高频喷射通气结合胸壁挤压对组胺致肺损伤犬呼吸循环功能的影响

以高频喷射通气结合胸壁挤压（ＨＦＪＶ＋ＣＷＣ）为通气模式，观察其对组胺致肺损伤犬呼吸循环功能的影响，并与单纯高频喷射通气（ＨＦＪＶ）进行比较。结果表明：与ＨＦＪＶ相比，ＨＦＪＶ＋ＣＷＣ时的功能残气量（ＦＲＣ）、ＰａＣＯ＿２和ＰＣＯ＿２均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），肺泡通气量（Ｖ＿Ａ）和二氧化碳排出量（ＣＯ＿２）均显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），每分呼出气量（Ｖ＿Ｅ）、ＰａＯ＿２、ＰＣＯ＿２、吸气峰压（ＰＩＰ）、平均气道压（Ｐａｗ）、呼气末压（ＥＥＰ）、ＨＲ、平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）、肺动脉压（ＰＡＰ）和肺毛细血管楔压（ＰＣＷＰ）均无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：ＨＦＪＶ＋ＣＷＣ除保留单纯ＨＦＪＶ时气道开放、气道低压、良好的血液氧合、不影响循环功能等特点外，还具有增加呼气动力，改善肺泡通气，显著促进ＣＯ＿２排除等优点。     

高频双向喷射通气对组胺犬气体交换及呼吸力学的影响

本实验比较了不同通气频率时高频双向喷射通气（ＨＦＴＪＶ）与高频喷射通气（ＨＦＪＶ）对组胺致肺损伤犬气体交换、氧运输功能、呼吸力学及血流动力学的影响。结果表明，在组胺持续滴注时，当通气频率分别为６０及１００次／ｍｉｎ时，ＨＦＴＪＶ时的ＰａＣＯ＿２较ＨＦＪＶ时均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０、１），ｐＨ均显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＰａＣＯ＿２、氧耗量、氧运输量、心输出量、肺动脉压、气道压、肺及时吸系统阻力、顺应性等均无明显改变。提示：ＨＦＴＪＶ能够显著增强组胺致肺损伤大的ＣＯ＿２排除，而对氧运输功能、呼吸力学及血流动力学均无明显影响。     

一种新高频通气方法对实验性急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效观察

在高频喷射通气（ＨＦＪＶ）治疗犬实验性急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）时，采用连续ＨＦＪＶ基础上间歇叠加深吸气（ＨＦＪＶ＋ＤＩ）的新通气方法，以期为ＡＲＤＳ的治疗寻找一种新途径。用油酸复制犬ＡＲＤＳ模型，并随机分为３组。ＨＦＪＶ＋ＤＩ组（ｎ＝１０）：在连续ＨＦＪＶ基础上每隔１０分钟加入１次深吸气；常规机械通气组（ＣＭＶ，ｎ＝１０），给予０．７８５ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝１０．２０ｃｍＨ２Ｏ）呼气末正压（ＰＥＥＰ）治疗；对照组（ｎ＝１０），未予通气治疗。每隔１小时测定１次氧合及血流动力学指标，共观察５小时。注射油酸后，动脉氧分压（ＰａＯ２）由１２．４００ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）降至６．５６０ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜０．０１），动脉二氧化碳分压（Ｐａ－ＣＯ２）未见明显变化。通气治疗后，ＣＭＶ和ＨＦＪＶ＋ＤＩ均使ＰａＯ２明显升高，ＰａＣＯ２无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＨＦＪＶ＋ＤＩ的氧释放指数（ＤＯ２Ｉ）明显高于ＣＭＶ组（Ｐ＞０．０５），心脏指数（ＣＩ）在ＣＭＶ组及ＨＦＪＶ＋ＤＩ组均明显减低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示：ＨＦＪＶ＋ＤＩ时ＰａＯ２的提高大于ＣＩ下降所致的不利影响，在改善组织缺氧方面明显优于ＣＭＶ时加用ＰＥＥＰ     

