NF-E2相关因子2通路对线粒体功能的调控作用

NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)是CNC碱性亮氨酸拉链家族成员之一,在维持细胞氧化-还原稳态、调节细胞能量代谢、炎症反应、凋亡和自噬等细胞反应中发挥着重要作用。线粒体是细胞合成ATP的主要场所,也是细胞内活性氧自由基的主要来源之一。近年来,越来越多的研究提示,Nrf2通路可通过多种方式或机制调控线粒体功能,进而调节细胞对外源性物质的反应与有害结局,包括调节活性氧自由基水平、抑制线粒体膜电位下降、促进ATP合成、保护线粒体脂肪酸氧化和氧化磷酸化以及线粒体生物合成等,同时也可调节线粒体完整性和线粒体自噬。此外,Nrf2通路对毒物诱导的线粒体兴奋效应也具有重要影响。本文综述了近年来Nrf2通路对线粒体功能的调控作用及其机制。     

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition by gemigliptin prevents abnormal vascular remodeling via NF-E2-related factor 2 activation

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors exert a potent anti-hyperglycemic effect and reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients. Several studies have shown that DPP-4 inhibitors including sitagliptin have beneficial effects in atherosclerosis and cardiac infarction involving reactive oxygen species. Here, we show that gemigliptin can directly attenuate the abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via enhanced NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity. Gemigliptin dramatically prevented ligation injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia in mouse carotid arteries. Likewise, the proliferation of primary VSMCs was significantly attenuated by gemigliptin in a dose-dependent manner consistent with a decrease in phospho-Rb, resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest. We found that gemigliptin enhanced Nrf2 activity not only by mRNA expression, but also by increasing Keap1 proteosomal degradation by p62, leading to the induction of Nrf2 target genes such as HO-1 and NQO1. The anti-proliferative role of gemigliptin disappeared with DPP-4 siRNA knockdown, indicating that the endogenous DPP-4 in VSMCs contributed to the effect of gemigliptin. In addition, gemigliptin diminished TNF-α-mediated cell adhesion molecules such as MCP-1 and VCAM-1 and reduced MMP2 activity in VSMCs. Taken together, our data indicate that gemigliptin exerts a preventative effect on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs via Nrf2.     

H_2O_2预处理对NF-κB的激活作用特征及其细胞保护作用

目的探讨H2O2预处理对核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)的激活作用,并观察NF-κB在H2O2预处理诱导的适应性细胞保护中的作用。方法在PC12细胞建立H2O2预处理对抗高浓度H2O2诱导细胞凋亡的实验模型,分组如下:(1)空白对照组;(2)预处理组;(3)损伤组;(4)预处理+损伤组;(5)TPCK+预处理+损伤组;(6)TPCK组。应用碘化丙啶(PI)染色流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,甲氮甲唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞存活率,免疫印迹法(Westernblot)测定NF-κB的表达水平,电泳迁移实验(EMSA)检测NF-κBDNA结合活性。结果H2O2预处理PC12细胞上调NF-κBp65的表达,增强DNA结合活性,并能明显地增加高浓度H2O2引起的NF-κBp65的表达(与损伤组比较,P<0.01)。H2O2预处理能使PC12细胞对抗高浓度H2O2引起的损伤,提高细胞存活率,降低细胞凋亡率(与损伤组比较,P<0.01)。NF-κB抑制剂甲苯磺酰苯丙氨酰氯甲酮(TPCK)可拮抗H2O2预处理对NF-κBp65的激活作用,并减弱H2O2预处理诱导的适应性细胞保护作用(与预处理+损伤组比较,P<0.01)。结论H2O2预处理对NF-κB的激活作用可能是其引起的适应性细胞保护机制之一。     

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion induces renal heme oxygenase-1 via NF-E2-related factor 2 in rats and mice

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) results in Kupffer cell activation and subsequent tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha release, leading to localized hepatic injury and remote organ dysfunction. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is an enzyme that is induced by various stimuli, including proinflammatory cytokines, and exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. Up-regulation of HO-1 is known to protect against hepatic IR injury, but the effects of hepatic IR on the kidney are poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether hepatic IR and resultant Kupffer cell activation alters renal HO-1 expression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats and wild-type and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-null mice were subjected to 60 min of partial hepatic ischemia, and at various times thereafter, blood, liver, and kidneys were collected. After reperfusion, 1) creatinine clearance decreased; 2) HO-1 mRNA and protein expression in liver and kidney markedly increased; 3) renal NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 mRNA expression was induced; 4) serum TNFalpha levels increased; 5) Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus of renal tissue increased; and 6) renal and urinary 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15-d-PGJ2) levels increased. Kupffer cell depletion by pretreating with gadolinium chloride 1) attenuated increased mRNA expression of HO-1 in kidney; 2) attenuated the increase in TNFalpha; 3) inhibited the increase in Nrf2 nuclear translocation; and 4) tended to attenuate renal 15-d-PGJ2 levels. Whereas renal HO-1 mRNA expression increased in wild-type mice, it was attenuated in Nrf2-null mice. These results suggest that renal HO-1 is induced via Nrf2 to protect the kidney from remote organ injury after hepatic IR.     

