Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory features of Coxsackie B1-B5 infections in the United States, 1970-79

In the period 1970 through 1979, the Coxsackie B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5 viruses constituted 24 percent of more than 18,000 enteroviruses isolated and reported through national surveillance. Young children, especially males, were most frequently affected: 48 percent of the national surveillance population were less than 5 years of age, including 30 percent who were less than 1 year old. Among the most frequently reported clinical syndromes associated with B infection were meningitis (in 56 percent of patients with B1-B5 infections), encephalitis (in 15 percent), and respiratory tract disease (in 14 percent). Carditis, a well-known B syndrome, was reported with only 2 percent of B1-B5 infections. Like most enteroviral agents, Group B viruses were isolated primarily during the summer: 87 percent of all these isolations were made during the 5 months from June through October. Although B2, B3, and B4 viruses were isolated at relatively uniform levels each year, B1 and B5 viral illnesses occurred nationwide as explosive epidemics only in certain years. A separate population of B-infected patients, identified by the Nassau County Medical Center (NCMC) Virus Laboratory, East Meadow, N.Y., during the same 10-year period, was studied to compare epidemiologic characteristics and to evaluate in greater detail clinical and laboratory features of B infections. Because of more active solicitation of specimens for testing, ascertainment in the NCMC system was more complete. The most frequently reported clinical findings at NCMC included fever (97 percent of cases), which was biphasic in 27 percent; pharyngitis (85 percent); vomiting (56 percent); headache (49 percent); other respiratory signs and symptoms (44 percent); diarrhea (40 percent); abdominal pain (33 percent); rash (31 percent); and otitis (28 percent). Rash was more frequently associated with younger than with older age groups (P < .01) for all B agents. Overall, throat (T) and rectal (R) swabs had the highest B-positivity rates among known infected patients(83 percent for T and 78 percent for R). Only for T was the positivity rate correlated with the interval between onset of illness and obtaining the specimen (P < .05). B agents grew most quickly from T specimens, but most reliably from R specimens. On the basis of these data,the authors recommend that both T and R specimens be obtained from every patient for whom prompt and reliable laboratory diagnosis of B infection is sought.To the authors' knowledge, these results from 10 years of national surveillance represent the largest surveillance summary of Coxsackie B viruses to date in the literature. Comparison of these results with those reported over the same 10 years by NCMC reflects differences that arise mostly because of differences in ascertainment systems.     

Prevalence of viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens among young children with acute diarrhoea in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

The prevalence of viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens among children of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, was investigated. During December 1995-October 1996, 576 faecal samples were collected from children (0-5 year(s) old) suffering from acute diarrhoea and attending hospitals and outpatient clinics in Jeddah. One or more enteropathogen(s) were identified in 45.6% of the stool specimens. Mixed infections were detected in 12.2% of the diarrhoeal cases. Rotavirus was detected in 34.6% of the specimens of the hospitalized patients and in 5.9% of the specimens of the outpatients. Fifty-one percent of the rotavirus-positive specimens were long electropherotype, 26% were short electropherotype, and 23% could not be electropherotyped specifically. Among those of the long electropherotype, there were six patterns; and of the short electropherotypes, there were four patterns. Serotyping of these specimens revealed a distribution of 39.6%, 4.2%, 6.3%, and 15.6% for rotavirus serotype 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Mixed serotypes were found in 3.1%, and 31.3% of the specimens were untypeable. Other aetiologic agents recognized included Escherichia coli (13%), of which 3.8% were enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and 1.9% enterohaemorrhagic E. coli. Among the E. coli (EPEC) serotypes, O111:K58:B4, O55:K59:B11, and 0127:K63:B8 were found in 31.8%, 18.2%, and 13.6% of the cases respectively. Serotype 026:K60:B6, 0124:K72:B17, and 0112:K66:B11 each was found in 9.1% of the EPEC cases. 0128:K67:B12 and 0125:K70:B13 each was found in one case only. Other detected pathogens were: Klebsiella pneumoniae (4%), Giardia lamblia (3.1%), Salmonella sp. (3%), Shigella flexneri (2.6%), Entamoeba histolytica (2.2%), Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepis nana, and Ascaris lumbricoides (0.7% each), and Candida albicans (0.5%). Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the high prevalence of the various enteropathogens among young children is a significant public health problem.     