高频双向喷射通气和常规机械通气对蒸气吸入性损伤犬治疗效果的比较

目的：观察高频双向喷射通气（ＨＦＴＪＶ）和常规机械通气（ＣＭＶ）对蒸气吸入性损伤犬的呼吸循环动力学参数、肺容量及血气的影响。方法：通过蒸气吸入致伤，复制了犬重度蒸气吸入性损伤模型。结果：①两种通气方式下呼吸系统总阻力（Ｒｒｓ）、肺阻力（ＲＬ）均显著高于对照值（Ｐ均＜０．０１），呼吸系统总顺应性（Ｃｒｓ）、肺顺应性（ＣＬ）均显著低于对照值（Ｐ均＜０．０５），但两者之间比较，Ｒｒｓ、ＲＬ和Ｃｒｓ、ＣＬ的变化均无显著性差异（Ｐ均＞０．０５）。②ＣＭＶ能引起ＣＯ２潴留；ＨＦＴＪＶ比ＣＭＶ显著增加ＣＯ２排出量（ＶＣＯ２，Ｐ＜０．０５），降低过高的ＰａＣＯ２（Ｐ＜０．０１）。③两种通气方式下功能残气量（ＦＲＣ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）和ＰａＯ２均无显著变化（Ｐ均＞０．０５）。结论：两种通气方式均能克服气道阻力辅助呼吸，但不能使伤后高气道阻力和低肺顺应性恢复正常。ＣＭＶ的通气效率较低，可引起ＣＯ２潴留；ＨＦＴＪＶ的通气效率则明显优于ＣＭＶ，且能维持吸入性损伤犬的血气至正常水平。     

开放式高频喷射通气在重症烧伤患者应用中的评价

目的：对开放式高频喷射通气（ＨＦＪＯＶ）用于重症烧伤患者长期呼吸支持的效果、并发症和预后进行评价。方法：分析９７例重症烧伤患者持续应用ＨＦＪＯＶ辅助通气当日、第２天、第６天或第１０天以上的疗效，根据显效、有效和无效３种标准予以判定。结果：ＨＦＪＯＶ使用当日总有效率６５．０％，第２天后疗效进行性降低，至第１０天后仅３１．８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。呼吸道损伤出血是最常见和最严重的并发症，ＨＦＪＯＶ使用６天后，发生率从５６．７％升至８１．８％（Ｐ＜０．００１）；而后为呼吸性碱中毒、血或痰块引起的气道阻塞和呼吸性酸中毒。呼吸功能衰竭仍然是主要死因。结论：由于气道开放，ＨＦＪＯＶ技术难以实施湿化、温化、灭菌、氧浓度监测和调节；因此，长时间使用ＨＦＪＯＶ可能使通气效率降低，引起气道损伤；ＨＦＪＯＶ无效或须应用４天以上时，应更换其它通气支持方式；对严重肺损伤患者，ＨＦＪＯＶ不宜作为首选的呼吸支持方式。     

高频喷射通气加综合方案治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床研究

高频喷射通气加综合方案治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床研究周生明（山东新汶矿务局莱芜医院，新汶２７１１０３）自１９８６年以来，我们在实验研究基础上［１，２］，采用高频喷射通气（ＨＦＪＶ）加促使ＣＯ２排出的综合方案治疗肺心病Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭（Ⅱ ＲＦ）４９例，疗效满意...     

应用高频通气和吸入一氧化氮治疗实验性胎粪吸入

目的 评价实验性胎粪吸入（ＭＡＳ）联合应用吸入一氧化氮（ｉＮＯ）和高频通气（ＨＦＶ）或常频通气（ＣＭＶ）的治疗效果。方法 新西兰白兔气管切开插管常频机械通气,气道内滴入胎粪３～４ｍｌ／ｋｇ约３０ｍｉｎ后出现ＭＡＳ模型,表现为肺顺应性（Ｃｄｙｎ）下降〉３０％,动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）〈１０ｋＰａ,随机分为对照组（机械通气）和治疗组（机械通气＋ｉＮＯ）,每组中先用ＣＭＶ３ｈ后改ＨＦＶ３ｈ（ＣＭＶ－ＨＦ     

体外高频通气

体外高频通气江西医学院第一附属医院烧伤中心（３３０００６）郭光华（综述）曹勇吴燮卿（审校）近年来。随着高频通气（ＨＦＶ）技术的不断发展和完善，体外ＨＦＶ日益受到重视。所谓体外ＨＦＶ，即通过挤压胸壁或振荡全身体表在气道产生振荡气流，进行辅助呼吸。体外Ｈ...     

