Effect of early enteral combined with parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy

AIM:To investigate the effect of early enteral nutrition(EEN)combined with parenteral nutritional support in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD).METHODS:From January 2006,all patients were given EEN combined with parenteral nutrition(PN)(EEN/PN group,n=107),while patients prior to this date were given total parenteral nutrition(TPN)(TPN group,n=67).Venous blood samples were obtained for a nutrition-associated assessment and liver function tests on the day before surgery and 6 d after surgery.The assessment of clinical outcome was based on postoperative complications.Follow-up for infectious and noninfectious complications was carried out for 30 d after hospital discharge.Readmission within 30 d afterdischarge was also recorded.RESULTS:Compared with the TPN group,a significant decrease in prealbumin(PAB)(P=0.023)was seen in the EEN/PN group.Total bilirubin(TB),direct bilirubin(DB)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)were significantly decreased on day 6 in the EEN/PN group(P=0.006,0.004 and 0.032,respectively).The rate of gradeⅠcomplications,gradeⅡcomplications and the length of postoperative hospital stay in the EEN/PN group were significantly decreased(P=0.036,0.028and 0.021,respectively),and no hospital mortality was observed in our study.Compared with the TPN group(58.2%),the rate of infectious complications in the EEN/PN group(39.3%)was significantly decreased(P=0.042).Eleven cases of delayed gastric emptying were noted in the TPN group,and 6 cases in the EEN/PN group.The rate of delayed gastric emptying and hyperglycemia was significantly reduced in the EEN/PN group(P=0.031 and P=0.040,respectively).CONCLUSION:Early enteral combined with PN can greatly improve liver function,reduce infectious complications and delayed gastric emptying,and shorten postoperative hospital stay in patients undergoing PD.     

老年食管癌患者术后早期肠内营养对预后影响的临床研究

目的 研究老年食管癌患者术后早期肠内营养(EEN)对预后的影响. 方法 将我院2006年1月至2011年6月收治老年食管癌手术患者120例,按不同的营养方式分为2组,EEN组60例,给予EEN支持;肠外营养(PN)组60例,常规深静脉PN,对2组老年患者术后肠功能恢复时间、住院时间、并发症的发生率以及术后1周营养、免疫等相关指标进行统计学分析. 结果 EEN组在术后患者肛门排气时间[(44.3±12.5)h比(73.6±11.8)h]、肛门排便时间[(81.5±15.1)h比(138.1±13.2)h]和住院时间[(14.0±1.9)d比(16.2±3.0)d]均短于PN组(P＜0.05);EEN组术后1周的血清白蛋白(ALB)、外周血淋巴细胞、转铁蛋白、24h尿素氮(BUN)均高于PN组;EEN组患者的IgG、IgA、IgM及CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+外周血T淋巴细胞亚群等免疫指标较PN组均显著改善,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);2组间术后并发症发生方面比较,EEN组明显优于PN组(P＜0.05). 结论 老年食管癌患者术后EEN能促进术后代谢和免疫功能恢复、减少并发症,对患者的预后具有重要的临床意义,值得进一步推广和应用.     

Perioperative artificial nutrition in malnourished gastrointestinal cancer patients

AIM: To investigate the potential role of perioperative nutrition in reducing complications and mortality in malnourished gastrointestinal cancer patients. METHODS: Four hundred and sixty-eight elective moderately or severely malnourished surgical patients with gastric or colorectal cancers defined by the subjective global assessment (SGA) were randomly assigned to 7 d preoperative and 7 d postoperative parenteral or enteral nutrition vs a simple control group. The nutrition regimen included 24.6±5.2 kcal/kg per d non-protein and 0.23±0.04 g nitrogen /kg per d. Control patients did not receive preoperative nutrition but received 600±100 kcal non-protein plus or not plus 62±16 g crystalline amino acids postoperatively. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 18.3% of the patients receiving nutrition and in 33.5% of the control patients (P=0.012). Fourteen patients died in the control group and 5 in those receiving nutrition. There were significant differences in the mortality between the two groups (2.1% vs 6.0%, P=0.003). The total length of hospitalization and postoperative stay of control patients were significantly longer (29 vs 22 d, P = 0.014) than those of the studied patients (23 vs 12 d. P=0.000). CONCLUSION: Perioperative nutrition support is beneficial for moderately or severely malnourished gastrointestinal cancer patients and can reduce surgical complications and mortality.     