去甲斑蝥素作用早期对人肝癌细胞活性氧及NF-E2相关因子2/抗氧化反应元件信号通路的激活

目的探究去甲斑螯素(NCTD)诱导人肝癌Hep G2细胞凋亡及G2/M期阻滞的早期事件,分析NCTD作用早期Hep G2细胞内活性氧自由基(ROS)的变化规律及NCTD对NF-E2相关因子/抗氧化反应元件(Nrf2/ARE)信号通路的影响。方法 NCTD30,60和120μmol·L~(-1)分别作用于体外培养的人肝癌Hep G2细胞3,6,12,24,48和72 h,MTT法检测NCTD对细胞存活的影响;流式细胞术检测NCTD60μmol·L~(-1)作用细胞12,24和48 h对细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响;DCFH-DA探针结合流式细胞术检测NCTD 30,60和120μmol·L~(-1)作用于3,6和12 h对Hep G2细胞内ROS的影响;荧光素酶法测定NCTD同时转染ARE和荧光素酶报告基因的Hep G2C8细胞的荧光强度;实时荧光定量PCR检测对血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)和醌氧化还原酶-1(NQO1)m RNA表达的影响。结果 NCTD 30,60和120μmol·L~(-1)作用3和6 h对Hep G2细胞存活无明显影响,而作用24,48和72 h对Hep G2细胞有明显生长抑制作用(P<0.01);NCTD 60μmol·L~(-1)作用12 h后可诱导Hep G2细胞发生凋亡及G2/M期阻滞,12,24和48 h凋亡细胞比例分别由12 h细胞对照组(4.00±1.98)%增加到(12.10±1.70)%,24 h对照组(4.05±0.21)%增加到(31.80±6.50)%,48 h对照组(3.90±0.85)%增加到(33.30±1.41)%;12,24和48 h G2/M期细胞比例分别由12 h对照组的(16.51±1.58)%增加到(40.89±0.18)%,24 h对照组的(16.99±1.32)%增加到(55.29±3.99)%,48 h对照组的(14.45±0.59)%增加到(50.66±5.88)%,相应各时相NCTD处理组G1期细胞比例明显下降(P<0.01);NCTD 30,60和120μmol·L~(-1)作用Hep G2细胞3,6和12 h,ROS无明显变化,作用Hep G2C8细胞6和12 h可明显激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路,下游基因HO-1和NQO1 m RNA表达显著上调(P<0.05)。结论NCTD作用Hep G2细胞早期可明显激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路;ROS激活可能不是NCTD诱导人肝癌Hep G2细胞凋亡及G2/M期阻滞的主要原因。     

姜黄素对H_2O_2损伤PC12细胞的保护作用

目的　探讨姜黄素 (curcumin ,Cur)对氧化应激损伤PC12细胞的保护作用。方法　以H2 O2 损伤PC12细胞为氧化应激损伤的模型 ,采用甲氮甲唑蓝 (3 [4 ,5 dimethylthia zol 2 yl] 2 ,5diphenyltetrazoliumbromide ,MTT)法检测细胞增殖状况 ,碘化丙啶 (Propidiumiodide,PI)染色流式细胞术(flowcytometry ,FCM )检测细胞凋亡 ,罗丹明 12 3(Rho damine12 3,Rh12 3)染色FCM检测细胞线粒体膜电位 (mito chondrialpotentialmembrane ,△Ψm) ,双氢罗丹明 12 3(Dihy drohodamine12 3,DHR)染色FCM检测细胞内活性氧 (reac tiveoxygenspecies,ROS)的含量。 结果　 2 0和 4 0 μmol·L-1Cur均可使 2 5～ 4 0 0 μmol·L-1H2 O2 作用 2 4h后对PC12细胞生长的抑制率下降 ,可明显抑制 10 0和 2 0 0 μmo·L-1H2 O2 作用 2 4h后对PC12细胞凋亡的诱导作用和对PC12细胞△Ψm的降低作用 ,可明显降低 10 0和 2 0 0 μmol·L-1H2 O2 作用 12h后细胞内ROS的含量。结论　Cur对氧化应激损伤PC12细胞具有保护作用 ,其机制可能与降低细胞内ROS的含量 ,进而抑制△Ψm的降低有关。     

