突发公共卫生事件健康促进联动机制的探索

在当前健康教育工作人员不足、经费紧张的状况下,如何应对突发公共卫生事件的挑战是一个值得深思和研究的课题。探索建立跨行政区域的健康促进应对联动机制,集中相邻或周边行政区域的健康教育工作人员和队伍,形成健康教育协作区,有效提高应对突发公共卫生事件的能力。     

Practicing health promotion through pharmacy counseling activities

Dramatic changes in the U.S. health care system have emphasized the need to promote good health. To achieve this, different types of health care professionals have now started working together. These teams often include participants, such as doctors, pharmacists, and nurses. However, there are many health professionals, such as pharmacists, working in noninstitutionalized settings, such as pharmacies, who are not being fully utilized. One of the ways pharmacists can promote good health is by counseling patients. This article provides some insights regarding the various health promotion activities that are or can be performed by pharmacists. Health promotion educators can play a significant role in educating pharmacists to become effective health promoters. Some hypothetical scenarios and examples, as well as models, are also provided to demonstrate active health promotion through pharmacist counseling activities.     

武山县小学生病毒性肝炎健康促进项目结果分析

目的评估小学生病毒性肝炎(肝炎)健康促进项目的实施效果,提出健康促进项目的工作策略。方法采用在小学校以肝炎健康教育课为主导,多种形式渗透的互动式,宣传肝炎预防知识的干预模式,实施肝炎健康促进项目。结果通过对全县213所小学的班主任和骨干教师、小学生和家长进行随机抽查,教师、小学生和家长预防肝炎知识知晓率均达到了100%,学生甲型肝炎疫苗和乙型肝炎疫苗接种率均提高到>93%。结论在小学生中实施肝炎健康促进项目有良好的干预效果,是提高小学生肝炎健康知识的好方法。     

Continuing-education needs of public health educators: their perspectives.

The objective of the study described in this article was to determine the perceived continuing-education needs of employed public health educators. A three-wave mailing of a questionnaire was sent to a national sample of 500 public health educators who were asked to rate their preparation on 41 subcompetencies. Of 299 returned surveys (63%), 149 indicated that they were not currently practicing public health educators. Thus, analysis was based on 150 respondents. Six subcompetencies were perceived by 25% or more of the respondents as topics in which they needed more training. Health educators reported a need for continuing education, focused primarily on administration and evaluation of programs and applying appropriate research principles. Furthermore, the public health educators overwhelmingly preferred to attend a conference or workshop (85%) as their method of obtaining further continuing education. Health education programs and professional organizations need to take note of the identified continuing-education needs when developing future educational programs to adequately update health educators.     

HIV/AIDS in the visual arts: applying discipline-based art education (DBAE) to medical humanities

CONTEXT AND RATIONALE: Health professions educators have been systematically attempting to insert the humanities into health professions curricula for over 4 decades, with various degrees of success. Among the several medical humanities, the visual arts seem particularly adequate for the teaching/learning of crucial aspects of medicine. Educational efforts in the arts require, however, a sound pedagogical philosophy of art education. Health professions educators need therefore to be aware of educational frameworks in the arts. Discipline-based art education (DBAE) is a recognised contemporary educational framework for the teaching/learning of the arts, which may be adapted to medical humanities. OBJECTIVE: It is the ultimate objective of this essay to share the experience of applying this educational framework to a course in a medical curriculum. METHODS: The author describes a course on the representations of HIV/AIDS in the visual arts, with explicit reference to its objectives, content, instructional features and student assessment in the light of DBAE, whose principles and characteristics are described in detail. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Discipline-based art education may be applied to medical humanities courses in a medical curriculum. This essay throws light on how this structure may be particularly useful for designing other pedagogically sound art courses in health professions curricula.     

Achieving cardiovascular health through continuing interprofessional development

In order to achieve cardiovascular health for all Canadians, the ACHIC (Achieving Cardiovascular Health in Canada) partnership advocates that health promotion for healthy lifestyles be incorporated into practice, and that the consistent messages and professional skills required to motivate patients and the public be acquired through interprofessional education and development. Professional education specialists are essential members of health care promotion teams with expertise to develop educational interventions that impact behaviours of health professionals and subsequent patient outcomes. Continuing medical education (CME) is in evolution to continuing professional development (CPD), and then to continuing inter-professional development (CID). Providers of health promotion, public health, and health care can work with health educators to complete the cascade of learning, change in practice, and improvement in patient outcomes. The Canadian health care system can empower Canadians to achieve cardiovascular health, the most important health challenge in the 21st century.     