Effect of postoperative early enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immune function of cholangiocarcinoma patients with malignant obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUNDMost cholangiocarcinoma patients with malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ) have varying degrees of malnutrition and immunodeficiency preoperatively. Therefore, perioperative nutritional support has important clinical significance in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.AIMTo investigate the effects of postoperative early enteral nutrition (EEN) on immunity function and clinical outcomes of cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ.METHODSThis prospective clinical study included 60 cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ who underwent surgery. The patients were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group according to the nutrition support modes. The control group received postoperative total parenteral nutrition (TPN), whereas the experimental group received postoperative EEN and parenteral nutrition (PN; EEN + PN). The clinical outcomes, postoperative immune function, incidences of surgical site infection and bile leakage, intestinal function recovery time, average hospitalization days, and hospitalization expenses of the two groups were assessed on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, and 7.RESULTSThe CD3+T, CD4+T, CD8+T, and CD4+T/CD8+T cell count and the immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, and IgA levels in the EEN + PN group were significantly higher than those in the TPN group on PODs 3 and 7 (P < 0.05), whereas no significant differences in the CD3+T, CD4+T, CD8+T, and CD4+T/CD8+T cell counts and IgG, IgM, and IgA levels before operation and on POD 1 were found between the two groups (P > 0.05). The intestinal function recovery time and postoperative hospital stay were shorter (P < 0.001 for both) in the EEN + PN group than in the TPN group. The hospitalization expenses of the EEN + PN group were lower than those of the TPN group (P < 0.001). However, the incidence of abdominal distension was higher than in the EEN + PN group than in the TPN group (P < 0.05). The incidence rates of biliary leakage and surgical site infection were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONA postoperative EEN program could reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and improve the clinical outcomes and immune functions of cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ and is thus beneficial to patient recovery.     

A meta-analysis of the effect of early enteral nutrition versus total parenteral nutrition on patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy

BackgroundAn appropriate nutritional support is an important consideration for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Recently, early enteral nutrition (EEN) has been considered to be more effective than total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for the early recovery of patients after many digestive tract surgeries. However, there is little evidence to support EEN in patients undergoing PD.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed to identify relevant studies before December 2018. Statistical analysis was carried out using Review Manager 5.3.ResultsNine studies with 1258 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Six studies compared EEN and TPN and three compared two strategies combined vs. a single strategy. The length of hospital stay (LOS) in the EEN group was significantly shorter than that in the TPN group (P < 0.001). There was no difference in the risk of postoperative complications, infections, and mortality between the EEN and TPN groups. In the comparison of two combined strategies vs. one, no significant difference was seen in overall postoperative complications, LOS, or mortality.ConclusionCompared with TPN, EEN is a safe strategy and can substantially shorten the LOS of patients.     

机械通气患者早期肠内营养支持的应用研究

目的:探讨早期肠内营养对机械通气患者营养状态和预后的影响.方法:机械通气患者30例,随机分为2组:早期肠内营养(EEN)组15例和早期完全胃肠外营养(TPN)组15例,在摄入相当热量和氮量的情况下,比较2组治疗前后营养状态、1周内撤机成功率、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、平均营养费用、机械通气时间及平均住院天数.结果:治疗2周后,EEN组血清总蛋白、清蛋白、血红蛋白水平和氮平衡较治疗前明显升高(均P＜0.05),且均高于TPN组治疗后水平(均P＜0.05).上臂肌围、肱三头肌皮褶厚度2组无差异(P＞0.05).EEN组1周内撤机成功率明显高于TPN组(P＜0.05),机械通气时间、平均住院天数则明显低于TPN组(均P＜0.05).2组1周内VAP发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:EEN能改善机械通气患者的营养状况和预后.只要患者胃肠道功能正常,应尽早实施肠内营养支持.     