艾滋病合并感染现况及对CD4的影响研究

目的:研究艾滋病感染者和艾滋病人(HIV/AIDS)合并感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、梅毒(TP)的流行现况及对艾滋病抗病毒治疗的影响。方法:选取HIV/AIDS的病例采用ELISA法,分别对标本进行乙肝表面抗原、丙肝抗体、梅毒抗体检测,艾滋病抗病毒治疗后患者的CD4+T淋巴细胞的观察。结果:719例HIV/AIDS合并感染乙肝的有80例(11.13%),丙肝46例(6.40%),梅毒114例(15.86%)。接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗的326例患者中,单纯HIV感染的有232例,其中T淋巴细胞CD4<300/mm3者110例,占47.41%;合并多重感染的HIV患者有94例,其中T淋巴细胞CD4<300/mm3的有49例,占52.13%;两组比较差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:HIV合并感染TP、HCV和HBV率较高,易对T淋巴细胞CD4产生不同程度的影响。     

In vitro antimicrobial properties of coconut oil on Candida species in Ibadan, Nigeria

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with the availability of fewer antifungal agents with fungicidal actions, prompted this present study to characterize Candida species in our environment and determine the effectiveness of virgin coconut oil as an antifungal agent on these species. In 2004, 52 recent isolates of Candida species were obtained from clinical specimens sent to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Their susceptibilities to virgin coconut oil and fluconazole were studied by using the agar-well diffusion technique. Candida albicans was the most common isolate from clinical specimens (17); others were Candida glabrata (nine), Candida tropicalis (seven), Candida parapsilosis (seven), Candida stellatoidea (six), and Candida krusei (six). C. albicans had the highest susceptibility to coconut oil (100%), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25% (1:4 dilution), while fluconazole had 100% susceptibility at an MIC of 64 microg/mL (1:2 dilution). C. krusei showed the highest resistance to coconut oil with an MIC of 100% (undiluted), while fluconazole had an MIC of > 128 microg/mL. It is noteworthy that coconut oil was active against species of Candida at 100% concentration compared to fluconazole. Coconut oil should be used in the treatment of fungal infections in view of emerging drug-resistant Candida species.     

758株条件致病性真菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

摘要:目的　研究本院临床条件致病性真菌感染的分布特点、实验室诊断及耐药性情况,为临床诊断真菌感染及合理使用药物提供依据。方法　对2013年1月-2014年1月间各病区送检标本中鉴定出的758株条件致病性真菌的分类、药敏和（1,3）-β-D葡聚糖检测（G试验）情况进行回顾性分析。结果　分离出的条件致病性真菌主要来自病人的痰液标本、血液标本、体液及脓液等,其中白色假丝酵母菌562株（74.14%）,近平滑假丝酵母菌88株（11.61%）,光滑假丝酵母菌49株（6.46%）,热带假丝酵母菌38株（5.01%）,新型隐球菌13株（1.72%）和其他假丝酵母菌8株（1.06%）。白色假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、皱褶假丝酵母菌和新型隐球菌对氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑及伏立康唑耐药率较低（＜10%）,对伊曲康唑耐药率较高（＞10%）;光滑假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌和克柔假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑及伊曲康唑耐药率较高（＞10%）。对164例高度疑似系统性真菌感染或真菌菌血症患者同时进行真菌培养和G试验,阳性率分别为60.37%和76.83%。结论 假丝酵母菌感染主要以呼吸道、消化道和泌尿道感染为主,不同类型的假丝酵母菌对药物的敏感性有所不同,因此快速而准确地鉴定及药敏试验对临床及时诊断和治疗假丝酵母菌感染有着重要的意义。     

Abundance and infection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Schistosoma glabrata in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the spatial distribution, abundance and natural schistosomiasis infection levels in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in an area of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: In the Pamparr?o area, Sumidouro county, RJ, Brazil, snail captures were carried out every other month from June 1991 to November 1995. There were 23 collecting sites along the Pamparr?o stream and its three tributaries (A, B and C). Captured snails were examined in the laboratory for infection. Data analyses were performed using Spearman coefficient (0.5% significance level) and Qui-square test. RESULTS: The abundance of B. glabrata was variable in both time and space. Most of the collection sites showed a negative correlation with rainfall. The tributary B had the highest and most steady infection rates (more than 25% in some sites). There were found significantly more infected snail in the dry season (chi2 = 20.08; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: B. glabrata population in the Pamparr?o valley was negatively influenced by rainfall, especially at the Pamparr?o stream. The dry season seems to promote the infection probably due to the lower water volume, increasing the chance of interaction between the intermediate host and the parasite.     