两种通气时动脉血与呼气末二氧化碳分压的关系

本文选用ＡＳＡ分级Ⅰ级病人１０例，全麻下随机用ＩＰＰＶ（潮气量８～１０ｍｌ／ｋｇ，吸∶呼＝１∶２，呼吸频率１４次／分）和ＨＦＪＶ（压力０．１ＭＰａ，频率６０～８０次／分）各先后通气３０分钟，抽取通气３０分钟时的动脉血做血气分析，比较此时的ＰａＣＯ２和ＰＥＴＣＯ２。发现ＩＰＰＶ时ＰａＣＯ２为５．３８±１．３７，ＰＥＴＣＯ２４．３６±０．８３，ＨＦＪＶ时，ＰａＣＯ２为５．５５±２．０３，ＰＥＴＣＯ２为３．６８±０．９５。无论在ＩＰＰＶ或ＨＦＪＶ时，ＰａＣＯ２与ＰＥＴＣＯ２存在正相关关系（ｒ分别为０．８０７和０．６９）。并求出相应的回归方程。在临床上，通过无创性ＰＥＴＣＯ２监测，可间接判断ＰａＣＯ２，及时发现和处理呼吸机和呼吸管理中出现的问题。提高全麻病人和使用呼吸机病人的安全性。     

高频喷射通气抢救成人呼吸窘迫综合征6例

高频喷射通气抢救成人呼吸窘迫综合征６例空军天津医院外三科（３００３８１）赵恩福，李品端，左建鹰，王松山我院１９８８～１９９２年应用高频喷射时通气（ＨＦＪＶ）抢救成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）６例。报告如下。１临床资料１．１一般情况：６例中男４例、女２...     

A new tracheal tube and methods to facilitate ventilation and placement in emergency airway management

The “jet endotracheal tube” (JET) has been designed to facilitate emergency intubation in apnoeic or paralyzed patients with a difficult airway. We investigated the efficiency of jet ventilation to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation using the initially designed JET, either with its distal tip positioned above vocal cord and pointed directly at or 45° to the right of the vocal cord opening midline in 10 adult paralyzed pigs. The effectiveness of using end tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO₂), chest rise and breath sounds to facilitate tracheal placement of the JET blindly in a simulated difficult airway was studied. All complications of using the JET were noted. Jet ventilation with the distal tip of the JET pointed directly at, not 45° to the right of vocal cord opening midline, provides adequate oxygenation and ventilation during intubation. In a simulated difficult airway, PetCO₂, chest rise and breath sounds were all effective methods to assist placement of the JET blindly, and the combination of all three methods works the best. No serious complications were detected with the use of the JET. Our results suggest that a correctly positioned JET guided by monitoring PetCO₂, chest rise and breath sound provides adequate oxygenation and ventilation during intubation in apnoeic pigs, and facilitates the intubation blindly in a simulated difficult airway. No serious complications were observed using the JET in this study. In patients requiring emergency intubation, a JET with PetCO₂ monitoring catheter and the instructions for use may be a useful addition to the airway management devices.     

Arterial to end-tidal CO2 gradients during spontaneous breathing, intermittent positive-pressure ventilation and jet ventilation

Arterial to end-tidal CO2 tension gradients were measured in 18 dogs during spontaneous breathing (SB), intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), and both low-frequency and high-frequency jet ventilation (LFJV and HFJV). The dogs were anesthetized with nembutal and permitted to breathe spontaneously through an 8-mm internal diameter endotracheal tube; blood gas tensions, cardiac output, and end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (PetCO2) were measured. IPPV, LFJV, and HFJV were then instituted in a random sequence and measurements repeated. PaO2, PaCO2 and cardiac output were similar during all four ventilatory modes. The mean PaCO2 differed significantly (p less than .001) from PetCO2 during IPPV, LFJV, and HFJV but not during SB. The mean PaCO2-PetCO2 gradient was 3.7 +/- 1 (SD), 12.6 +/- 5.0, and 24.3 +/- 8 torr during IPPV, LFJV and HFJV, respectively. The large gradients during LFJV and HFJV were not produced by dilution of tracheal CO2 by entrained air or by oxygen delivered by the jet. These results suggest that both LFJV and HFJV may be associated with a large PaCO2-PetCO2 gradient.     

