腹腔镜胆囊手术中意外胆囊癌的诊治对策

目的探讨腹腔镜手术意外胆囊癌的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1997年9月~2015年9月我院4620例腹腔镜胆囊切除(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)手术中意外胆囊癌12例的临床资料。1例术中冰冻病理诊断胆囊癌NevinⅢ期,中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术;11例术后病理诊断胆囊癌,NevinⅠ期1例和Ⅱ期1例未补充手术,Ⅲ期9例中5例拒绝手术,4例术后10~18 d(平均14 d)开腹行胆囊癌根治术。结果 5例NevinⅢ期LC后拒绝手术者失访。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期各1例LC术后随访63个月和6个月无复发,Ⅲ期行胆囊癌根治术5例中,2例分别术后8、10个月因腹腔广泛转移,死于恶病质,3例术后10、28、32个月胆囊癌肝转移死亡。结论腹腔镜胆囊手术时应高度警惕意外胆囊癌的发生,应及时行合适的补充治疗。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除中意外胆囊癌的处理(附16例报道)

目的评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中意外胆囊癌的诊断、处理及预后。方法对我院2000年1月至2010年1月期间5 832例行LC中16例意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 16例意外胆囊癌中7例行LC,9例行开腹胆囊癌根治术。术后病理TNM分期:Ⅰ期10例,Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期2例。16例患者术后随访6～60个月,平均23.3个月。随访期内死亡15例。9例接受胆囊癌根治手术的患者术后1、3、5年生存分别为8/9、4/9及1/9,而7例仅行LC的患者术后1年生存为4/7,无生存超过2.5年者。结论 LC术中应高度警惕意外胆囊癌的发生,意外胆囊癌多为早期,应及时中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术,仅行单纯的LC治疗效果欠佳。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌的诊断与治疗:附23例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)意外胆囊癌的诊断和治疗。方法:回顾性分析1998年1月—2007年1月收治的23例意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料。结果:15例术中快速冷冻病理证实为胆囊癌,其中13例中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术;8例术后病理证实,其中7例行二次开腹手术。全组术后5年生存率为78.3%,患者预后与其临床分期密切相关。结论:意外胆囊癌多为早期胆囊癌,高危病例应重视术中快速病理检查及标本检查;T1b-T2期宜扩大根治,晚期患者视情况行根治性手术或姑息治疗。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗意外胆囊癌与胆囊癌根治术的临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗意外胆囊癌与再次行胆囊癌根治术对预后的影响.方法 7例LC术意外胆囊癌(T2期)患者再次接受胆囊癌根治术(开腹或腔镜下),与同期进行的开腹一期根治手术的14例胆囊癌(T2期)患者加以对比,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析两组的生存率. 结果 LC组和开腹组术后的1、3、5年生存率分别为100%、67%、67%和92%、84%、60%,两组生存时间的差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.015,P=0.901).3例浸润深度为胆囊黏膜层的T1a期胆囊癌经LC治疗后均生存6年以上.3例腹腔镜胆囊癌根治术的患者术后随访6～12个月,均为无瘤生存.结论在注意避免术中胆汁溢出、应用标本取出袋等无瘤保护措施得当的情况下,及时行胆囊癌根治术,先期的LC不影响T2期胆囊癌的预后,而对于T1a期胆囊癌仅行LC即可获得满意的长期生存.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术发现意外胆囊癌患者生存分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发现意外胆囊癌的外科治疗体会,并进行生存分析。方法选取上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院普外科于2008年1月至2013年1月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术发现意外胆囊癌患者20例资料进行分析。结果 20例患者中男性6例,女性14例;年龄28~87岁,平均年龄(65.1±12.9)岁。1例患者因术中冰冻病理提示恶性肿瘤致中转开腹,9例患者再次手术开腹行胆囊癌根治术,均顺利完成手术。随访时间2~55个月,平均无瘤生存期23个月,其中死亡患者2例。按照Nevin分期,20例患者中Ⅰ期0例,Ⅱ期11例,Ⅲ期6例,Ⅳ期1例,Ⅴ期2例。结论意外胆囊癌术前诊断困难,Nevin分期Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期患者需行胆囊癌根治术,Nevin分期Ⅲ期患者是否追加胆囊癌根治术对预后影响不大。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防胆管损伤的经验(附2694例报告)