Suicides in national parks--United States, 2003-2009

In 2007, the year for which the most recent national data on fatalities are available, 34,598 suicides occurred in the United States (rate: 11.3 per 100,000 population); 79% were among males. In 2009, an estimated 374,486 visits to hospital emergency departments occurred for self-inflicted injury, of which approximately 262,000 (70%) could be attributed to suicidal behavior. The majority (58%) were among females. Most suicides (77%) occur in the home, but many occur in public places, including national parks. In addition to the loss of life, suicides consume park resources and staff time and can traumatize witnesses. To describe the characteristics of and trends in suicides in national parks, CDC and the National Park Service (NPS) analyzed reports of suicide events (suicides and attempted suicides) occurring in the parks during 2003-2009. During this 7-year span, 84 national parks reported 286 suicide events, an average of 41 events per year. Of the 286 events, 68% were fatal. The two most commonly used methods were firearms and falls. Consistent with national patterns, 83% of suicides were among males. A comprehensive, multicomponent approach is recommended to prevent suicide events, including enhanced training for park employees, site-specific barriers, and collaboration with communities.     

Park characteristics,use, and physical activity: A review of studies using SOPARC (System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities)

The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) can obtain information on park users and their physical activity using momentary time sampling. We conducted a literature review of studies using the SOPARC tool to describe the observational methods of each study, and to extract public park use overall and by demographics and physical activity levels. We searched PubMed, Embase, and SPORTDiscus for full-length observational studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals through 2014. Twenty-four studies from 34 articles were included. The number of parks observed per study ranged from 3 to 50. Most studies observed parks during one season. The number of days parks were observed ranged from 1 to 16, with 16 studies observing 5 or more days. All studies included at least one weekday and all but two included at least one weekend day. Parks were observed from 1 to 14 times/day, with most studies observing at least 4 times/day. All studies included both morning and afternoon observations, with one exception. There was a wide range of park users (mean 1.0 to 152.6 people/park/observation period), with typically more males than females visiting parks and older adults less than other age groups. Park user physical activity levels varied greatly across studies, with youths generally more active than adults and younger children more active than adolescents. SOPARC was adapted to numerous settings and these review results can be used to improve future studies using the tool, demonstrate ways to compare park data, and inform park promotions and programming.     

温州地区艾滋病感染者和病人合并感染乙肝、丙肝、梅毒等疾病的研究

目的:研究艾滋病感染者和病人(HIV/AIDS)合并感染乙型病毒性肝炎(HBV)、丙型病毒性肝炎(HCV)、梅毒(TP)的流行现状及其特点,为HIV/AIDS的防控和治疗提供科学依据。方法:选取2008年-2010年期间在温州实验室确认阳性的艾滋病感染者和病人的标本共678例,采用ELISA法,分别对标本进行乙肝表面抗原、丙肝抗体、梅毒抗体项目检测。结果:其中,合并感染乙肝的有102例(15.04%),感染丙肝84例(12.38%),感染梅毒145例(21.38%);同时感染乙肝、丙肝的有13例(1.91%),感染乙肝、梅毒有31例(4.57%),感染丙肝、梅毒的有13例(1.91%),同时感染乙肝、丙肝、梅毒的2例(0.29%)。结论:1、HIV感染者中HBV感染率略高于普通人群;HIV与HCV合并感染率显著高于普通人群,但低于国内外报道的HIV/HCV的30%以上;HIV与TP合并感染的比例显著高于普通人群以及其他地区艾滋病患者。2、合并感染的总体趋势有所控制。     

Physical Activity Among Adolescents: When Do Parks Matter?

BACKGROUND: The availability of places to engage in physical activity may influence physical activity levels. This study examined whether the relationship between physical activity and access to parks differs depending on adolescents' sociodemographic, housing, and neighborhood characteristics. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 4010 adolescents who responded to the 2003 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). Analyses were conducted in 2005-2006. Five sets of logistic regressions were conducted to examine the relationship between physical activity and access to a safe park among adolescents living in (1) urban versus rural areas; (2) apartment buildings versus houses, (3) neighborhoods perceived as unsafe versus safe; (4) lower- versus higher-income families; and (5) adolescents who were Latino, African American, Asian, or white. Analyses also examined interactions between park access and these factors. RESULTS: Access to a safe park was positively associated with regular physical activity and negatively associated with inactivity for adolescents in urban areas, but not rural areas. Additionally, adolescents with access to a safe park were less likely to be inactive than those without access among those living in (1) apartment buildings, (2) unsafe neighborhoods, and (3) lower-income families. Park access was not associated with regular physical activity for these groups. The association between park access and physical activity varied by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the relationship between physical activity and access to parks differs depending on adolescents' sociodemographic, housing, and neighborhood characteristics, and that parks may be particularly important for promoting physical activity among urban adolescents.     

