Sleep Bruxism and Sleep‐Disordered Breathing

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a repetitive jaw muscle activity with clenching or grinding of the teeth during sleep. SB is characterized by what is known as rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA). RMMA is the laboratory polysomnographic finding that differentiates SB from other oromandibular movements seen during sleep. Most often RMMA episodes are associated with sleep arousal. Some patients will report similar complaints related to both SB and sleep disordered breathing (SDB). There are some reports that would suggest that SB is a result of SDB. It has has been postulated that SB is a compensatory mechanism to re establish muscle tone of the upper airway. While these disorders do in fact often present concomitantly, the relationship between the two is yet to be fully elucidated. This Critical Appraisal reviews 3 recent publications with the intent to better define what relationships may exists between SDB and SB. While the current evidence appears to support the notion that these are often concomitant disorders, it also makes clear that evidence to support the hypothesis that SDB is causative for SB is currently lacking. (J Esthet Restor Dent 00:000–000, 2016)     

Silensor阻鼾器治疗前后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者上气道结构改变的分析

目的 探讨Silensor阻鼾器治疗前后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者上气道结构的改变。方法 采用X线头影测量法对42例OSAS患者Silensor阻鼾器治疗前后的上气道及其周围结构的形态进行测量,并对测量的42项结果进行配对t检验。结果 经阻鼾器治疗后,OSAS患者的软腭后气道增大最显著,软腭后-软腭后咽壁距由（9.10±2.25） mm 增加到（12.24±2.61） mm,舌根后气道间隙由（8.99±3.20） mm增至（11.24±3.79） mm,软腭与舌体接触长度由（26.26±6.04） mm 减小至（14.37±8.14） mm,舌骨-下颌平面距由（21.27±6.12） mm减小为（12.14±5.89） mm,会厌谷与颏后点间的距离由（55.15±5.61） mm减小为（51.63±5.87） mm。口咽气道面积和喉咽气道面积分别由（7.01±1.54） mm2和（3.02±0.89） mm2增大为（7.85±1.61） mm2和（3.61±1.61） mm2。结论 Silensor阻鼾器治疗后OSAS患者的上气道间隙明显增大。     

下颌前移矫正器对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者上气道影响的X线研究

目的研究下颌前移矫正器对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者上气道的影响及与颅面形态的关系.方法148名存在0SAS的北欧白人患者拍摄治疗前及戴用矫正器后的自然头位时X线头颅侧位片.计算机头影测量进行21项项目的测量.比较戴入矫正器前后头影测量的变化.统计分析为配对t检验和多因素逐步回归,由SPSS软件包完成.结果戴入矫正器后患者上气道矢状径在各水平均增加,腭咽水平(SAS)增加1.76±2.03mm;舌咽水平(PAS)增加了1.77±2.03mm,喉咽水平(LAS)增加了1.08±0.97mm.在女性组,SAS的增加与戴矫正器后前牙打开的高度负相关(R2=0.174);PAS的增加与髁突前移的距离相关(R2=0.31);总样本中LAS的变化与软腭长度负相关与覆盖的减小相关(R2=0.67);女性中LAS与下颌前移量相关(R2=0.194).结论下颌前移矫正器能增加患者上气道的宽度,变化最显著者在气道口咽部.气道宽度的变化与患者颅面特征相关.     

Impact of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis on the Oropharyngeal Airway in Adult Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Secondary to Retroglossal Airway Obstruction

Aim

To evaluate the impact of mandibular advancement by distraction osteogenesis on the oropharyngeal airway in adult patients with retroglossal airway obstruction using two different techniques of mandibular distraction.

Materials And Methods

13 adult patients with mandibular hypoplasia secondary to TMJ ankylosis with OSAS and radiographic, CT and polysomnographic evidence of OSAS were included in the study. MDO was performed (corpus distraction in 8 cases and morphometric distraction in 5 patients). Post-operatively the patients were followed up by radiographs, CT and polysomnography after 1 month and 6 months.

Results

There was an increase in the linear dimension of mandible by 11.07 mm, the volume by 19.3% and a decrease in AHI from 44.8 to 13.2.

Conclusion

Mandibular distraction (corpus and orthomorphic—equivocal results) is an effective method of relieving the retroglossal airway obstruction in adult patients with OSAS.     

Tension Headache and Bruxism in the Sleep Disordered Patient

An association exists between bruxism, tension headache, and sleep disorders, particularly sleep apnea, in the craniomandibular dysfunction patient. Understanding the relationship of these three entities provides the clinician with valuable information that enhances one's ability to make a differential diagnosis. A review of sleep disorders is presented so that a clearer understanding of them can be gained, with emphasis on obstructive sleep apnea. Current theories regarding bruxism, morning headache, and sleep disorders relate closely to altered muscle activity, altered breathing and fluctuation in oxygen saturation levels, which in turn can contribute to a patient's complaints of various types of facial pain.     

Cephalometric Evaluation of Airway Changes Following Mandibular Distraction in Patients with Nocturnal Desaturations During Sleep Secondary to TMJ Ankylosis

Objectives

The objective of this study was to cephalometrically evaluate the changes in the oro-pharyngeal airway and its correlation to the clinical outcome following mandibular distraction in patients with sleep disordered breathing secondary to tempero-mandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis.

Methods

Five patients diagnosed as having nocturnal desaturations during sleep secondary to TMJ ankylosis were evaluated in this study. They were evaluated pre and post mandibular distraction using cephalometry, to determine changes in their oro-pharyngeal airway space and, upper and lower airway dimensions. An attempt was made to correlate these changes to the clinical outcome of the procedure by over-night pulse-oximetry.

Results

The patients showed a mean increase of 31.33 % in the oro-pharyngeal airway space with a 3.8 % increase in the oxygen saturation levels. The change in the airway space dimensions and area was directly proportional to the oxygen saturation observed in the patients.

Conclusion

The patients in this series did not show a very high apnoea hypopnoea index but had a compromised airway which resulted in sub-optimal sleep patterns. Mandibular distraction in these patients not only improved their esthetics but also proved to aid their functional rehabilitation by significantly increasing their oro-pharyngeal space and reducing their sleep disturbances.     

男性儿童 OSAS上气道及周围结构X线头影测量研究

目的本文旨在对儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(简称OSAS)患者的上气道及其周围结构进行X线头影测量研究。方法运用计算机辅助X线头影测量技术,对7例替牙期男性儿童OSAS进行了颅、面、颌、咽部形态特征研究,并与正常儿童作比较。结果替牙期男性OSAS患者颅底长度、腭平面角和下颌平面角均增大,舌体高度增加,舌骨位置下降,舌根和软腭后气道前后径减小,软腭与舌体占整个口咽腔的比例增大。结论儿童OSAS患者的颅、面、颌、咽部结构存在有别于正常儿童的异常特征。X线头影测量是一种简便而实用的评估OSAS的方法,有助于临床诊断和治疗计划的制定。     

下颌适度前移矫治器治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停及上气道容积的影响

目的:研究下颌适度前移矫治器(mandibular advancement device,MAD)治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(ob-structive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)及上气道容积的影响.方法:选择2017年6月～2018年9月经河南省中医院收治的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者57例进行...