TNF-α和槟榔碱对口腔黏膜成纤维细胞增殖和羟脯氨酸蛋白表达的影响及姜黄素对其影响的作用

目的:探讨TNF-α和槟榔碱对口腔黏膜成纤维细胞增殖和羟脯氨酸蛋白表达的影响及姜黄素对其影响的作用。方法:体外培养口腔黏膜成纤维细胞,分别用100～10 000 U/mL TNF-α和10～40μg/mL槟榔碱作用于细胞24～72 h, CCK-8实验检测细胞增殖,ELISA测定细胞中羟脯氨酸的表达。用5～40μmol/L的姜黄素作用于2种处理的细胞,检测细胞增殖和羟脯氨酸蛋白的表达。结果:TNF-α促进细胞增殖和羟脯氨酸蛋白表达(P<0.05),槟榔碱抑制细胞增殖和羟脯氨酸蛋白表达(P<0.05)。40μmol/L的姜黄素作用于TNF-α和槟榔碱刺激的口腔黏膜成纤维细胞,在24 h和48 h时抑制细胞增殖(P<0.05)。不同浓度的姜黄素作用于TNF-α和槟榔碱刺激的口腔黏膜成纤维细胞,均能抑制羟脯氨酸合成(P<0.05)。结论:TNF-α可促进口腔黏膜成纤维细胞增殖和羟脯氨酸蛋白表达,槟榔碱能抑制口腔黏膜成纤维细胞增殖和羟脯氨酸蛋白表达,较高浓度姜黄素能减弱TNF-α的刺激作用,增强槟榔碱的抑制作用。     

槟榔碱预处理后的Hacat细胞及人口腔黏膜成纤维细胞中AngⅡ及AT1R蛋白的表达研究

目的:通过检测血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)及血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体(AT1R)在不同浓度槟榔碱预处理后的Hacat细胞及人口腔黏膜成纤维细胞(OMFB)中的表达与分布情况,了解槟榔碱对这两种细胞表达AngⅡ及AT1R的影响,探讨口腔黏膜下纤维性变(OSF)可能的发病机制。方法:采用免疫细胞化学SABC法,分别测定AngⅡ及AT1R兔抗人多克隆抗体在Hacat细胞和OMFB及分别在20μg/mL、40μg/mL、80μg/mL槟榔碱预处理后的这两种细胞中的表达与分布情况。结果:①0～80μg/mL槟榔碱预处理后Hacat细胞中AngⅡ蛋白均有表达,80μg/mL预处理组阳性细胞数高于其余3组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.01)。②对照组及20μg/mL槟榔碱干预组Hacat细胞中未见明显AT1R蛋白表达,40μg/mL槟榔碱干预组细胞中AT1R蛋白弱阳性表达,80μg/mL槟榔碱干预组细胞AT1R蛋白呈阳性表达,表达有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:一定浓度的槟榔碱可以诱导Hacat细胞中AngⅡ及AT1R蛋白的表达升高,且二者的表达多位于发生了形态学变化的细胞上,推测AngⅡ及AT1R可能参与了槟榔碱的致OSF进程。     

槟榔提取物刺激口腔黏膜角朊细胞培养上清对成纤维细胞增殖活性的影响

目的：探讨槟榔提取物刺激口腔黏膜角朊细胞在黏膜下纤维性变发病中的作用。方法：采用不同浓度槟榔提取液刺激体外培养的角朊细胞,取细胞培养上清,MTT法观察细胞培养上清对成纤维细胞增殖的影响。结果：一定浓度槟榔提取液刺激的角朊细胞培养上清能促进成纤维细胞增殖;细胞培养上清对成纤维细胞增殖的促进作用存在个体差异。结论：槟榔成分可能通过改变口腔黏膜角朊细胞的活性而导致口腔黏膜下纤维性变的发生。     