阶段性营养支持在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的观察肠内和肠外联合阶段性营养对重症急性胰腺炎治疗效果的影响。方法重症急性胰腺炎患者50例分为完全胃肠外营养组（TPN组,n=25）和肠内营养加肠外阶段性营养组（PN＋EN组,n=25）,比较两组治疗效果及临床指标的变化。结果两组患者治疗后血淀粉酶均有下降,但两组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。营养支持后PN＋EN组在APACHE1I评分和CT评分较TPN组明显降低（P〈0．01）,两组血清白蛋白及血钙水平较治疗前升高（P〈0．01）,血糖明显降低（P〈0．01）,但两组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。与TPN组相比,PN＋EN组患者住院天数、腹胀缓解时间、体温恢复正常时间均明显缩短,感染发生率显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论肠内和肠外联合阶段性营养对重症急性胰腺炎治疗效果优于完全胃肠外营养。     

持续早期肠内营养联合肠黏膜保护对重症急性胰腺炎肠屏障功能影响的多中心随机对照临床试验

目的 观察持续早期肠内营养(EEN)联合肠黏膜保护对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者肠屏障功能的影响.方法 选取2004年5月至2006年6月四个中心SAP患者79例,分为EEN联合肠黏膜保护组(联合组,39例)和完全肠外营养(TPN)组(40例).在发病后72 h内分别给予等氮源、等热量EEN和TPN.联合组给予肠内营养多聚合剂、精氨酸、谷氨酰胺和肠黏膜保护药物;TPN组采用中心静脉或外周静脉输注.入选后第1、7、14、21天行急性生理学及慢性健康状况(APACHE-Ⅱ)评分并检测血淀粉酶、二胺氧化酶(DAO)、内毒素、尿液肠脂肪酸结合蛋白浓度(IFABP-c)、肠脂肪酸结合蛋白含量(IFABP-t)、乳果糖与甘露醇(L/M)比值和肠道菌群变化,并观察并发症和住院时间、费用.结果 两组患者均无死亡.两组APACHE-Ⅱ评分随住院天数增加均呈递减趋势,联合组第7天APACHE-Ⅱ评分为6.00±1.60,低于TPN组(7.08±2.34,P＜0.05).第7,14,21天联合组血内毒素分别为(39.30±15.82)、(22.64±14.31)、(14.81±10.93)Eu/L,L/M比值分别为0.28±0.25、0.21±0.18和0.08±0.04,IFABP-c分别为(15.62±5.26)、(5.46±1.18)和(3.26±0.94)pg/ml,均明显低于TPN组(P值均＜0.05).联合组肠道菌群结构无明显变化,而TPN组出现肠道菌群结构变化.TPN组感染率(包括胰腺感染、腹腔感染和泌尿道、呼吸道感染)高于联合组(26.47%比3.44%,P＜0.01).联合组住院费用为(25 900±14 200)元,平均住院天数为(20.0±5.7)d,均低于TPN组[(46 800±4030)元和(34.5±19.9)d,P值均＜0.05)].结论 EEN联合肠黏膜保护可降低SAP患者肠道通透性,改善肠道灌注,保持肠道菌群,减少内毒素易位,对肠屏障功能有保护作用,且缩短病程、节约住院费用.     

Perioperative immunonutrition ameliorates the postoperative immune depression in patients with gastrointestinal system cancer (prospective clinical study in 42 patients)

