008 展青霉素的化学检测方法

展青霉素是由部分曲霉、青霉产生的代谢产物,主要污染水果及其制品,与人类健康密切相关.本文介绍了展青霉素的多种化学检测方法.     

展青霉素的化学检测方法

展青霉素是由部分曲霉、青霉产生的代谢产物,主要污染水果及其制品,与人类健康密切相关。本介绍了民展青霉素的多种化学检测方法。     

展青霉素研究进展

展青霉素是一种由真菌产生的有毒代谢产物，具有神经毒性，主要引起中枢神经的损害。本文内容包括展青毒素的污染情况，毒性作用，毒作用机理及检测方法。     

水果及果汁饮料中展青霉素和HMF分析方法研究进展

本文综述了水果和果汁饮料中展青霉素和HMF的检出方法，如HPLC、GC和薄层色谱法。展青霉素是由青霉属、曲霉属和Byssochlamys菌种产生的真菌毒素，主要存在于霉烂苹果和苹果汁中。展青霉素和HMF常常同时出现在水果和果汁饮料中，是果汁饮料重要的质量指标。     

2005～2007年广东省抽检苹果、山楂制品中展青霉素残留量结果分析

目的:了解广东省市场销售的苹果、山楂制品中展青霉素残留量的情况.方法:采用高效液相色谱法-二极管阵列检测器,在276 am波长处检测苹果和山楂制品中的展青霉素含量,方法线性范围为0.050-1.0 mg/L(r=0.999),检测限(LOD)为10μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为30μg/kg.结果:苹果、山楂制品中展青霉素检出率占样品总数的7.2%,超标率占样品总数的1.2%.结论:广东省市场销售的苹果、山楂制品中展青霉素检出率和超标率均处于较低水平.     

果汁中展青霉素的高效液相色谱测定法

展青霉素(Patulin,PTL)是由真菌生长繁殖而产生的一种毒素,PTL在酸性环境中非常稳定,巴氏消毒用高达80℃的温度都不会使它失活,在室温下真菌在水果、蔬菜表面长成棕色斑点,在斑点周围1 cm处可以检出PTL,如果用腐烂的水果加工,就可能存在PTL,存在的毒素可能引起果汁的变质。PTL有致畸、致突变作用,在水果制品中的污染比较严重,1994年,PTL的薄层扫描色谱法被列为国家标准,国家也有相应限量卫生标准[1-2],近几年用高效液相色谱法测定展青霉素已成为检测热点[3]。1材料与方法1·1仪器与试剂①美国Waters高效液相色谱仪:配备1 525二元泵,…     

反相高效液相色谱法快速测定果汁中展青霉素

展青霉素是由一种展青霉、扩展青霉、棒曲霉等霉菌产生的有毒代谢产物,具有神经毒性,对实验动物的肝、肺、脑等都有毒害作用,并有致突变与致畸作用。苹果及制品中展青霉素污染率较高。ＷＨＯ推荐展青霉素在苹果汁中的最高限量标准为５０μｇ／ｋｇ,丹麦、挪威、西班牙...     

2000～2004年龙岩市部分市售食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌监测

[目的]了解龙岩市部分市售食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的污染状况.[方法]2000～2004年在龙岩市新罗区北市场和韭菜园市场采集市售生肉、熟肉制品、生牛乳、冰激凌、水产品及生食蔬菜进行检测.[结果]检测6类410份食品,检出14株LM,检出率为3.4%.其中生肉中检出13株,阳性率为6.5%;水产品中检出1株,阳性率为3.3%.大多数被污染食品的MPN值在150/100 g左右,个别生肉达270/100g.14株均对庆大霉素、氯霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、呋喃妥因、氨苄青霉素敏感,8株对复方新诺明耐药,4株对红霉素、5株对氟哌酸、3株对万古霉素耐药,有2株对青霉素G、利福平、麦迪霉素耐药.[结论]龙岩市生肉、水产品存在LM的污染.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法测定果汁中的展青霉素、乐果和多菌灵