北京地区2004-2006年婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染中人偏肺病毒感染的研究

目的了解北京地区急性呼吸道感染婴幼儿中人偏肺病毒（hMPV）的感染情况。方法采集2004年7月至2006年6月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院门诊和住院呼吸道感染患儿的咽拭子和鼻咽洗液临床标本3330份，进行细胞培养和间接免疫荧光检测病毒；同时提取标本中病毒RNA后经逆转录聚合酶链反应扩增位于hMPVM基因的片段，经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增片段。结果从3330份临床标本中检测到110份hMPV阳性标本，阳性率3．3％。hMPV感染的患儿男女比例为1．5：1，其中〈1岁年龄组患儿占46．4％（51／110），1～岁年龄组患儿占11．8％（13／110），2～5岁年龄组患儿占33．6％（37／110），〉5岁年龄组患儿占8．2％（9／110）。hMPV感染患儿的临床症状以肺炎占的比例最大，为44．5％（49／110）；其次是诊断为上呼吸道感染（22．7％，25／110）；诊断为毛细支气管炎的占10．9％（12／110），其中诊断支气管炎占7．3％（8／110）。2004年7月至2005年6月期间几乎每个月份（除2005年5月和6月）都检出hMPV感染的阳性标本，未出现明显的流行高峰。而2005年7月至2006年6月期间hMPV出现了较为明显的流行，于2006年4月为最高峰，阳性检出率为17．1％。110例hMPV感染的临床标本中有6份标本存在与其他呼吸道病毒的合并感染。hMPV和同期的人呼吸道合胞病毒的感染高峰没有重叠。结论hMPV是北京地区婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染（尤其是下呼吸道感染）的重要病毒病原之一，其感染对2岁以下婴幼儿威胁更大。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility, serotype and genotype distribution of meningococci in Portugal, 2001-2002

One hundred and eighteen Neisseria meningitidis isolates were recovered from patients with invasive meningococcal disease in Portugal, over one year. Our study was undertaken to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility, serogroup, serotype and genotype of isolates. One quarter (24.6%) of the isolates showed moderate resistance to penicillin and 47.4% were resistant to sulphadiazine. The two most common serosubtypes were C:2b:P1.5,2 (31.3%) and B:4:P1.15 (3.4%). Half (53.6%) of the isolates with moderate resistance to penicillin were phenotype C:2b:P1.5,2 (n=14), C:2b:P1.2 (n=1) or C:2b:NST (n=1); Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that all these isolates were genetically related. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of representative clones from each PFGE pattern showed the predominance of the ST-8 complex/cluster A4 among N. meningitidis with moderate resistance to penicillin. This clonal complex has been principally found in Southern Europe. The apparent emergence and dissemination of the hypervirulent ST-8 complex/cluster A4 among serogroup C strains increases the need for a continued surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of meningococci and of genotypic markers in Portugal.     

Torulopsis glabrata infections in Singapore: a 4-year study.

During the period 1971-4, Torulopsis glabrata formed 42% of yeasts isolated from 5677 clinical specimens from patients with cancers, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, pregnacy or major surgical operations complicated by mycotic infections. The significance of T. glabrata in these patients is discussed.     

老年下呼吸道感染患者痰分离真菌种类及药物敏感性

目的了解老年患者下呼吸道痰标本中真菌种类分布及药物敏感性,为预防真菌感染及针对性诊治提供依据。方法收集2010年1月—2014年10月云南亚高原地区3所医院老年患者下呼吸道标本分离的真菌,对其进行鉴定和药物敏感性试验。结果1 887株真菌中,白假丝酵母菌最多,占65.18%,同时,分离出毛霉菌属（0.69%）、构巢曲霉菌（0.16%）等少见菌株;分离的菌株对制霉菌素、两性霉素B和伊曲康唑的敏感率较高,分别为100.00%、90.14%和88.98%;对氟康唑和咪康唑的耐药率较高,分别为34.29%和36.62%;5种常见酵母菌对制霉菌素均敏感,但白假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、咪康唑的耐药率达35.94%~40.88%,白假丝酵母菌对5 氟胞嘧啶的耐药率为19.51%。结论对老年人临床抗真菌治疗需要考虑真菌类别及药敏结果。     

