5例膀胱小细胞癌临床病理分析

目的探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床病理特征和鉴别诊断。方法对5例膀胱小细胞癌进行临床病理回顾性分析。结果男4例,女1例,肿瘤细胞表达神经内分泌标记物Syn,NSE,CgA。结论膀胱小细胞癌是一种少见的高度恶性的神经内分泌肿瘤,确诊依靠病理学检查及免疫组化。     

胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤38例的临床病理及预后

目的:分析胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤38例的临床病理及预后。方法:以2005年1月到2015年1月期间我院病理科确诊接收的38例胃肠道神经内分泌肿瘤患者为研究对象,做临床病历资料分析。结果:全部给予手术治疗且成功,胃肠道神经分泌瘤发生率为55.3%,复发率为19%,转移率为19%,致死率为0;胃肠道神经分泌癌发生率为44.8%,复发率为5.9%,转移率为35.3%,致死率为5.9%(P0.05)。结论:胃肠道内分泌肿瘤多发于直肠且恶性程度较高,容易出现复发或者转移现象,而且胃肠道神经内分泌癌的预后效果远远低于胃肠道神经内分泌瘤,两者治疗需要差别对待。     

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤临床病理学研究分析

目的探讨胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(PNEN)患者的临床病理特征,为临床PNEN诊治提供参考。方法选取2015年7月—2020年7月在天津市南开医院治疗并由病理诊断确诊的12例患者,观察患者的临床表现、影像学、病理学特征等并对其预后进行随访。结果 12例患者中,男性3例,女性9例;年龄24～82岁,中位数年龄54岁;肿瘤最大径1.5～10.0 cm,均进行根治性手术治疗;根据WHO 2017版分级标准,G1级8例,G2级4例,功能性肿瘤2例,无功能性肿瘤10例,其中无功能性肿瘤多以排便困难、腹胀不适、腹痛、恶心及腹部肿块为主。镜下示肿瘤细胞呈实性,大小均一。免疫组化显示Syn阳性率为100.0%,CgA阳性率为91.6%,CD56阳性率为83.3%。本研究中9例获得随访,随访时间6～60个月,均健康且无瘤生存。结论 PNEN的临床表现较为繁杂,易造成漏诊及误诊。病理诊断及免疫组化分析是确诊PNEN的主要依据。     

老年前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌的临床特点与预后

目的探讨老年前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌临床特点及预后。方法回顾性总结5例老年前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌患者的临床资料．分析免疫组化、前列腺特异抗原（PSA）值、前列腺癌病理（Gleason评分）分级、出现激素非依赖时间等指标的相互关系及与患者生存的关系。结果5例前列腺癌活检标本均有嗜铬素A、神经特异性烯醇化酶、突触素不同程度的表达．符合前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌诊断;4例患者确诊时有转移;5例中1例1个月死亡,1例6个月死亡,3例3年内死亡。患者5年生存率（0）明显低于同期不伴有神经内分泌分化的前列腺癌患者（67％）。确诊时（未治疗）PSA值（4．10-18．25ng／ml）均高于正常．但并非随疾病进展而升高。患者最初对全雄激素阻断治疗有效,但很快出现激素非依赖情况。小细胞前列腺癌神经内分泌分化表达水平与前列腺癌病理（Gleason评分）分级相关。结论老年前列腺小组胞神经内分泌癌患者预后差,前列腺癌神经内分泌分化相关的免疫组化和Gleason积分等指标有助于早期诊断前列腺小细胞神经。内分泌癌及判断预后。     

老年前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌的临床特点与预后

目的探讨老年前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌临床特点及预后。方法回顾性总结5例老年前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌患者的临床资料．分析免疫组化、前列腺特异抗原（PSA）值、前列腺癌病理（Gleason评分）分级、出现激素非依赖时间等指标的相互关系及与患者生存的关系。结果5例前列腺癌活检标本均有嗜铬素A、神经特异性烯醇化酶、突触素不同程度的表达．符合前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌诊断;4例患者确诊时有转移;5例中1例1个月死亡,1例6个月死亡,3例3年内死亡。患者5年生存率（0）明显低于同期不伴有神经内分泌分化的前列腺癌患者（67％）。确诊时（未治疗）PSA值（4．10-18．25ng／ml）均高于正常．但并非随疾病进展而升高。患者最初对全雄激素阻断治疗有效,但很快出现激素非依赖情况。小细胞前列腺癌神经内分泌分化表达水平与前列腺癌病理（Gleason评分）分级相关。结论老年前列腺小组胞神经内分泌癌患者预后差,前列腺癌神经内分泌分化相关的免疫组化和Gleason积分等指标有助于早期诊断前列腺小细胞神经。内分泌癌及判断预后。     