H_2O_2预处理对多巴胺损伤PC12细胞的适应性保护作用

目的探讨H2O2预处理对多巴胺(dopamine,DA)损伤PC12细胞的适应性保护作用。方法透射电镜、Hoechst染色和PI染色流式细胞仪(flowcytometry,FCM)观测细胞凋亡,MTT代谢率法观察细胞线粒体氧化磷酸化功能状态,Rh123染色FCM检测细胞线粒体膜电位(△Ψm)。结果50μmol·L-1DA作用PC12细胞24h后,电镜可观察到PC12细胞体积缩小,核染色质浓缩、边集,核碎裂等细胞凋亡征象。Hoechst33258染色显示,DA(50μmol·L-1)作用24h后,经H2O2预处理的PC12细胞的凋亡量较未预处理的明显减少。50、100和200μmol·L-1DA作用24h后,PC12细胞的凋亡率分别为(20.9±1.8)%、(40.5±6.4)%、(88.1±3.9)%,而经H2O2预处理的PC12细胞的凋亡率分别下降至(4.9±2.9)%、(12.0±1.4)%、(61.5±3.4)%(P<0.01)。20、40、80μmol·L-1DA作用细胞24h后,细胞MTT代谢率明显下降,而H2O2预处理抑制20、40、80μmol·L-1DA引起的PC12细胞MTT代谢率的下降(P<0.01)。50μmol·L-1DA作用24h后,PC12细胞的平均Rh123荧光强度由正常对照的(46.87±0.33)下降至(4.39±2.93),而经H2O2预处理的PC12细胞,其平均Rh123荧光强度仅下降到(10.50±0.28),下降程度明显减轻(P<0.01)。结论H2O2预处理对DA损伤PC12细胞具有适应性保护作用。     

Activation of protein kinase C delta by proteolytic cleavage contributes to manganese-induced apoptosis in dopaminergic cells: protective role of Bcl-2

Chronic inorganic manganese exposure causes selective toxicity to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, resulting in a Parkinsonian-like neurological condition known as Manganism. Apoptosis has been shown to occur in manganese-induced neurotoxicity; however, the down-stream cellular target of caspase-3 that contributes to DNA fragmentation is not established. Herein, we demonstrate that proteolytic activation of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) by caspase-3 plays a critical role in manganese-induced apoptotic cell death. Treatment of PC12 cells with manganese caused a sequential activation of mitochondrial-dependent pro-apoptotic events, including mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in PC12 cells remarkably attenuated each of these events, indicating that the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic cascade contributes to manganese-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, PKCdelta was proteolytically cleaved by caspase-3, causing a persistent activation of the kinase. The manganese-induced proteolytic cleavage of PKCdelta was significantly blocked by Bcl-2-overexpression. Administration of active recombinant PKCdelta induced DNA fragmentation in PC12 cells, suggesting a pro-apoptotic role of PKCdelta. Furthermore, expression of catalytically inactive mutant PKCdelta(K376R) via a lentiviral gene delivery system effectively attenuated manganese-induced apoptosis. Together, these results suggest that the mitochondrial-dependent caspase cascade mediates apoptosis via proteolytic activation of PKCdelta in manganese-induced neurotoxicity.     

松果菊苷对过氧化氢损伤的PC12细胞的保护作用及机制研究

目的研究松果菊苷(echinacoside,ECH)对过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用及机制。方法用终浓度为0.4 mmol.L-1的H2O2损伤PC12细胞,测定细胞存活率和Na+,K+-ATP酶的活性;用激光共聚焦法(LSCM)检测线粒体膜电位(MMP);用RT-PCR法检测Bcl-2和p53 mRNA表达量的变化。结果10 mg.L-1松果菊苷可以提高H2O2损伤的PC12细胞存活率和Na+,K+-ATP酶的活力、升高线粒体膜电位、降低p53 mRNA水平但增高Bcl-2 mRNA水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论松果菊苷可保护H2O2诱导的PC12细胞损伤,升高MMP、下调p53mRNA和上调Bcl-2 mRNA可能是其作用机制。     