目的建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定果汁中展青霉素、乐果和多菌灵的方法。方法果汁采用Qu ECh ERS前处理方法,以C18色谱柱为分离柱,以水-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLCMS/MS),电喷雾电离(ESI),多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法同时定量测定展青霉素、乐果和多菌灵。结果方法的线性范围展青霉素为5~500μg/L、乐果为0.1~10μg/L、多菌灵为0.1~10μg/L,线性相关系数在0.9991~0.9999之间,展青霉素检出限为5.0μg/L、乐果检出限为0.01μg/L、多菌灵检出限为0.01μg/L;本方法平均加标回收率82.2%~90.0%之间;相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5.3%。结论该方法可应用于同时定量检测果汁中展青霉素、乐果和多菌灵,操作简单、快速、准确可靠。     

某市室内空气污染及居民相关卫生知识和健康服务需求调查

目的 研究城市室内空气污染状况及市民对相关知识了解情况及其检测需求,寻求有效的防控手段.方法 于2006年2-7月测定城区装修完工6个月以上的办公场所和居民住宅中室内空气污染状况(甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和γ射线).采用完全随机抽样的方法对部分市民进行问卷调查,了解其对室内空气污染相关卫生知识的知晓率和室内空气卫生质量的检测需求率,以及文化水平、经济状况的影响.结果 装修6个月后仍有近30%的居室空气中甲醛浓度超标.不同功能区的污染程度不同,污染状况从重到轻排序为:儿童卧室＞主卧室＞客厅＞办公室＞厨房.儿童房与主卧室最易超标,超标率分别为64%和44%.参与调查的市民60%以上知道装修是导致污染的主要原因,但提出检测需求的仅有10%.经济状况越好,文化程度越高,其知晓率和需求率越高.结论 目前城市室内空气污染严重,市民对相关知识的知晓率不高且存在认识误区,很少有人提出检测要求.经济状况和文化程度成为控制室内空气污染的制约因素.健康意识促进是今后防控室内空气污染工作的重点.     

我国部分地区霉烂水果中的霉菌相与展青霉素关系的研究

对我国4个地区的62份霉烂苹果和梨进行了霉菌分离鉴定和展青霉素的测定,结果表明各地区苹果中展青霉素的主要产毒菌是扩展青霉[Penicillium expansum(Link)Thom],并提出了防止水果染毒的措施。     

水果及其制品中棒曲霉素的残留分析进展

入世以来,农产品出口不断受到“绿色贸易壁垒”的困扰,水果及其制品的出口也不例外。棒曲霉素是由水果腐烂部位的真菌类产生的次生代谢产物。由于棒曲霉素的致突变性和致畸性并可能对消费者的健康产生危害,许多国家都已制定了相关标准以尽可能降低水果制品中棒曲霉素的含量。为此,对水果及制品中棒曲霉素的残留分布、毒性限量、分析检测方法及其研究新动向进行了综述。     

Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion–HPLC method to determine patulin in apple and apple juice concentrate

The occurrence of patulin as a natural contaminant of apple juice is a worldwide problem. Most analytical methods consist of multiple liquid–liquid partition steps for the extraction of patulin in apple juice. Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is a valuable tool for extracting the analytes from foodstuffs .In MSPD clean-up is carried out simultaneously with, generally, good recoveries and precision. In this study, an efficient method with MSPD using C₁₈-bonded silica as sorbent was developed for the analysis of patulin in apple and apple juice concentrate by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Recoveries of apple juice concentrate (AJC) sample and apple sample were in the range of 89.80–103.16% and 85.23–97.98%, respectively, for standard patulin solution. The coefficients of variations (CV) were 2.96–5.45% and the limit of detection (LOD) was 6 μg/kg. The MSPD method is fast, easy, accurate and reliable. Therefore, the proposed method is applicable to the efficient determination of patulin in the course of apple juice concentrate processing.     