Cancer surgery is a major challenge for patients to develop immune depression in postoperative period. Several cytokines can depress immune cell subpopulations. Increased cytokine response after surgery is assumed to arise mainly from lipooxygenase pathway acting on membrane arachidonic acid. Therefore; investigators focused their efforts to alter the membrane fatty acid profile by changing the nutritional regimen with epsilon-3 fatty acid supplementation and encouraging results were obtained after surgery. Despite the theoretical and clinical advantage of enteral nutrition many surgeons remain committed to parenteral nutrition for feeding of patients due to maintain bowel rest and fear of anastomosis leakage at the postoperative period. Several studies investigating role of the postoperative immunonutrition reported that beneficial immunological changes were associated with reduction of infectious complications. Interestingly; these findings were observed at least five days after the surgery in which the highest incidence of complications was seen. In this prospective study including 42 patients eligible for curative gastric or colon cancer surgery; we investigated the beneficial effect of enteral immunonutrition (EEN) compared to total parenteral hyperalimentation (TPN) beginning from the preoperative period. Cortisol and CRP levels as stress parameters significantly increased one day after surgery in both groups but they rapidly returned to (on POD1) preoperative baseline level in EEN group whereas these values remained high in the TPN group. Additionally a significant decrease in natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ levels were observed in both groups. However they recovered on POD3 in EEN group and on POD6 in TPN group. CD4+ subset remained almost same as preoperative value in the TPN group whereas it increased from (%) 40.14 to 46.40, 51.29 and 54.7 on PO 6th hr, POD3 and POD6 in the EEN group. Our findings suggest that preoperative nutrition via the enteral route provided better regulation of postoperative immune system restoration than parenteral nutrition. On the basis of our findings we recommend enteral immunonutrition to be started at the preoperative period rather than postoperatively before a major operation whenever the enteral route is feasible.     

Artificial nutrition after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) often require postoperative artificial nutrition. This trial was undertaken to evaluate whether the route of administration and the composition of the postoperative nutritional support could affect the immunometabolic response and outcome. A prospective, randomized trial was carried out in 212 subjects who underwent PD. Patients were randomized to receive a standard enteral formula (standard group, n = 73) or an enteral formula enriched with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA (immunonutrition group, n = 71), or total parenteral nutrition (parenteral group, n = 68). Postoperative feeding started 6 hours after surgery. The three regimens were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Assessed parameters were phagocytosis ability of polymorphonuclear cells, plasma interleukin-2 receptors, C-reactive protein, retinol binding protein, tolerance of enteral feeding, rate of postoperative complications, and length of hospital stay (LOS). Full nutritional goal (25 kcal/kg) was achieved in 87% of enterally fed patients versus 95% in the parenteral group. Subjects receiving immunonutrition had a significantly better recovery of the immunometabolic parameters on postoperative day 8 compared to the other two groups. The rate of postoperative complications was lower in the immunonutrition group (33.8%) than in either the standard (43.8%) or parenteral group (58.8%) (p = 0.005 immunonutrition vs. parenteral). Also, the mean LOS was shorter in the immunonutrition group than in the standard and parenteral groups (15.1 vs. 17.0 vs. 18.8 days, respectively; p < 0.05). Early postoperative enteral feeding may safely and effectively replace parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing PD. Immunonutrition ameliorates the immunometabolic response and improves outcome compared to parenteral feeding.     

高血压脑出血术后早期鼻饲肠内营养的合理应用

目的观察早期肠内营养支持对高血压脑出血(HICH)术后病人在预后、营养状况、高代谢反应和胃肠道功能等方面的影响,探讨其作用机制和临床应用。方法36例病人随机分为早期肠内营养(EEN)、肠外营养(TPN)两组。EEN组经鼻胃管持续滴注瑞素;TPN组静脉输注肠外营养液。测定观察氮平衡、肌酐升高指数、血浆皮质醇、血糖、血浆胰岛素、胃肠道功能、体重及意识状态变化。结果两组2周内均为负氮平衡,EEN组6d的氮平衡优于TPN组(P<0.05);肌酐也呈下降趋势,但EEN组在术后14d、28d仍明显优于TPN组(P<0.01);两组血糖、血浆胰岛素和皮质醇术后显著上升,第6天达高峰,此时,EEN组三项指标水平显著低于TPN组(P<0.05或P<0.01);EEN组的皮质醇在28d时恢复正常,TPN组仍高于正常;6d时EEN组的反流、误吸无明显增加,研究期胃肠道症状发生率显著减少(P<0.05或P<0.01);28d神经功能缺损(GCS)评分EEN组高于TPN组两组间有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过鼻胃管持续滴注喂养方法提供HICH病人有良好的耐受性。EEN支持对改善HICH术后全身营养状态和神经功能的恢复大有裨益。     