槟榔碱对口腔黏膜成纤维细胞分泌整合素α2的影响

目的：通过研究槟榔碱对体外培养的人口腔黏膜成纤维细胞（FB）表达整合素α2的影响,探讨整合素α2在口腔黏膜成纤维性变（OSF）发病机制中的可能作用。方法：体外培养人正常口腔黏膜成纤维细胞（FB）,培养基中加入不同浓度（0、10、20、40、80、160μg/ml）的槟榔碱孵育,MTT法12h后检测FB的增殖水平。RT-PCR法24h后检测0、10、20、40μg/ml浓度组整合素α2mRNA的表达水平。结果：槟榔碱浓度为20μg/ml时,FB增殖活性开始下降,与对照组相比无统计学差异（p〉0.05）,40μg/ml时下降明显与对照组相比有统计学差异（p〈0.05）。正常对照组整合素α2mRNA表达量低,随槟榔碱浓度增高其表达量呈增高趋势（p〈0.05）。结论：槟榔碱具有刺激FB表达整合素α2的作用,提示FB分泌整合素α2增多,进而诱导胶原合成增多,可能是OSF发生机制之一。     

整合素α1在口腔黏膜下纤维性变发病机制中的作用

目的:观察口腔黏膜下纤维性变(OSF)组织中整合素α1的表达与分布,及槟榔碱对体外培养的人口腔黏膜成纤维细胞(FB)表达整合素α1mRNA的影响,探讨整合素α1在OSF发病中的作用与机制.方法:①采用免疫组织化学染色方法,观察整合素α1在10例正常口腔黏膜组织和OSF早、中、晚期各20例病变组织中的表达与分布,并采用半定量方法检测正常口腔黏膜组和OSF各组FB上整合素α1的表达强度.②采用RT-PCR法检测体外培养FB分别在0、10、20、40μg/ml浓度组别槟榔碱刺激下,整合素α1mRNA的表达水平.结果:①正常口腔黏膜组织中,整合素α1表达低,主要分布于上皮基底细胞和血管内皮细胞,呈胞膜或胞质阳性,FB极少见阳性表达;而OSF病变组织中,除表皮基底细胞及血管内皮细胞外,FB细胞膜及胞质内均见整合素α1的大量表达,炎症细胞上亦可见少量表达.OSF各期FB表达整合素α1均强于正常组(P<0.05),早中期组表达增高,晚期组表达降低,与中期组有统计学差异(P<0.05).②对照组整合素α1mRNA表达量低,在槟榔碱10、20 μg/ml浓度组表达逐渐升高与对照组存在显著性差异(P<0.05).40μg/ml组出现下降与10μg/ml组无显著性差异(P>0.05);结论:槟榔碱通过刺激口腔黏膜FB表达与分泌整合素α1,进而诱导胶原合成增多,可能是OSF发生机制之一.     

槟榔碱对人牙周膜成纤维细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究槟榔碱(Arecoline)对体外培养的人牙周膜成纤维细胞(human periodontal ligament fibro-blast,hPDLFs)中凋亡及相关蛋白p-JNK、p-p53、Bcl-2表达的影响.方法 采用组织块培养法培养原代hPDLFs,并传代纯化后用于实验.采用浓度为0μg/mL、20μg/mL、40μg/mL、80μg/mL的槟榔碱处理牙周膜成纤维细胞12 h,通过MTT法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,蛋白免疫印记法检测槟榔碱对hPDLFs中p-JNK、p-p53、Bcl-2表达的情况.结果 槟榔碱作用于hPDLFs后,细胞增殖受到抑制,细胞凋亡率随着药物浓度增加而增加,p-JNK、p-p53蛋白表达逐渐增强,Bcl-2蛋白表达逐渐降低,呈现浓度依赖性.结论 提示槟榔碱可通过激活JNK和p53的磷酸化水平导致hPDLFs的凋亡,对牙周组织的再生有抑制作用.     

核受体共激活因子7在槟榔碱诱导的上皮间充质转化中的生物学功能

目的研究核受体共激活因子7(nuclear receptor coactivator 7,NCOA7)在口腔黏膜下纤维性变(OSF)中的表达及意义,并探讨其在人口腔角质细胞株HOKs间充质转化过程中的作用。方法收集OSF组织30例及正常口腔黏膜组织15例,采用免疫印迹法检测NCOA7、上皮间充质转化相关标记物在OSF组织及正常黏膜组织中蛋白水平的表达情况;以Western blot法检测槟榔碱刺激后HOKs中NCOA7、上皮及间充质标记物的蛋白水平变化。结果 NCOA7在30例OSF组织高表达(P<0.05);同时在细胞基底层出现间充质标记物的阳性表达。NCOA7在槟榔碱刺激的HOKs中高表达,且具有槟榔碱浓度依赖性(P=0.004 3);随着槟榔碱浓度的升高,上皮标志物表达逐渐下调,间充质标记物表达逐渐升高。结论口腔黏膜下纤维性变组织中高表达的NCOA7,可能参与调控上皮细胞间充质转化过程,进一步促进纤维化进程。     