对2003年全国健康教育机构业务工作现况调查的分析

目的通过对2003年全国各级健康教育所（中心）上报的《健康教育所（中心）业务工作调查表（卫统43表）》结果进行分析,为制定全国健康教育工作规划及相关政策提供依据。方法以《健康教育所（中心）业务工作调查表（卫统43表）》统计结果为数据来源,对健康教育／健康促进活动的成果、健康教育形式、大众媒体宣传、人员培训、健康教育专业人员构成、统计报表问题等方面进行研究与分析。结果2003年全国共有2748家单位上报调查表,上报率为85．0％,比2002年提高16．0％。全国开展各种形式的健康教育活动16．1万次,制作发放文字材料近4．6亿份,主办报纸杂志或与报刊合作开办栏目831个,举办各类培训近10万次。54．9％的各级健康教育单位积极开展了抗击传染性非典型肺炎（SARS）等突发公共卫生事件的宣传教育工作,累计受益人数2．9亿人次。结论健康教育在公共卫生建设、疾病预防控制、健康促进等方面起到了重要作用。其投入少,社会效益显著,非常适合我国国情。建议各级政府加大支持力度,以推动我国健康教育与健康促进事业的全面、快速发展,为提高人民的健康水平服务。     

北海市2010年度健康教育工作模式探讨

本文对北海市2010年度的10种主要工作方法及其所取得的成效进行了深入的分析。同时针对北海市的实际情况,提出了2011年度"以国家基本公共卫生项目健康教育子项目为中心,全面开展包括‘健康素养66条’、‘健康生活方式一二一’、‘全民健康生活方式行动’等健康教育和健康促进活动在内的各项健康教育工作"的6个"以"的工作建议。     

云南农村妇女生殖道感染综合干预效果分析

目的探索一种以人为本、多方参与、针对性和参与性强、与农村妇女文化背景及当地的经济基础相接近的生殖道感染防治的最佳社区健康促进模式,降低农村妇女生殖道感染的发生率,提高健康水平和生活质量。方法选择一个内地汉族为主的县和一个边疆少数民族县,以2县6个样本村的18～49岁2020名农村育龄妇女作为研究对象,采用省—县—乡(镇)—村四级妇幼保健和计划生育系统联合干预的社区健康促进模式,逐级培训本土的健教人员,开展以促进农村妇女健康为目标、社区及群众共同参与、灵活生动、新颖有效、形式多样、参与性强的健康促进活动,广泛传播妇女生殖道感染防治知识。结果样本村在项目实施后,社区妇女对生殖道感染疾病防治知识知晓率、健康行为形成率均发生了明显变化,生殖道感染患病率显著下降。结论省—县—乡(镇)—村四级妇幼保健和计划生育系统联合干预的健康促进模式具有比较好的发展前景,多部门合作有利于整合当地的各种资源,提高社区的健康水平,促进了农村社区健康可持续发展。     

Missed opportunities? Locating health promotion within multidisciplinary public health

This paper examines the complex interconnections between the development of health promotion and multidisciplinary public health, respectively. Health promotion takes a distinctive interdisciplinary and multiprofessional perspective on health. Historically, it has brought together practitioners from varied disciplinary backgrounds, education and training. It therefore brings real advantages to the public health enterprise, where the goal is to bridge organisations, professions and partners to collectively address key determinants of health in the most effective manner. This paper debates the contribution health promotion has made to the development of multidisciplinary public health over the past 30 years and explores the principles, values, professional bases and practices of both. It is argued that health promotion's contribution to the development of 'the new public health' was critical, while its status and role within multidisciplinary public health remain problematic and unresolved. The nature of these dilemmas is discussed, reflecting on missed opportunities and possible resolutions.     

FOUNDATIONS OF HEALTH EDUCATION

Health education is "the process of providing or utilizing experiences for favorably influencing understanding, attitudes, and practices relating to individual, family, and community health. As an applied science it draws its content from a variety of sources. The paradigm which depicts the foundations of health education can be visualized as five vertical pillars consisting of sociocultural, educational, psycho-behavioral, legal, and scientific foundations supporting the work of the health educator. While the components within each pillar may be altered with new developments and advances over time, the model is broad enough in scope to incorporate the changes without altering its purpose. The foundations of health viewed in this light can easily display the depth of the health education profession and will serve to orient the novice and future health educators of the underpinnings of their profession. This framework could easily be adapted for study on the college level and should serve as an orientation to those students planning to major in health.     