营养支持对45例早期机械通气患者的治疗作用观察

目的 探讨营养支持对接受机械通气患者的早期治疗作用.方法 将接受机械通气治疗的45例危重病患者随机分为全肠外营养(PN)组、全营养食物均浆肠内营养(EN)组和肠内肠外营养相结合(PN EN)组,各组患者均接受等氮等热量营养支持.结果 各组脱机时间比较无显著性差异,营养效果相似,肠外组和混合组较快达氮平衡.肠外组和混合组的胃肠道并发症较肠内组少,两者比较有显著性差异.肠内组费用最便宜,混合组免疫学指标最高.结论 机械通气患者普遍存在营养不良,可采用肠内营养或肠外营养或二者结合方式进行营养,肠内营养经济方便,有利于肠道能力恢复,而全肠外营养效果准确迅速,两者结合能互相取长补短.     

Impact of postoperative omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented parenteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immunomodulations in colorectal cancer patients

AIM： To investigate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid parenteral supplementation postoperatively on clinical outcomes and immunomodulation in colorectal cancer patients. METHODS： Forty-two patients undergoing radical colorectal cancer resection with an indication for total parenteral nutrition postoperatively were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Patients received total parenteral nutrition supplemented with either soybean oil （LCT; Intralipid, Fresenius-Kabi, SO group, n = 21） or a combination of omega-3 fish oil and soybean oil （LCT：fish oil = 5：1, fish oil; Omegaven, Fresenius-Kabi, FO group, n = 21）, up to a total of 1.2 g lipid/kg per day for 7 d postoperatively. A same volume calorie and nitrogen was administrated. Routine blood test, biochemistry, systemic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, percentage of CD3＋, CD4＋, and CD8＋ lymphocytes were evaluated preoperatively and on postoperative d 1 and 8. Patient outcome was evaluated considering mortality during the hospital stay, length of postoperative hospital stay, and occurrence of infectious complications. RESULTS： Both lipid regimens were well tolerated. No differences between the two groups were noticed in demographics, baseline blood test, biochemistry, serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, percentage of CD4＋, CD8＋ lymphocytes, and ratios of CD4＋/CD8＋. Compared with those on postoperative d 1, serum IL-6 levels onpostoperative d 8 were significantly depressed in the FO group than in the reference group （-44.43 ± 30.53 vs -8.39 ± 69.08, P = 0.039）. Simultaneously, the ratios of CD4＋/CD8＋ were significantly increased in the FO group （0.92 ± 0.62 vs 0.25 ± 1.22, P = 0.035）. In addition, depression of serum TNF-α levels （-0.82 ± 2.71 vs 0.27 ± 1.67, P = 0.125） and elevation of CD3＋ and CD4＋ lymphocyte percentage （12.85 ± 11.61 vs 3.84 ± 19.62, P = 0.081, 17.80 ± 10.86 vs 9.66 ± 17.55, P = 0.084, respectively） were higher in the FO group than in the reference g     

急性胰腺炎全胃肠外营养和肠内营养的荟萃分析

目的 为明确全胃肠外营养（TPN）和肠内营养（EN）对急性胰腺炎（AP）患者的作用，对有关比较TPN和EN在AP中作用的文献进行荟萃分析。方法 检索1966年到2004年6月问发表的有关TPN和EN治疗AP的随机对照临床试验。按人选标准，有8项临床试验纳入本研究，由2名评价者对入选研究中有关试验设计、研究对象的特征、研究结果等内容独立进行摘录，并用RevMan4．2软件进行分析。结果 EN与TPN比较，能显著降低感染发生率（RR=0．45，95％CI为0．29～0．68，P=0．0002）及感染以外并发症发生率（RR=0．67，95％CI为0．47～0．96，P=0．03），减少手术干预（RR=0．47，95％CI为0．24～0．94，P=0．03），并有缩短住院时间的趋势，但不能降低死亡率（RR=0．61，95％CI为0．32～1．18，P=0．14）。结论 AP患者应首先考虑选用EN作为常规治疗，而不支持TPN。     