胰腺神经内分泌癌临床诊疗六例分析

目的 探讨胰腺神经内分泌癌的临床特点、诊断及相关的治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析6例经病理证实的胰腺神经内分泌癌患者的临床资料并结合文献复习讨论.结果 6例患者中肿瘤位于胰头部3例,胰体尾部3例.6例患者均行手术治疗,其中3例行胰十二指肠经典切除术,2例行胰体尾切除+脾切除术,1例因肝脏多发转移行开腹探查术+肿瘤活检.术后病理均诊断为胰腺神经内分泌癌;肿瘤发生淋巴结转移2例,脾脏转移1例,肝脏转移1例.随访期间,1例因发生多器官转移死亡.结论 胰腺神经内分泌癌多发生于胰头部,也可见于胰体尾部,呈浸润性生长,术前诊断困难,多缺乏典型的临床表现,确诊需依赖病理检查,以手术为主的综合治疗能改善预后.     

嗜酸性胰腺神经内分泌癌1例报告及文献回顾

目的:探讨胰腺嗜酸性神经内分泌癌的临床病理特点、诊治和预后.方法:对1例胰腺嗜酸性内分泌癌从临床、光镜、免疫组化观察和结合文献分析.结果:病变发展快,转移早.癌细胞中等大小一致、呈巢状、菊形团样排列,浸润性生长,边界不清,胞质嗜酸性,淋巴结内癌转移.Syn、NSE、CgA和CK 阳性.结论:胰腺嗜酸性内分泌癌发病机理不清晰;肿瘤病理免疫组化是目前确诊的唯一手段;治疗困难,姑息性手术治疗是首选;预后极差.     

子宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌临床病理分析

目的探讨宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌(small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix,SCNEC)的临床病理特征和免疫组化特点。方法对四川省妇幼保健院病理科和四川省人民医院病理科2006年1月至2014年6月诊治的8例宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌进行组织形态学、免疫组化观察,并对其临床资料进行整理分析。结果 8例患者平均年龄45.6岁,均以阴道不规则出血或宫颈接触性出血就诊。组织学显示肿瘤由大小较为一致的圆形、卵圆形细胞构成。其中单纯性小细胞神经内分泌癌7例,合并腺癌成分1例。免疫组化:所有病例癌细胞细胞角蛋白(CK)不同程度阳性,且均有两种以上神经内分泌标记阳性,其中6例突触素(Syn)和嗜铬素(Cg A)均阳性,4例神经细胞黏附分子(CD56)阳性。随访7例患者,死亡3例。结论宫颈小细胞癌作为一种少见的高度恶性肿瘤,进展快,预后差,免疫组化神经内分泌标志阳性有助于诊断。     

喉神经内分泌肿瘤临床病理特征研究进展

喉神经内分泌肿瘤临床较为少见,是一种特殊类型的喉部恶性肿瘤。临床流行病学研究认为,其普通人群发病率较低。然而相关生物学研究认为,喉神经内分泌肿瘤恶性程度较高,患者病情发展较快,容易早期发生淋巴及血型转移,患者预后较差,5年生存率较低。近年来随着临床病理学及分子病理研究的进展,喉神经内分泌肿瘤在病理学方面的分类及其相关免疫组织化学分子标记对该肿瘤治疗方案的选择及预后的评价具有重要临床意义。因此,本文对近年关于喉神经内分泌肿瘤临床病理特征的相关文献进行综述,以期为临床诊治提供一定的参考。     

阑尾类癌的治疗进展

类癌(carcinoid tumor)概念的提出已有100多年的历史,最早由Lubarsch用来描述一组生长缓慢、低度恶性的肿瘤.类癌虽为恶性,但因为其具有相对良性的生物学特性,1907年Obemdorfer将其命名为"Karzinoid"以区别于恶性胃肠道腺癌,在1980年世界卫生组织的分类中,人们将许多神经内分泌系统的肿瘤统称为"类癌",类癌系来源于神经嵴的一系列内分泌细胞(APUD)肿瘤范畴的一种常见肿瘤.生物学特性介于良、恶性之间,它们虽然具有浸润、转移倾向,但与其他腺癌相比,其临床特征更倾向于良性.类癌好发于人体的胃肠道,以阑尾部位为最多.阑尾类癌是一种低度恶性神经内分泌肿瘤,发病率低.绝大多数为术中或术后病理检查发现.由于多种原因术前很难定性诊断.     