槟榔碱诱导口腔角质形成细胞凋亡研究

目的:了解槟榔碱(arecoline)对体外培养的人口腔黏膜角质形成细胞(keratinocyte,KC)凋亡的影响。方法:不同浓度的槟榔碱以及在不同时间处理体外培养的KC,在荧光显微镜下观察KC凋亡形态学改变并计算凋亡百分率,用比色法检测Caspase-3活性的改变。结果:1)槟榔碱能以一定时间和浓度依赖方式诱导培养的KC发生凋亡,其细胞凋亡率较正常对照组明显增高(P<0.05)。2)槟榔碱作用KC,其Caspase-3活性较正常对照组明显增高(P<0.05)。结论:槟榔碱可诱导KC凋亡,Caspase-3可能参与了这一细胞凋亡过程的调控。KC凋亡异常可能是口腔黏膜下纤维性变的重要发病机理之一。     

槟榔碱对口腔黏膜肌成纤维细胞分化的影响

目的探讨口腔黏膜下纤维性变组织中肌成纤维细胞的来源。方法通过体外口腔黏膜角质形成细胞和成纤维细胞共培养，用免疫组化、反转录聚合酶链反应等方法观察α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达。结果体外培养的口腔黏膜下纤维性变成纤维细胞中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的阳性率为（85.80±3.56）％，正常口腔黏膜成纤维细胞中阳性率为（3.82±0.76）％。槟榔碱直接干预成纤维细胞后α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达与对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）；角质形成细胞与成纤维细胞共同培养组成纤维细胞中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达增强；角质形成细胞经槟榔碱预处理后与成纤维细胞共同培养组α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达强于无干预共同培养组。结论口腔黏膜下纤维性变组织中成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞分化可能是槟榔成分与角质形成细胞共同作用的结果。     

槟榔提取物抑制人类口腔黏膜成纤维细胞生长的实验研究

目的通过比较正常口腔黏膜和口腔黏膜下纤维性变(OSF)组织中成纤维细胞(FB)增殖差异、检测槟榔提取物(ANE)对成纤维细胞增殖的影响,来探讨OSF的发病机理.方法对人类口腔黏膜成纤维细胞进行分离培养,然后用四唑盐(MTT)比色试验法检测OSF患者和正常人口腔黏膜FB增殖状况,并且观察ANE对FB增殖的影响.结果表示增殖水平的OD值在OSF-FB为0.254±0.045,高于NM-FB的OD值0.236±0.012(P<0.05),ANE以浓度-效应依赖关系抑制FB增殖.结论 OSF-FB细胞增殖率较NM-FB高;ANE对口腔黏膜FB有细胞毒作用,提示槟榔及其有效成分不完全是通过直接刺激FB增殖而诱发OSF.     

Synergistic effects of nicotine on arecoline-induced cytotoxicity in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts

Areca quid chewing has been linked to oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. Arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, is considered to be the most important etiologic factor in the areca nut. In order to elucidate the pathobiological effects of arecoline, cytotoxicity assays, cellular glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and lipid peroxidation assay were employed to investigate cultured human buccal mucosal fibroblasts. To date, there is a large proportion of areca quid chewers who are also smokers. Furthermore, nicotine, the major product of cigarette smoking, was added to test how it modulated the cytotoxicity of arecoline. At a concentration higher than 50 microg/ml, arecoline was shown to be cytotoxic to human buccal fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner by the alamar blue dye colorimetric assay (P<0.05). In addition, arecoline significantly decreased GST activity in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). At concentrations of 100 microg/ml and 400 microg/ml, arecoline reduced GST activity about 21% and 46%, respectively, during a 24 h incubation period. However, arecoline at any test dose did not increase lipid peroxidation in the present human buccal fibroblast test system. The addition of extracellular nicotine acted synergistically on the arecoline-induced cytotoxicity. Arecoline at a concentration of 50 microg/ml caused about 30% of cell death over the 24 h incubation period. However, 2.5 mM nicotine enhanced the cytotoxic response and caused about 50% of cell death on 50 microg/ml arecoline-induced cytotoxicity. Taken together, arecoline may render human buccal mucosal fibroblasts more vulnerable to other reactive agents in cigarettes via GST reduction. The compounds of tobacco products may act synergistically in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal lesions in areca quid chewers. The data presented here may partly explain why patients who combined the habits of areca quid chewing and cigarette smoking are at greater risk of contracting oral cancer.     