Occurrence of patulin in fruit and vegetables

In different varieties of apples and pears suffering from brown rot, patulin was found in about 50 p. 100 of samples investigated (about 120). Patulin levels as high as 1 g/kg rotten material were found 2-3 days after the fruit was removed from the cold store where it had been stored for 5 months. A significant diffusion into the healthy plant tissue was not observed in apples, but in peaches, tomatoes and pears. Vegetable products with natural patulin content: apples, pears, peaches, apricots, bananas, pine apples, grapes. After inoculation with Penicillium expansum, P. urticae or Byssochlamys nivea, patulin was also found in greengages, strawberries, honeydew melons, red and green paprika, tomatoes, cucumbers and carrots. The artificial infection failed in celeriac, kohlrabi, cauliflower, red cabbage, radish, horseradish, onions, squash (zuccini), potatoes and egg plants. The author further investigated the patulin synthesis as a function of the temperature as well as its oxygen requirement in various mold species and strains.     

高效液相色谱法测定果汁中展青霉素的含量

本文介绍了用高效液相色谱法测定展青霉素的含量，用C18反相柱，流动相乙腈 水(20 80)，流速1ml／min，紫外检测器，检测波长210nm。线性范围0～10ng(r=0．999)最低检出量为0．2ng，本方法定量准确、快速、主峰与杂质峰分离度高。     

Toxicity of the mycotoxin patulin for rat alveolar macrophages

Agricultural workers are exposed to a variety of organic dusts containing fungi and their secondary metabolites. Patulin, a polyketide lactone mycotoxin produced by several common species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, is found in corn silage. Patulin is toxic in experimental animals and has been reported to be mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The cytotoxicity of patulin was studied in rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. The effects of patulin on membrane integrity were studied by measuring cell volume changes and release of 51Cr. There was a significant release of 51Cr after 1 hr exposure to submillimolar concentrations of patulin. Similarly, there was a significant decrease in ATP in cell cultures exposed to 0.5 mM patulin for 15 min and in cultures exposed to 0.05 mM patulin for 2 hr. There was a significant increase in mean cell volume after 2 hr exposure to 1.0 mM patulin but not after a 1 hr exposure. The effects of patulin on protein and RNA synthesis were studied by monitoring the incorporation of [3H]leucine and [3H]uridine, respectively. Inhibitions of protein and of RNA synthesis were both dose and time dependent. Protein synthesis was the most sensitive cellular parameter studied, with 50% inhibition after 1 hr at ca. 0.002 mM patulin. The data demonstrate that patulin is cytotoxic for rat alveolar macrophages in vitro.     

超声波提取小叶榕树果总黄酮及鉴别

目的:为充分利用榕树果植物资源,避免资源的浪费,探讨榕树果总黄酮的提取及鉴别方法。方法:采用超声波乙醇浸提法从榕树果中提取黄酮类物质,对所提取的黄酮类物质进行验证,并用分光光度法测定含量。结果:测得样品中总黄酮的含量C=0.1224 mg/ml,回收率为101.5%,其纯度和产率均较高。结论:该方法采用全物理过程,无任何污染,是提取榕树果黄酮类物质的有效途径。     

European Union legislation related to patulin

In the following review, European Union legislation concerning maximum level of patulin in foodstuffs was reported. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1425/2003 of 11 August 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001, Commission Directive 2003/78/EC of 11 August 2003 laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of patulin in foodstuffs and Commission Recommendation of 11 August 2003 on the prevention and reduction of patulin contamination in apple juice and apple juice ingredients in other beverages as regards patulin was reported.     

居室空气中对二氯苯的污染与测定方法

目的：探讨居室内空气中对二氯苯的测定方法及污染状况。方法：采用气相色谱氢火焰检测器测定空气中对二氯苯的时间加权平均浓度。结果：方法的最小检出浓度为0.02mg/m^3（采气48升），解吸效率为92.3％-98.4％，相对标准偏差小于10％，不同模拟实验条件下室内空气中对二氯苯的浓度为0.19-4.22mg/m^3。结论：本方法简便、可靠，可用于居室空气中对二氯苯的测定，居室空气中对二氯苯的污染应引起重视。     

水果及果汁中二恶英类似物三氯新残留量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法研究

目的:对广东口岸水果和果汁中进行了三氯新残留的检测与分析。方法:本研究建立了用固相萃取手段提取、净化水果中的二恶英类似物三氯新,用LC/MS/MS技术进行定性定量分析的测定方法。结果:方法大大降低检测低限、回收率好、效率高。结论:评估了三氯新在水果和果汁中的风险。