内镜诊断与治疗19例消化道神经内分泌瘤分析

目的探讨消化道神经内分泌瘤(NET)的内镜诊断、治疗及预后。方法收集某院经组织病理学和免疫组化确诊的19例胃肠道NET病历资料进行分析。结果 19例中肿瘤单发17例,多发2例,内镜表现为息肉、糜烂、溃疡、隆起病变等。直径≤10 mm病变,内镜窄带成像(NBI)见病变表面毛细血管增粗或不规则,伴腺体缺失,超声内镜见病灶位于黏膜层;直径>15mm,NBI见病变表面毛细血管明显减少,超声内镜见病变已累及黏膜下层。对病变直径≤15 mm,病变局限于黏膜层,黏膜下层完整的14例患者行内镜下切除治疗,术后随访4~48个月,未见复发和转移。结论消化道NET内镜特点缺少特异性;对病变局限于黏膜及黏膜下层且直径≤10 mm病灶,内镜下切除是有效、安全的。     

高危型人乳头状瘤病毒感染及p53、Cyclin D1与卵巢上皮性肿瘤的关系

目的:探讨高危型人乳头状瘤病毒感染及p53、Cyclin D1与卵巢癌发生的关系。方法采用原位杂交法检测卵巢上皮性良性肿瘤32例、交界性肿瘤25例、卵巢癌45例中HPV16/18病毒,免疫组化SP法检测p53、Cyclin D1的表达;用正常卵巢组织作对照。结果:①卵巢上皮性良性肿瘤HPV16/18的感染率及Cyclin D1阳性表达与交界性肿瘤、卵巢癌比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),与正常卵巢组织比较差异无统计学意义;卵巢交界性肿瘤与卵巢癌比较差异无统计学意义。p53蛋白在卵巢交界性肿瘤与卵巢癌比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),与正常卵巢组织、卵巢上皮性良性肿瘤比较差异均无统计学意义。②低分化卵巢癌中HPV16/18的感染率高,p53呈高表达(P<0.05),与患者年龄、组织学类型及临床分期等无关。卵巢癌中Cyclin D1的表达与患者年龄、组织学类型、病理分级及临床分期等无关。③卵巢癌中Cyclin D1、p53与HPV16/18感染呈正相关。结论:高危型HPV感染及p53、Cyclin D1的异常表达可能与卵巢癌发生有关,其联合检测对卵巢交界性肿瘤及卵巢癌的早期诊断和治疗与估计预后具有重要意义。     

Pharmacologic therapy for neuroendocrine tumours

Neuroendocrine tumours are heterogeneous and rare malignancies arising from endocrine cells located in various anatomical locations. Neuroendocrine tumours can be functional and may produce a wide variety of mediators, however, the majority of neuroendocrine tumours do not produce biologically active hormones (non-functioning tumours). On the basis of their pathological and biological characteristics they can be well differentiated as low malignant and poorly differentiated highly malignant tumours. In the case of the advanced low malignant tumours the application of somatostatin analogues not only may control symptoms but they also have direct anti-tumour effect. The use of higher doses of somatostatin analogues or new subtype selective agonists, and chimeric or pan-somatostatin analogues will probably improve the clinical management of the patients who fail to respond to standard somatostatin analogue treatment. Data show that somatostatin analogues and interferon have a synergistic effect. The currently used chemotherapy in progressive neuroendocrine tumors is mainly devoted to poorly differentiated tumours, but also to well differentiated carcinomas which are either not eligible or resistant to other therapies. However, the new anti-tumoural agents, could eventually replace these old recipes in the near future. Clinical trials show that telozomide with capecitabine result in more favorable toxic profile and higher and longer response rate in the case of well-differentiated tumours. Targeted therapy became a new possibility in neuroendocrine tumours too. The monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, which affects the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, has beneficial effects both in monotherapies and in combination with somatostatin analogues or with oxaliplatine and capecitabine. Recently, the low molecular multikinase inhibitor, sunitinib has demonstrated efficacy in pancreas neuroendocrine tumors, which was proven in a phase 3 trial. The mammalian target of the rapamycin inhibitor everolimus, currently investigated in phase 3 trials, was also efficient in the same subtype. Further trials are needed to determine that in the case of other types of neuroendocrine tumours which targeted therapy could be efficient. Radioisotope-labeled peptide receptor therapy with 131I-MIBG, ??Y-DOTA-TOC or 1??Lu-DOTA-TOC may offer a highly effective option for patients with progressive and advanced stage of neuroendocrine tumours. The purpose of this review is to review and analyze data available regarding contemporary chemotherapeutic management of neuroendocrine tumours in order to determine which therapy should be applied in the therapeutic arsenal.     