漳平市2008～2011年开展“世界防治结核病日”宣传活动的体会

漳平市在第13～16个"3.24世界防治结核病日"系列宣传活动中,紧紧围绕活动主题,瞄准中小学生、企业工人、城乡居民等重点目标人群,充分发挥卫生、教育、新闻、科协和政府网站等部门的优势和作用,运用新闻媒体、板报画廊、标语传单、专家讲座、问卷调查、政府网络、线索调查和患者慰问等形式,扎实、广泛和有效地开展活动,成效显著。笔者以为,领导重视、精心组织发动,找准目标、运用传媒技术,部门协作、采取的多部门、多形式、多渠道措施,都是"3·24"活动取得良好效果的主要因素。     

Framework for the strategic and business planning of the Centre – School of Public Health, Belgrade

The science and practice of the New Public Health have a key role in the promotion of people’s health and in the reform of the health system. Serbia experienced many social and economic threats to public health during the 1990s when the health infrastructure both for curative and preventive services gradually deteriorated. Existing skills and knowledge of public health professionals are insufficient in virtually all fields of public health activities. The foundation of the Centre – School of Public Health, within the Medical School of Belgrade University has been a precondition for the improvement of professional training in public health. The objectives are described as (1) education of capable experts in the field of public health, (2) improvement of knowledge in the health sciences, (3) health promotion in cooperation with local communities, (4) training of competent researchers in the field of public health and (5) improvement of the process of decision making and policy formulation. The training programme covers five key areas of education in the domain of public health: (1) public health in Europe, (2) epidemiology and biostatistics, (3) health policy and management, (4) health promotion, health education and social sciences and (5) environment and health. In the first year, 27 students were admitted for the Master of Public Health programme and more than 350 participants attended various short courses for continuing education in public health and health management based on applied learning approach. The next developmental steps focus on sustainability of the programmes for continuing education and research and a wider national and international partnership.     

Practitioner opinions on health promotion interventions that work: opening the 'black box' of a linear evidence-based approach

While attempts are being made to improve health promotion by following a linear Evidence-Based (EB) approach, the actors involved are aware that the quality of health promotion is not just a matter of supplying 'evidence-based' interventions to local practitioners, but the result of a situated coproduction process that depends on many factors. This paper explores what constitutes an intervention that works from the perspective of health promotion professionals (HPP), and how, according to them, the development and implementation of interventions should be improved. We interviewed 81 HPPs about the use of 10 health promotion interventions at 30 Municipality Health Services in The Netherlands. The HPPs described an intervention that works as something that produces its intended effects after being realized in a local situation. Interventions are realized by combining elements of a supplied intervention (e.g. a theory, artefacts) with elements that are situated in the local context (e.g. funding, local network). Interventions that are transferred contain implicit assumptions about local contexts, but it is often unclear what precisely constitutes an intervention and what is assumed of local contexts. An intervention that works is a situated configuration of aligned elements. A linear EB approach depends on the realization of the local circumstances in which 'evidence based' interventions can work. Various strategies are possible for approximating such circumstances, but the core assumption that the configuration that is realized in practice is similar to the 'evidence based' intervention seems unrealistic for most health promotion in The Netherlands. Under such circumstances, attention should shift from central quality assurance to the system of actors and the distributed actions and heterogeneous learning processes that together add up to interventions that work.     

Environmental education and nursing: a necessary integration

Environmental issue should be discussed in educational actions, because this debate leads people to reflect on what is ecologically healthy. It was aimed to reflect on Health promotion, Environmental education and Nursing. This is a reflexive study on environmental health in three groups: Promotion of environmental and human health; Educational actions in Environmental health; and Nursing and Health education. It was verified that environmental education is a theme that includes human well-being, being necessary actions of health promotion that qualify individual and community to practice their empowerment and autonomy.     

The future of the health education profession: implications for preparation and practice.

The health education profession has come to a critical point in its development. If health education is to fulfill its promise as a worthwhile strategy to improve health, the specific competencies of health education specialists and, concomitantly, the educational preparation that they need must be clearly defined. In the past, no clear definition was possible because of the diversity of preparatory programs, the absence of commonly accepted accreditation standards, educators, inconsistent employment requirements, inadequate manpower data, and poor mechanisms for quality assurance. Health educators are examining the various forms of credentialing--accreditation, licensure, and certification--with a view to their use as a means of strengthening the profession''s preparation and practice standards. A Role Delineation Project undertaken by the National Center for Health Education, San Francisco, under a contract with the Bureau of Health Professions of the Health Resources Administration, has been completed. Activities that will be carried out subsequent to role delineation are expected to enable the health profession to resolve systematically fundamental issues in respect to manpower standards.     