Stimulation of human buccal mucosa fibroblasts in vitro by betel-nut alkaloids

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is characterized by excessive collagen production by mucosal fibroblasts and is associated with the habitual chewing of betel-nuts (Areca catechu); nut extracts stimulate fibroblast activity in vitro. The metabolism of arecoline, the major alkaloid in the nut, by human buccal mucosa fibroblasts in vitro was investigated; alkaloid metabolites extracted from culture media were analysed by gas chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. [3H]-arecoline was metabolized predominantly to [3H]-arecaidine and this was accompanied by a concentration-dependent stimulation of collagen synthesis and cell proliferation. Arecaidine was a more potent stimulator than arecoline. The rate of hydrolysis of a series of synthetic arecaidine esters (methyl, ethyl, butyl, propyl and pentyl) by fibroblasts was closely correlated with the extent of stimulation of collagen synthesis. Thus fibroblasts are responsive to the major metabolite of arecoline and hydrolysis of the ester group may be necessary for this action. Exposure of buccal mucosa fibroblasts to these alkaloids in vivo may contribute to the accumulation of collagen in OSF.     

Growth of oral and skin fibroblasts from patients with oral submucous fibrosis

The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate and compare the proliferation (growth) of mouth fibroblasts and skin fibroblasts from patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Material comprised fibroblasts from fibrous bands situated in the buccal mucosa and from the inner aspect of the forearm of 8 patients with classic features of OSF as well as fibroblasts from 6 buccal mucosa and 8 skin biopsy specimens from healthy non-areca nut chewing individuals. Cells were cultured for 8 days according to standard techniques. Their growth was monitored daily, under optimal conditions as well as exposure to concentrations of arecoline. The data were analyzed using regression analysis, analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test. We found no statistically significant differences between the proliferation patterns of oral and skin fibroblasts from patients or between those from patients and controls. The reaction of the cells exposed to concentrations of arecoline was similar; at low concentrations (0.1–10 μg/ml) normal growth was maintained, while 100 μg/ml inhibited growth. It is concluded that fibroblasts from mouths affected by OSF have proliferation patterns which fall within normal parameters, that the excessive collagen formation in established OSF is not due to increased fibroblast proliferation and that arecoline does not stimulate fibroblast proliferation.     

Cytotoxic and non-genotoxic effects of arecoline on human buccal fibroblasts in vitro

Chang YC, Tai KW, Cheng MH, Chou LSS, Chou MY: Cytotoxic and non-genotoxic effects of arecoline on human buccal fibroblasts in vitro. J Oral Pathol Med 1998; 27: 68–71. © Munksgaard, 1998.
Betel quid chewing has been linked to oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were used to investigate the pathobiologi-cal effects of arecoline on cultured human buccal fibroblasts. Arecoline increased double-stranded polynucleic acid at the concentration of 0.1 to 10 μg/ml in a concentration-dependent manner. At a concentration higher than 50 μg/ml, arecoline was cytotoxic to cultured fibroblasts and the cytotoxicity was dose-dependent. No genotoxicity for arecoline was found even at a concentration of 400 μg/ml. On the other hand, 600 μg/ml glutathione (GSH) and 200 μg/ml glycyrrhizin could prevent the arecoline-induced cytotoxicity. These results indicate that arecoline is a cytotoxic agent and no genotoxicity was found to human buccal fibroblasts. Furthermore, increasing consumption of GSH- and glycyrrhizin-rich foods may reduce the oral diseases associated with betel quid chewing.     