Neuroendocrine tumours of the digestive tract report of two cases and literature review

Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the digestive system are rare. They comprise only 1% of all the tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study is to report two cases of exceptional localization of non secretary neuroendocrine tumors. Their difficulty in diagnosis, treatment and controversy in chemotherapy merit their study in depth. These are two patients that were treated in the department of general surgery (Beau Séjour) in Charles Nicolle Hospital for non secretary (NET) of the pancreas and stomach. The first was presented as a painless epigastria mass with frequent diarrhea. The second was presented as a painful mass in the left hypochondriac area without any other symptoms. Biochemical evaluation confirmed their non secretary properties. Surgery remains the first line of treatment. It was possible for the gastric, but not for the pancreatic tumor. Both were very advanced and had metastasis. Histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemical study using the method of peroxydase antiperoxydase (PAP) complexes for some special monoclonal antibodies confirmed the diagnosis. Chemotherapy of both cases was mal tolerated and was discussed in details.     

Sarcomas of the mandible. Literature review and case reports

Sarcomas of the maxillofacial region are rare tumors presenting with wide variety of histopathological and clinical features. The authors treated six patients with sarcomas of the mandible over a period of ten years: 2 patients with fibrosarcomas, 2 with lymphosarcomas, one with osteogenic sarcoma and one with chondrosarcoma. The patients' ages ranged from 28 to 65 years, one was male and five - female. The present study reports three cases (osteogenic sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma) with specific clinical and radiographic characteristics, demonstrating the differences between the various types of sarcomas. Special attention is paid to the first clinical signs and symptoms, and to the differential diagnosis with inflammatory conditions (post-extraction alveolitis, chronic odontogenic osteomyelitis), benign tumors (osteoblastoclastoma, ameloblastoma, odontogenic cysts, fibrous dysplasia) and centrally developing jaw carcinomas. Particular emphasis is given to CT imaging and morphological examinations in making an accurate diagnosis and providing adequate treatment. Early diagnosis and precise surgical treatment (total resection or hemiexarticulation, or neck dissection if submandibular or cervical metastases are present) are essential to achieve satisfactory management of these malignant neoplasms. The radiotherapy and chemotherapy administered according to the histologic features of the tumor are also of significance.     

胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤诊治进展

胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤是临床少见的恶性肿瘤,主要表现为过量分泌肿瘤相关物质所引起的症状,如皮肤潮红、轻度或者中度腹泻、右心瓣膜病变、哮喘、呼吸困难等疾病。多发生于中老年患者,且女性多于男性,呈现散发特点。多数患者无特异性临床症状,难以早期发现,降低了患者生存质量。胃肠胰腺神经内分泌瘤源于神经内分泌细胞的肿瘤,可起源于不同的神经内分泌器官。近年来,伴随着医学技术的不断发展,此疾病的诊断及治疗技术得到了提高。本文针对胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤诊断及治疗进行综述,以期提高此疾病诊治水平,为后续的相关临床实践研究提供参考依据。     