Airway pressure as a measure of gas exchange during high-frequency jet ventilation

Airway pressure during high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) reflects safety, ventilator performance, and gas exchange. The value of airway pressure as a monitoring and control variable for predicting the effectiveness of gas exchange was examined in 2 studies using healthy dogs. In the first study, HFJV was delivered to the airway via an extra lumen in the wall of an endotracheal tube, at a frequency of 150 cycle/min and 30% inspiratory time. Airway pressures (peak, mean, trough) were measured at various locations, from 5 cm below to 30 cm above the jet port. Pressures measured above the jet were misleading, but the proper measurement distance below the jet remains uncertain. The second study used the same ventilator settings but varied the airway pressure difference between peak and end-expiratory pressures (2, 4, or 6 cm H2O), and either the mean airway pressure (6 or 10 cm H2O) or the positive end-expiratory pressure (0, 5, 10, or 15 cm H2O). The airway pressure difference correlated strongly with efficiency of gas exchange for both CO2 elimination and oxygenation. Mean and end-expiratory pressures showed little influence over moderate ranges, but use of 15 cm H2O of PEEP decreased efficiency of both CO2 elimination and oxygenation, presumably due to increased dead space because of lung overdistension. We conclude that the airway pressure difference, measured as far distal in the airway as is safe and practical, can be useful for monitoring and controlling HFJV.     

高频通气在肺抢救监护病房(PICU)中应用(附25例分析)

我们对PICU中25例危重患儿行高频通气(HFV)32例次(占同期机械通气病人的18.6％)。其中混合高频通气(CHFV)6例次,高频喷射通气(HFJV)10例次,高频正压通气(HFPPV)2例次,经鼻塞高频喷射给氧14例次。年龄范围:1天～10岁,主要原发病:重症肺炎伴呼衰、心衰,心肺复苏后,重症支气管哮喘,呼吸窘迫综合征等。经鼻气管内插管为高频通气主要途经。应用结果显示:经鼻塞高频给氧与普通给氧(口罩或头罩)相比,PaO_2和PaO_2/Fio2值明显上升(P<0.01),PaCO_2和PH无明显变化(P>0.05),混合高频通气组均无CO_2潴留,并提示其所需平均气道压(Paw)和吸气峰压值(PIP)较单纯常频通气时为低。本文对高频通气适应症、高频呼吸器参数的调节略加讨论。并指出:CO_2潴留和呼吸道湿化不足仍是高频喷射通气应用中存在的主要问题,为此可采取与常频通气交替使用,注意调节驱动力和频率等参数和加强气道管理等方法加以解决。     

Setting and monitoring of high-frequency jet ventilation in severe respiratory distress syndrome

High-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) is used in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) to avoid high airway pressures and barotrauma. This study was designed to find rational strategies to regulate oxygenation and alveolar ventilation at HFJV and to determine appropriate monitoring methods. Seven dogs were subjected to total lung lavage with saline to induce RDS. PEEP was increased at conventional intermittent positive-pressure ventilation until re-expansion was indicated by a PaO2 of 300 torr at an FIO2 of 1.0 HFJV at 4 and 15 Hz was each tried at 0 and 10 cm H2O PEEP. Intermittent low-frequency inflations were also added to HFJV at 0 PEEP. Lung expansion was maintained without circulatory depression by adjustment of minute ventilation (VE) delivered by the HFJ ventilator; external PEEP was a useful complement. PaCO2 was controlled by frequency adjustment. HFJV at 4 Hz resulted in hypocapnia; intermittent low-frequency inflations had no effect. VE monitoring, CO2 elimination monitoring, and PEEP adjustment was done with a standard ventilator during HFJV. This study illustrates that HFJV is efficient in RDS; VE and external PEEP strongly influence oxygenation and may be used to regulate this factor, and frequency affects CO2 elimination, thus suggesting a method of PaCO2 control.     