Palytoxin causes nonoxidative necrotic damage to PC12 cells in culture

Palytoxin (PTX) is a potent marine toxin that causies serious damage to various tissues and organs. It has been reported to affect the transport of cations across the plasma membranes, which is commonly recognized as being the principal mechanism of its highly toxic action on mammals, including humans. However, although some marine toxins have been shown to cause toxic effects on the nervous system by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses, the effect of PTX on neuronal cells has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the toxic action of PTX on PC12 cells was examined as an in vitro model experiment to elucidate the neurotoxic properties of this toxin, and PTX was shown to reduce the viability of PC12 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. The cytotoxic action of PTX was not significantly altered by the presence of the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine and reduced‐form glutathione in the cultures. Fluorescence staining of the cells and the electrophoretic analysis of genomic DNA showed that PTX failed to cause chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation within the cells. On the other hand, the exposure to PTX caused positive staining of the cytoplasmic space of the cells with propidium iodide and the release of lactate dehydrogenase into the culture medium. Based on these observations, PTX is considered to cause cell death as a consequence of disrupting the plasma membranes, thus causing nonoxidative necrotic damage to PC12 cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of hydrogen sulphide on beta-amyloid-induced damage in PC12 cells

1. Hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) is a well-known cytotoxic gas. Recently, H(2)S has been shown to protect neurons against oxidative stress caused by glutamate, peroxynitrite and HOCl. Considerably lower H(2)S levels have been reported in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with accumulation of beta-amyloid (A beta). 2. The aim of present study was to explore the cytoprotection by H(2)S against A beta(25-35)-induced apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect in PC12 cells. 3. Our findings indicated that A beta(25-35) significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis of PC12 cells, along with dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4. Sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS), an H(2)S donor, protected PC12 cells against A beta(25-35)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis not only by reducing the loss of MMP, but also by attenuating the increase in intracellular ROS. 5. The results of the present study suggest that the cytoprotection by H(2)S is related to the preservation of MMP and attenuation of A beta(25-35)-induced intracellular ROS generation. These findings could significantly advance therapeutic approaches to the neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with oxidative stress, such as AD.     

一氧化氮诱导PC12细胞凋亡及芍药苷的保护作用

目的:探讨一氧化氮诱导PC12细胞凋亡及芍药苷保护作用的可能机制.方法:MTT和乳酸脱氢酶活性测定细胞存活率,DNA凝胶电泳观察DNA的断裂情况,流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡率、检测线粒体跨膜电位.结果:500 μmol·L-1 硝普钠(SNP)可诱导PC12细胞凋亡,细胞线粒体跨膜电位明显下降.预先经过 0.1、1和10 μmol·L-1 等浓度芍药苷处理后, SNP诱导的PC12细胞凋亡明显减少,同时明显减弱一氧化氮对线粒体跨膜电位的影响.结论:芍药苷可抑制一氧化氮诱导PC12细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与其稳定细胞线粒体跨膜电位有关.     

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 through actin rearrangement in response to oxidative stress

Expression of phase II detoxifying genes is regulated by NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response element (ARE) activation. We showed previously that phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase plays an essential role in ARE-mediated rGSTA2 induction by oxidative stress. In view of the fact that the signaling pathway of PI3-kinase controls microfilaments and translocation of actin-associated proteins, the current study was designed to investigate the PI3-kinase-mediated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the interaction of Nrf2 with actin. tert-Butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ) caused Nrf2 to translocate into the nucleus in H4IIE cells, which was prevented by pretreatment of the cells with PI3-kinase inhibitors (wortmannin/LY294002). t-BHQ relocalized Nrf2 in concert with changes in actin microfilament architecture, as visualized by superposition of immunochemically stained Nrf2 and fluorescent phalloidin-stained actin. Furthermore, t-BHQ increased the level of nuclear actin, coimmunoprecipitated with Nrf2, which returned to that of control by pretreatment of the cells with PI3-kinase inhibitors. Cytochalasin B, an actin disruptor, alone stimulated actin-mediated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and induced rGSTA2. In contrast, phalloidin, an agent that prevents actin filaments from depolymerization, inhibited Nrf2 translocation and rGSTA2 induction by t-BHQ. Subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analyses allowed us to detect both 57- and 100-kDa Nrf2. Immunoblot and immunoprecipitation assays showed that the 100-kDa protein comprised both Nrf2 and actin. The present study demonstrates that the PI3-kinase signaling pathway regulates rearrangement of actin microfilaments in response to oxidative stress and that depolymerization of actin causes a complex of Nrf2 bound with actin to translocate into nucleus.     