Aurora B在子宫内膜和子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的:探讨Aurora B在正常子宫内膜和子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及其与子宫内膜癌临床病理参数之间的关系。方法:采用免疫组织化学链霉素抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶(streptavidin-biotin peroxidase,SP)法对10例正常增殖期子宫内膜组织、10例正常分泌期子宫内膜组织和72例子宫内膜癌组织Aurora B的表达情况进行了检测,分析其在正常子宫内膜组织中的表达规律及其与子宫内膜癌临床病理特征的关系。结果:Aurora B表达的阳性指数在正常增殖期子宫内膜组织中明显高于分泌期子宫内膜组织,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01);增殖期的表达也高于子宫内膜癌组织的表达,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01);Aurora B表达阳性指数在高分化、低手术分期和肌层浸润深度≤1/2的子宫内膜癌组织中低于中、低分化、高手术分期和子宫肌层浸润深度>1/2的子宫内膜癌组织,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01、P<0.01、P<0.05,respectively)。结论:Aurora B参与正常增殖期子宫内膜腺体上皮细胞的增生和复制;Aurora B在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达与其生物学行为有关,Aurora B的表达升高提示子宫内膜癌的恶性生物学行为增加。     

囊性肾癌的临床分析

目的提高囊性肾癌的诊治水平,提高对囊性肾癌的认识。方法回顾性分析2001年6月～2006年1月收治的16例囊性肾癌患者的流行病学、病理学、临床表现、影像学特征及临床治疗资料,并与TNM分期构成与囊性肾癌组相同的11例非囊性肾癌比较预后。结果囊性肾癌无特征性的临床表现,术前影像学检查可以提供诊断线索,经病理确诊肾癌囊性变10例,多囊性肾癌4例,单纯性囊肿癌变2例。结论囊性肾癌是一类在影像学和大体病理上具有囊性改变的肾癌的统称,由3种病理学类型构成,术前正确鉴别各亚型是选择手术方式和判断预后的关键。     

New WHO-classification of lung and pleural tumors]

A new classification of the World Health Organization (WHO) of lung and pleural tumours will be published presently. Compared with the previous edition of 1981 the changed parts more accurately reflect the available therapeutic choices and the prognostic characteristics of the different tumour types. The classification is based on conventional light-microscopical typing. Additional techniques (from histochemistry, immune histochemistry, electron microscopy and molecular biology) have not yet decisive influence on tumour typing. The dichotomy between small-cell and large-cell carcinomas is too simplistic, as the group of large-cell carcinomas is heterogeneous, and further differentiation leads to identification of tumour types with distinct therapeutic options and prognostic characteristics. There are new criteria for the classification of neuroendocrine tumours, such as the mitotic index. It is recommended to use the newly revised classification for diagnostic purposes, epidemiology and biologic studies.     

体外循环心脏手术后胃肠道并发症的综合治疗探究

目的通过观察体外循环心脏手术后胃肠道并发症的临床特征、危险因素、早期诊断、综合治疗以及预后干预措施,探讨体外循环心脏手术后胃肠道并发症的综合治疗措施。方法回顾我院2002年2月²013年10月收治的56例体外循环心脏手术(心脏瓣膜置换术32例,冠状动脉搭桥14例,心脏瓣膜置换术+冠状动脉搭桥术5例,大血管手术3例,先心病矫治术2例)术后发生胃肠道并发症的患者临床资料,分析胃粘膜保护机制削弱、损伤因素作用增强及机体的神经内分泌功能失调三方面在体外循环心脏术后胃肠道并发症的发生、发展、转归中的作用,总结体外循环心脏手术后胃肠道并发症的综合干预措施。结果 1例原有消化溃疡病史,因大量出血,死于休克;其余55例患者均痊愈出院。对55例患者进行为期12013年10月收治的56例体外循环心脏手术(心脏瓣膜置换术32例,冠状动脉搭桥14例,心脏瓣膜置换术+冠状动脉搭桥术5例,大血管手术3例,先心病矫治术2例)术后发生胃肠道并发症的患者临床资料,分析胃粘膜保护机制削弱、损伤因素作用增强及机体的神经内分泌功能失调三方面在体外循环心脏术后胃肠道并发症的发生、发展、转归中的作用,总结体外循环心脏手术后胃肠道并发症的综合干预措施。结果 1例原有消化溃疡病史,因大量出血,死于休克;其余55例患者均痊愈出院。对55例患者进行为期1⁵年的随访,均无复发和死亡情况。结论体外循环心脏手术后胃肠道并发症病死率高,对术前有胃肠道病史、术前心功能差等高危患者术前可采取必要的预防措施,术后对并发症早期诊断、早期采取综合干预措施,可以提高生率,达到很好的治疗效果。