肝功能不全病人术后早期肠内营养疗效观察

目的 观察肝功能不全病人术后早期肠内、肠外营养的疗效。方法 将60例肝胆手术后肝功能不全病人随机分为两组，分别于术后12小时进行肠内和肠外营养，共7天，观察肝功能、营养状况及胃肠道功能的变化。结果 两组病人的营养状况及肝功能均显著改善，与术前相比差异显著（P〈0．01），组间差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论 肝功能不全病人术后早期进行肠内营养安全、有效且费用较低，能促进胃肠功能早期恢复。     

急性脑卒中患者补充肠外营养的短期预后分析

目的探讨急性脑卒中患者出现胃肠功能紊乱时,补充肠外营养(PN)对患者短期预后的影响。方法将吞咽困难而出现胃肠功能紊乱的48例急性脑卒中患者随机分为2组:肠内营养(EN)组21例.营养支持停留在胃肠可以耐受的程度,平均热量为(58.5±15.0)kJ/(kg·d),蛋白质(40.4±11.8)g/d;EN+PN组27例,平均热量为(101.9±22.2)kJ/(kg·d),蛋白质(62.8±9.7)g/d。观察2组营养支持前和营养支持2周后血红蛋白、生化全项、美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及并发症。结果与营养支持前比较,营养支持2周后,EN组患者白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白和总蛋白明显下降,有显著差异(P0.01);EN+PN组患者总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白虽有下降,但无显著差异(P0.05)。与EN组比较,营养支持2周后,EN+PN组患者血红蛋白、红细胞压积、白蛋白、前白蛋白明显升高、NIHSS评分明显下降(P0.05);EN组泌尿系统感染发生率明显高于EN+PN组(P0.05)。结论对于吞咽困难的脑卒中患者,在给予EN制剂时,如果遇到患者胃肠功能紊乱,应及时PN补充,可以有效地防止低蛋白血症的发生,对神经功能恢复有良好的促进作用。     

Recombinant human growth hormone enhances the metabolic efficacy of parenteral nutrition: a double-blind, randomized controlled study.

This multicenter, randomized, double-blind study was performed to investigate whether recombinant GH improves the efficacy of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Fifteen stable patients requiring parenteral feeding due to gastrointestinal/pancreatic disease were studied. Constant maintenance TPN providing approximately 30 kcal/kg day and approximately 1.6 g protein/kg.day was administered during an initial 7-day baseline period. After randomization, daily sc injections of saline (control, n = 9) or GH (10 mg/day, n = 6) were administered a 14-day treatment period as nutrient intake remained constant. Elemental balances for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and sodium (Na) were determined daily and serial blood indices, vital signs, and other clinical parameters were monitored. Nutrient balances approached equilibrium during the baseline week in both groups. With GH administration, a significant increase in N, K, and P balance occurred; in contrast, nutrient balances did not change significantly from baseline values in control patients. The cumulative change (delta) in nutrient balances from the baseline week was also significantly greater in the GH-treated patients (delta N: control+2 +/- 7 g vs. GH+36 +/- 6. g, P less than 0.005; delta K:+57 +/- 45 mmol vs.+199 +/- 19 mmol, P less than 0.03; delta P: -27 +/- 30 mmol vs. +91 +/- 69 mmol, P less than 0.02). Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations rose 5-fold and serum cholesterol rose slightly with GH; no other significant change in group mean blood values occurred. One patient receiving GH and chronic prednisone therapy developed moderate hyperglycemia and mild peripheral edema; no other deleterious effects attributable to GH were observed. GH was well tolerated and significantly enhanced nutrient retention compared to standard parenteral feeding alone. GH improves the efficacy of parenteral nutrient utilization in patients requiring TPN.     