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中预防胆管损伤的经验。方法 回顾分析1995年l0月至2002年9月LC 2694例临床资料。结果 行LC2657例,其中4例加做肠瘘修补术；l例坏疽性胆囊炎伴周围粘连致密者行胆囊造瘘术；3例术中冰冻切片病理检查证实为胆囊癌．开腹行胆囊癌根治术；l例术中发现胆囊癌晚期，仅行腹腔镜下活检术13例因术中出血，24例因炎症致密、胆管结构解剖不清或胆总管结石嵌顿中转开腹；5例Mirizzi’s综合征Ⅱ型均中转开腹行瘘口修补、T管引流术。有5例因术后并发症行再次手术。无一例出现胆管损伤。结论 为降低胆管损伤．术者应根据自身的器械设备、经验，合理掌握手术适应证。在处理炎症致密、胆管结构解剖不清时，可采用顺行、逆行分离结合。使用超声刀解剖，自制推结器结扎或可吸收施夹钳处理胆囊动脉、胆囊管，少用金属钛夹，减少电刀对胆管的直接或问接损伤。坚持以结扎胆囊动脉为先，尽量扩大胆囊三角。如胆管结构解剖不清、出血难止应及时中转开腹。     

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目的 探讨胆囊癌早期诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析1993－2000年腹腔镜术中发现的41例胆囊癌临床资料。结果 术中探查结合活检明确诊断36例（87．8％）,术后病理诊断5例。I期胆囊癌行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）者,3年生存率100％;Ⅱ期胆囊癌行LC者,3年生存率77．7％,行根治术者,3年生存率100％;Ⅲ期胆囊癌行根治术者,2年生存率75％,3年生存率50％;Ⅳ期胆囊癌行根治术者,2年生存率33％,3年生存率为0;Ⅲ期胆囊癌1例,仅行LC,术后5个月死于肝转移。15例中转剖腹行根治术者,5例未切除套管孔,其中1例切口种植。结论 现代腹腔镜技术可弥补影像学的不足。早期发现胆囊癌并对Ⅱ期以上胆囊癌行根治术,能提高术后生存率,效果优于仅行LC者,对LC中转剖腹手术者,应切除套管孔以防切口种植。     

胆囊结石嵌顿的腹腔镜处理

目的 :总结胆囊结石嵌顿腹腔镜胆囊切除术的治疗经验。方法 :回顾分析胆囊颈部结石嵌顿85例的腹腔镜处理。结果 :中转开腹 3例 ,1例胆总管横断伤中转开腹行胆总管对端吻合“T”管引流 ,术后 6月拔管治愈。 1例胆囊动脉分支出血中转开腹止血 ,1例术中快速病理切片证实为胆囊癌行胆囊癌根治术。全组无死亡病例。结论 :经过充分术前准备 ,合理选择中转开腹时机 ,术者熟练的操作 ,胆囊结石嵌顿行腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全可行的     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌58例诊治分析

[摘 要] 目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）意外胆囊癌的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析2007 年5 月至2017 年5 月武警安徽省总队医院收治的意外胆囊癌患者58 例临床资料。结果 LC术中发现24 例,术后发现34例;TNM分期T1b 12例,T2 34例,T3 6例,T4 6例。24例术中快速冰冻病理检查证实为胆囊癌,其中22例中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术;34例术后病理证实,其中24例行二次开腹手术。非根治组：12例,仅行单纯胆囊切除术,术后1、2、3年累积生存率分别为65.0%、42.5%、18.0%。根治组：46例,行胆囊癌根治术,术后1、2、3年累积生存率分别为82.5%、62.5%、45.7%,两组生存曲线比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 胆囊癌患者预后与手术方式、临床分期密切相关,对存在胆囊癌高危因素的患者,建议尽早行胆囊切除术。意外胆囊癌多为早期胆囊癌,应重视术中检查及病理检查,T1b～T3 期宜行根治手术,晚期患者应根据病情行姑息手术。     

意外胆囊癌:附15例报告

目的 探讨意外胆囊癌的诊断和处理方法 .方法 回顾性分析近10年来2所医院15例意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料.结果 开腹手术发现8例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术发现7例,其中Nevin Ⅰ期3例,Ⅱ期9例,Ⅲ期2例,Ⅳ期1例.其中10例首次手术中施行根治术,3例术后确诊再行根治术,另2例Ⅰ期患者行单纯胆囊切除术后病理诊断为癌,未再行手术.Ⅰ、Ⅱ期均随访2年以上仍存活,Ⅲ期病例均术后2年内复发死亡,Ⅳ期半年内死亡.结论 早期胆囊癌术前诊断困难,重视其高危因素,术中对可疑病例行快速冰冻切片检查有助于诊断;根治性手术为胆囊癌最有效治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.