Digitoflavone provokes mitochondrial biogenesis in PC12 cells: A protective approach to oxidative stress

Abstract

Context: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be one of the main causes of neurodegenerative disorders, and flavonoids play characteristic roles in a variety of biological activities, and specially are known to be antioxidant reagents.

Objective: In this study, we investigated neuroprotective effects of digitoflavone to suppress H₂O₂ -induced cell death in neuron-like PC12 cells.

Material and methods: PC12 cells were pre-treated with digitoflavone for 2?h and then cells were exposed to H₂O₂ for 18?h. The cells’ viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Rhodamine 123 staining was used for the determination of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ_m). The intracellular ROS aggregation was determined by using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Also, the level of mitochondrial biogenesis factors was measured by western blot. The antioxidant capacity of digitoflavone was also determined by measuring reduced glutathione (GSH) level and catalase (CAT) activity quantification.

Results: Digitoflavone significantly elevated cells’ viability at concentrations of 10 and 20?µM. Also, digitoflavone attenuated intracellular level of ROS, and stabilized ΔΨ_m. Moreover, digitoflavone increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and, consequently, elevated mitochondrial biogenesis factors which were reduced after H₂O₂ exposure. We emphasized on the protective effect of digitoflavone through increasing mitochondrial biogenesis by specifically inhibiting AMPK. Antioxidant ability of digitoflavone was indicated by the elevation of GSH level and CAT activity.

Conclusion: As a result, digitoflavone stabilize ΔΨ_m, enhanced cell viability through inducing mitochondrial biogenesis pathway, and increased antioxidant capacity of the cells which lead to better combating the oxidative stress.     

槲皮素对H_2O_2损伤PC12细胞的保护效果与机制

目的研究槲皮素(quercetin)对PC12细胞增殖的影响以及降低H2O2损伤PC12的效果并初步探讨其机制。方法通过MTT比色法检测槲皮素对PC12细胞增殖的影响,并用H2O2诱导PC12细胞建立氧化损伤模型,通过MTT和LDH比色法以及TUNEL法检测分析槲皮素保护PC12细胞免受H2O2损伤的效果;对比分析槲皮素保护组和对照组PC12细胞内ROS水平和MDA的含量检测抗氧化的效果;比较分析SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活性初步探讨槲皮素的抗氧化机制。结果检测浓度范围内槲皮素对PC12细胞没有毒性;通过提高细胞内SOD、CAT和GSH-PX活性,槲皮素能够降低细胞内活性氧水平,减少MDA的产生,保护H2O2对PC12细胞的氧化损伤。结论槲皮素对PC12细胞没有毒性,能够通过减弱H2O2产生的活性氧保护PC12细胞。     

Upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and downregulation of choline acetyltransferase in lead-exposed PC12 cells: the role of PKC activation

The effects of lead (Pb) on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were compared in relation to Pb-activation of cPKC in the PC12 cells. Exposure to 0.53 microM Pb (0.1094 ppm) increased TH but reduced ChAT activity and mRNA levels. The increase of TH activity was detectable as early as 0.5 h of exposure, reached a maximum 150% of control after 2 h, and then diminished to a steady state 135% of control between 12 and 48 h of exposure. The decrease of ChAT activity was first detectable after 2 h of Pb exposure, reached a 45% reduction after 6 h, and remained stable thereafter through 48 h of exposure. PKC activity increased 200% after 2 h and then reverted to control levels by 48 h of Pb exposure. The increase of TH activity after 2 h but not 48 h of exposure exceeded that of its mRNA. PKC inhibitor R?32-0342 suppressed TH activity increase after 2 h of Pb exposure by 80% without affecting TH mRNA. The decrease of ChAT activity correlated with the reductions in steady-state ChAT mRNA levels at 2 and 48 h of Pb exposure and R?32-0342 had no effect on the Pb-induced decrease of either ChAT activity or mRNA. These results demonstrate that Pb alters TH and ChAT expression in PC12 cells in a reciprocal manner, i.e., upregulates the former but downregulates the latter. PKC is not involved in Pb-induced downregulation of ChAT but does mediate the early phase of Pb-induced augmentation of TH activity, presumably through postranslational modification (phosphorylation) of the enzyme. However, this effect is short-lived due to downregulation of PKC in the course of prolonged (48 h) Pb exposure. It is concluded that, in the course of prolonged exposure, both upregulation of TH and downregulation of ChAT reflect primarily the effects of Pb at the level of gene expression through mechanisms that are not related to Pb activation of PKC.