Health promotion in the city: A structured review of the literature on interventions to prevent heart disease, substance abuse, violence and HIV infection in us metropolitan areas, 1980–1995

To achieve its national public health goals, the US must improve the health of low-income urban populations. To contribute to this process, this study reviewed published reports of health promotion interventions designed to prevent heart disease, HIV infection, substance abuse, and violence in US cities. The study's objectives were to describe the target populations, settings, and program characteristics of these interventions and to assess the extent to which these programs followed accepted principles for health promotion. Investigators searched five computerized databases and references of selected articles for articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 1980 and 1995. Selected articles listed as a main goal primary prevention of one of four index conditions; were carried out within a US city; included sufficient information to characterize the intervention; and organized at least 25% of its activities within a community setting. In general, programs reached a diverse population of low-income city residents in a variety of settings, employed multiple strategies, and recognized at least some of the principles of effective health promotion. Most programs reported a systematic evaluation. However, many programs did not involve participants in planning, intervene to change underlying social causes, last more than a year, or tailor for the subpopulations they targeted, limiting their potential effectiveness. Few programs addressed the unique characteristics of urban communities. Mr. Lancaster is with the Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, and Dr. Speers is with the Office of the Associate Director for Science, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The research described in this report was supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of their institution.     

Advancing educators and education by defining the components and evidence associated with educational scholarship

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish documentation standards for medical education activities, beyond educational research, for academic promotion consistent with principles of excellence and scholarship. METHODS: In 2006 a Consensus Conference on Educational Scholarship was convened by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Group on Education Affairs (GEA) to outline a set of documentation standards for use by educators and academic promotion committees. Conference participants' work was informed by more than 15 years of literature on scholarship, educator portfolios and academic promotion standards. RESULTS: The 110 conference participants, including medical school deans, academic promotion committee members, department chairs, faculty and AAMC leaders, re-affirmed the 5 education activity categories (teaching, curriculum, advising and/or mentoring, education leadership and/or administration, and learner assessment), the contents of each category, and cross-category documentation standards. Educational excellence requires documentation of the quantity and quality of education activities. Documenting a scholarly approach requires demonstrating evidence of drawing from and building on the work of others, and documenting scholarship requires contributing work through public display, peer review and dissemination; both involve engagement with the community of educators. Implementation of these standards - quantity, quality and engagement with the education community - should occur in parallel with the development of an infrastructure to support educators, including sustained faculty development for educators, access to educational resources and journals, peer review mechanisms and consultation and support specific to each activity category. CONCLUSIONS: Educators' contributions to their institutions must be visible to be valued. The establishment of documentation standards for education activities provides the foundation for academic recognition of educators.     

全国亿万农民健康促进行动策略分析

目的研究全国亿万农民健康促进行动策略,探索农村健康教育和健康促进工作的有效方法。方法收集中国亿万农民健康促进行动资料,运用管理学、流行病学等学科理论进行分析,并运用访谈等方法作定性调查。结果中国亿万农民健康促进行动已经取得了一定成果。依据中国亿万农民健康促进行动实践,可以尝试建立＂中国多元化健康教育工作框架＂。结论全国亿万农民健康促进行动值得持续开展,其工作框架可在健康教育与健康促进实践中广泛运用。     

本溪市两县居民健康素养情况调查分析

目的了解本溪市两县居民健康素养水平及其影响因素,为开展精准健康教育,制订医疗卫生服务政策和措施提供科学依据。方法采用分层多阶段整群抽样方法,随机抽取辽宁省本溪市两个自治县(本溪县和桓仁县)的15～69岁常住人口909人进行问卷调查。结果本溪县和桓仁县的15～69岁居民健康素养水平为22.0%。随着居民文化程度和家庭年收入的增高,居民健康素养水平也逐渐增高,中老年居民健康素养水平低于年轻居民,医务人员的健康素养水平最高;患有慢性病的居民健康素养水平低于无慢性病的居民。结论本溪两县居民健康素养水平略低于本溪市总体健康素养水平,其中健康生活方式与行为、健康技能素养水平以及传染病防治素养水平较低。应针对居民的不同特征,有针对性的开展健康教育与健康促进工作,提高居民健康素养水平。