脊柱骨折伴高位截瘫合并气道高反应性患者的气道护理

目的探索脊柱骨折伴高位截瘫合并气道高反应性患者气道的有效护理方法。方法密切观察呼吸的频率、节律、幅度等情况,保持呼吸道通畅,加强气道湿化,保持正态通气方式,维持机体有效循环,保证体内血氧处于正常状态。结果患者好转出院16例,因家庭因素及经济原因自动出院3例。结论患有气道高反应性的脊柱骨折伴高位截瘫的患者,应加强气道湿化,保持呼吸道通畅,保持正态通气方式,能保证机体血氧处于正常状态,促进患者早日康复。     

A double-crossover study comparing conventional ventilation with high frequency ventilation in a patient with tracheoesophageal fistula

Respiratory distress, from severe gastric aspiration pneumonitis and abdominal distention in the patient with tracheoesophageal fistula frequently requires mechanical ventilatory support. Bulk flow ventilation can lead to enlargement of the fistulous tract, elevation of gastric intraluminal pressures, raised airway pressures with hemodynamic instability, and retained secretions. We report a case of tracheoesophageal fistula, secondary to perforation of a squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, with temporary improvement in gas exchange on high frequency ventilation after failing on a conventional ventilator. The patient initially failed to improve on an Engstrom ventilator (Engstrom-Gambro, Inc., Barrington, IL) at 13 l/minute ventilation. Instituting high frequency jet ventilation with a VS 600 Jet Ventilator (Instrument Development Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA) at initial settings of 35 psi, rate 150, inspiratory time 40%, FiO2 0.8 and 12 cm H2O positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), provided incremental improvement in gas exchange and oxygenation up to 26 cm H2O PEEP. However, in view of progressive multi-organ failure we terminated the jet ventilation after 48 h and returned the patient to conventional ventilation. We were unable to provide life-sustaining ventilation and oxygenation with either an Engstrom ventilator at 13 l/-minute ventilation or an MA-1 ventilator (Puritan-Bennett, Kansas City, MO) at a tidal volume of 800 cc and a ventilator rate of 30. Terminal respiratory failure occurred. Based on the period of improvement using high frequency jet ventilation, we believe this mode of ventilatory support is beneficial in the management of tracheoesophageal fistula.     

Combined continuous-flow, normal, and high-frequency ventilation

Ten anesthetized, paralyzed dogs were ventilated at 10 breath/min and 100 cycle/min with a valveless ventilator. When fresh respiratory gas was supplied at the carina or insufflated into the bronchi, there was a significant (p less than .05) reduction in PaCO2, which was maximal during high-frequency ventilation (HFV) with twice normal minute volume. There was no statistically significant advantage in using a more complicated system for bronchial insufflation compared with supplying the fresh gas through a single tube near the carina. The improvement in ventilation and oxygenation during HFV with gas at the carina was reduced markedly when normal lungs were injured by oleic acid. Thus, when peak airway pressure was minimized during HFV, there was a further improvement in gas exchange without an appreciable increase in airway pressure when the gas was supplied at the carina.     

Frequency and percent inspiratory time for high-frequency jet ventilation

A variety of frequencies and percent inspiratory times (%TI) may be used for high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV). Five physiologic criteria were used to evaluate various combinations of frequency and %TI: mean airway pressure (Paw), cardiac output, PaCO2, PaO2, and intrapulmonary shunt (Qsp/Qt). At a constant drive pressure, the effects of frequencies of 100, 200, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 cycle/min at %TI values of 20%, 30%, and 40% of the respiratory cycle were evaluated and compared with the effects of controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) at 8 to 12 breath/min. Only at 200 cycle/min and 20% TI, were Paw, cardiac output, PaCO2, PaO2, and Qsp/Qt all the same as the CMV values. At 100 cycle/min and 20% TI, CO2 elimination increased without significantly affecting Paw, cardiac output, PaO2, or Qsp/Qt. These data suggest that HFJV might compromise one or more physiologic variables at certain combinations of frequency and %TI. Therefore, at a fixed drive pressure, there appears to be a narrow range of HFJV ventilator settings that should be considered.