Glutamine dipeptide for parenteral nutrition in abdominal surgery： A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

INTRODUCTION Glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant free amino acid in the body and plays a vital role in amino acid transport and nitrogen balance. Gln is also a primary fuel for rapidly dividing cells such as enterocytes and lymphocytes, which protect muc…     

肠内免疫微生态营养对重症急性胰腺炎模型猪肠道屏障功能的影响

目的 观察肠内免疫微生态营养(EIN)对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)模型猪肠道屏障功能的影响.方法 家养猪20头注入5%牛磺胆酸钠和胰蛋白酶建立SAP模型.24 h后将18头成功造模猪均分为肠外营养(PN)组、肠内要素营养(EEN)组和EIN组,分别进行相应营养支持8 d.分别于造模前、后各时间点检测各组血淀粉酶、外周血内毒素及肠道通透性.8 d后处死动物取外周静脉血、胰、脾、肝、肺和肠系膜淋巴结进行细菌定性及定量检测,同时观察回肠末端黏膜形态及胰腺组织病理学改变并作病理评分.结果 各组血淀粉酶均明显升高,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).营养8 d后EIN组外周血内毒素为(1.50±0.18)EU/L,肠道通透性为(42.8±20.0)×10-3,明显低于EEN组[(1.98±0.20)EU/L,(67.4±23.0)×10-3]和PN组[(3.96±0.40)EU/L,(197.2±47.4)×10-3](P值均＜0.05).EIN组胰腺和远隔脏器细菌数及细菌移位率亦明显低于PN组和EEN组(P＜0.05);三组间胰腺病理评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).EIN组小肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、黏膜厚度和绒毛形态正常率分别为(398.27±52.93)μm、(269.72±41.66)μm、(681.98±58.33)μm和79%,EEN组分别为(305.70±42.72)μm、(1 92.52±38.17)μm、(507.31±68.23)μm和47%,PN组分别为(218.32±35.81)μm、(145.76±23.34)μm、(376.20±48.23)μm和13V0,EIN组以上指标值均高于EEN组和PN组(P值均＜0.05).结论 EIN能保护SAP猪肠道屏障功能,降低肠道通透性,减少细菌及内毒素移位.     

早期肠内营养对急性坏死性胰腺炎犬胰腺外分泌功能的影响

目的 观察早期肠内营养(EN)对ANP犬胰腺外分泌功能的影响.方法 采用胰管内注人5%牛磺胆酸钠胰蛋白酶混合液1 ml/kg体重诱导ANP犬模型.完全随机法分为胃肠外营养组(TPN)、十二指肠高能营养多聚合剂组(DP)、十二指肠营养混悬液组(DN)、空肠高能营养多聚合剂组(JP)和空肠营养混悬液组(JN),每组5只.诱导ANP后24 h开始实施各种营养支持,维持5 d.造模后每天抽血测淀粉酶、LDH、脂肪酶及SEC、CCK、胃泌素含量.每日于EN或TPN开始后收集3 h胰液,测定其分泌量、蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、HCO31、K+、Na-、Cl-含量.实验第7天处死动物,取胰腺组织行病理学和超微结构检查.结果 各组血清淀粉酶、LDH、脂肪酶、CCK活性、胰液分泌量及K+、Na+、Cl1量均无显著差异.十二指肠营养组血浆胃泌素、SEC,胰液中HCO3-、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶含量均显著高于TPN组(P<0.05).空肠营养组的上述指标均显著低于十二指肠营养组(P<0.05),与TPN组无显著差异.JP组的血浆胃泌素含量及胰液的HCO3-、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶含量均显著低于JN组(P<0.05).高能营养多聚合剂组的上述指标低于营养混悬液组(P<0.05).各组问胰液分泌量及K+、Na+、Cl-量均差异无显著意义(P>0.05).各组胰腺病理改变相似.空肠营养组胰腺腺泡细胞胞质内酶原颗粒数量与密度未明显低于TPN组.结论 近端空肠内低脂要素营养对胰腺外分泌无增强效应,是安全可行的.