乳铁蛋白对人牙周膜细胞增殖迁移分化的影响

目的：观察乳铁蛋白（lactoferrin,LF）对体外培养的人牙周膜细胞（HPDLCs）增殖、迁移和成骨分化的影响。方法：原代培养并鉴定人牙周膜细胞,稳定传代后用 MTT 比色法、Transwell 法及划痕试验检测浓度分别为0、10、20μg／ml 的乳铁蛋白对牙周膜细胞增殖和迁移的影响;矿化条件下,0、10、20μg／ml 的乳铁蛋白作用牙周膜细胞后,茜素红染色法和实时荧光定量 PCR 检测矿化能力及成骨相关基因的表达。结果：10、20μg／ml 乳铁蛋白均能促进 HPDLCs 增殖、迁移（P ＜0．05）。10、20μg／ml 乳铁蛋白组矿化结节数量增多（P ＜0．05）,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨钙蛋白（OCN）、骨桥蛋白（OPN）表达量均有升高（P ＜0．05）。结论：乳铁蛋白能够促进人牙周膜细胞增殖、迁移与成骨分化。     

Cytopathologic effects of arecoline on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro

Arecoline, a major betel nut alkaloid, has been detected in saliva obtained during betel nut chewing in concentrations up to 140 μg/ml, corresponding to 0.9 mM. Arecoline in the millimolar concentration range might participate in the initiation and/or progression of periodontal disease during the long-term effects of betel nut chewing. In this study, cell growth, cell proliferation, assessment of cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and collagen synthesis were used to investigate the effects of human gingival fibroblasts exposed to arecoline levels of 0–200 μg/ml. Control culture exhibited a normal monolayer of long spindle-shaped fibroblast morphology. Arecoline-treated human gingival fibroblasts showed a more rounded appearance and detached at the higher concentrations. At concentrations higher than 75 μg/ml, many cells had detached from the surface of the petri dish and numerous floating cells could be seen under the inverted microscope. At a concentrations higher than 25 μg/ml, arecoline inhibited cell growth, proliferation and collagen synthesis and increased LDH leakage in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). These results indicate that arecoline is a cytotoxic agent to human gingival fibroblasts. Repeated and long-term exposure to arecoline could impair gingival fibroblast function. Betel quid chewers might be more susceptible to destruction of the periodontium and less responsive to a regeneration procedures during periodontal therapy. Received: 31 August 1998 / Accepted: 3 November 1998     

Regulation of interleukin-6 expression by arecoline in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts is related to intracellular glutathione levels

OBJECTIVES: Cytokines play an important role in regulating fibroblast function and is likely to play a key role in regulating the initiation and progression of scarring in any fibrotic disease. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in the development of a variety of fibrotic diseases. The aim of this study was to compare IL-6 expression in fibroblasts cultured from normal human buccal mucosa and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) specimens and further explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induce IL-6 expression. METHODS: mRNA level of IL-6 in fibroblasts from OSF was compared with normal buccal mucosa. The effects of arecoline, the major areca nut alkaloid, on IL-6 expression in normal human buccal mucosa fibroblasts (BMFs) were measured in vitro. mRNA was quantified with AlphaImager 2000. To determine whether glutathione (GSH) levels were important in the induction of IL-6 by arecoline, we pretreated cells with 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ) to boost GSH levels or with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to deplete GSH. RESULTS: Fibroblasts derived from OSF exhibited higher IL-6 gene expression than BMF in mRNA levels (P < 0.05). The exposure of quiescent BMF to arecoline resulted in the elevation of IL-6 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). IL-6 gene regulated by arecoline correlated with intracellular GSH levels in BMF. Arecoline at a concentration of 129 muM induced about 2.7-fold IL-6 mRNA levels over the 6-h incubation period. However, BSO enhanced the IL-6 mRNA levels by 3.9-fold (P < 0.05). In addition, OTZ was found to marginally reduce the arecoline-induced IL-6 expression by about 1.7-fold (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results suggest that IL-6 expression is significantly upregulated in OSF fibroblasts in areca quid chewers and arecoline may be responsible for the enhanced IL-6 expression. In addition, the regulation of IL-6 expression induced by arecoline is critically dependent on the intracellular GSH concentrations.