肌病患者因低血压心力衰竭不能控制自动出院,其余6例均抢救成功。结论球囊电极床边心脏临时起搏,操作简便快捷,安全有效,可以提高严重心动过缓合并有肾功能不全的重危患者的抢救成功率。     

Transmural atrial pacing in patients with postoperative congenital heart disease

INTRODUCTION: Some patients with postoperative congenital heart disease require permanent cardiac pacing, but the use of transvenous or epicardial pacing leads may be limited by type of cardiac malformation, venous connections, body size, or fibrosis. Transmural atrial pacing may provide an alternative in difficult patients, but to date has been described in only a few articles with small patient numbers, and data from lead performance are lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS: Records were reviewed in 18 consecutive patients (4 months to 21 years old) with postoperative congenital heart disease receiving transmural atrial pacing leads from July 1994 to December 1996. Implantation materials and techniques were described. Lead sensing and capture thresholds obtained acutely and during short-term follow-up (mean: 11.0 months) were evaluated, and comparisons were made between patients with postoperative Fontan anatomy and non-Fontan patients, and between patients receiving steroid-eluting and nonsteroid leads. Overall, the median acute sensing and capture thresholds of transmural leads were 4.1 m V and 0.7 V at 0.5 msec, respectively. Median follow-up thresholds were 2.8 m V and 0.8 V, respectively. Performance of leads in Fontan patients was similar to those in non-Fontan patients. Steroid-eluting leads had a chronic capture threshold of 0.6 V versus 0.9 V for nonsteroid leads (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: Transmural atrial pacing leads were successfully implanted in patients with diverse ages and types of postoperative congenital heart disease. Lead performance was acceptable both acutely and during the first year of follow-up.     

起搏电极导线引起早期心脏穿孔临床特点及处理

目的:探讨起搏电极导线引起心脏穿孔后的临床表现、影像学特点,以及处理方法。方法:连续观察应用心室起搏电极导线引起早期心脏穿孔后的临床及影像学特点,所有患者均常规采用在外科保护及超声检测下直接牵引拔除进行处理。结果:8例患者发生早期心脏穿孔,确诊时间为2~8(5.4±2.1)d,手术处理时间为4~13(7.4±3.5)d。所有患者均出现起搏或感知功能异常,其中5例出现心前区疼痛,4例出现隔肌或胸部肌肉刺激症状,2例经超声心动图检查有少量心包积液,所有患者均成功经直接牵拉拔除电极导线,未发现心包积液增加及心脏压塞表现。结论:心室电极导线导致心脏穿孔后,有其特征,在外科保护及超声检测下经静脉直接拔除电极导线通常是安全可行的。     

心脏临时起搏支持严重心率缓慢患者的血液净化

目的观察心脏临时起搏对严重心率缓慢患者血液净化的作用。方法7例因各种病因引起的急慢性肾功能衰竭患者伴严重心率缓慢时，经右颈内静脉、左锁骨下静脉途径穿刺置管行气囊电极床边紧急心脏临时起搏，支持血液净化。结果7例中5例行右颈内静脉置管，2例行左锁骨下静脉置管，起搏均成功，效果肯定，起搏时间2～16天，支持血液净化共32次，其中连续性静脉血液滤过（CVVH）2次，8例次行血液透析滤过（HDF），22例次行常规血透（HD），未发现心脏穿孔、气胸、血胸，1例发生导管感染。1例扩张型心肌病患者因低血压心力衰竭不能控制自动出院，其余6例均抢救成功。结论球囊电极床边心脏临时起搏，操作简便快捷，安全有效，可以提高严重心动过缓合并有肾功能不全的重危患者的抢救成功率。