婴幼儿春季腹泻的病原学探讨

目的:探讨沈阳地区春季婴幼儿腹泻的病原感染情况,更好的采取防治措施,控制腹泻病的发生。方法:病原菌检测按常规方法,轮状病毒检测用核酸电泳法。结果:从185例标本中检出病原67例,总检出率36.2%;其中轮状病毒检出28例(15.1%);铜绿假单胞菌14例(7.6%);致病性大肠杆菌8例(4.3%);副溶血性弧菌5例(2.7%);变形杆菌4例(2.2%);志贺菌、亲水气单胞菌各2例(1.1%);沙门菌、豚鼠气单胞菌、麦氏弧菌、类志贺邻单胞菌各1例(0.5%)。28例轮状病毒均为典型普通轮状病毒反应模式,核酸图谱分型,短型为25例,长型为3例。结论:加强对轮状病毒的防治是控制婴幼儿春季腹泻的有效措施。     

Prevalence of Toxocara Spp. eggs in Public Parks in Tehran City,Iran

Background

The objective of the present research was to determine the frequency of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil samples of public parks, in the city of Tehran, Iran.

Methods

A total of 600 soil samples were taken from 120 parks between Aprils to November, 2008. Soil samples were collected from 5 distinct sites in the parks. The samples were washed with saline solution and the collected sediment from each park were equally divided and examined by floatation and Petri dish methods for Toxocara eggs.

Results

Ten percent were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. The number of observed Toxocara eggs in each microscopic field was varied from 1-3. No significant differences were observed between floatation and Petri dish methods.

Conclusion

Our public parks showed a high risk of toxocariasis and the need for preventive studies.     

Biomphalaria glabrata in Haiti

Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, was first reported in Haiti in 1891 at one location in the Départment du Nord and in 1977 it was reported at several sites in one additional watershed. Our study identifies two additional locations each on a different watershed plus a third possible site. A wide but discontinuous distribution of the snail on the north coast of Haiti is confirmed (no autochthonous infections with S. mansoni have been reported). While there are many possible explanations for this discontinuous distribution, a role for the competitor Thiara granifera in shaping the current distribution of B. glabrata is suggested. The incursion of B. glabrata into Haiti is not recent but at the same time is not expanding.     

Efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic developing countries.

Reported are the results of a study to determine the efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) for treating visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in several developing countries where the disease is endemic (Brazil, India, and Kenya). At each study site, sequential cohorts of 10 patients each were treated with AmBisome at a dose of 2 mg.kg-1.day-1 (2 MKD). The first cohort received regimen 1:2 MKD on days 1-6 and day 10 (total dose: 14 mg/kg). If the efficacy with this regimen was satisfactory, a second cohort received regimen 2:2 MKD on days 1-4 and 10 (total dose: 10 mg/kg); and a third cohort received regimen 3:2 MKD on days 1, 5, and 10 (total dose: 6 mg/kg). In India, regimens 1, 2, and 3 (which were studied concurrently) each cured 100% of 10 patients. In Kenya, regimen 1 cured all 10 patients, regimen 2 cured 90% of 10 patients, but regimen 3 cured only 20% of 5 patients. In Brazil, regimen 1 was only partially curative: 5 of 13 patients (62%). Therefore, 15 patients were administered regimen 4 (2 MKD for 10 consecutive days; total dose, 20 mg/kg) and 13 patients were cured (83%). These results suggest that for the treatment of kala-azar the following doses of AmBisome should be administered: in India and Kenya, 2 mg/kg on days 1-4 and day 10; and in Brazil, 2 mg/kg on days 1-10.     

Positive HABITATS for physical activity: Examining use of parks and its contribution to physical activity levels in mid-to older-aged adults

Studies of parks and physical activity rarely identify the actual spaces participants use. Using data from the HABITAT project, a longitudinal cohort of mid-to older-aged (40–70 years) respondents (n = 11,036) living in Brisbane Australia, this study examined (1) the demographic characteristics of users and non-users of parks; (2) the park used and the characteristics and features of the most popular reported spaces; and (3) the level of physical activity undertaken in the reported parks and whether users had higher total physical activity levels than non-users. Park use was significantly higher (p < 0.01) among dog walkers, couples (over 40) living with children, and those living in least disadvantaged areas. Regular park use was significantly higher among users of larger-sized neighbourhood and district-catchment parks. Park users were 35% more likely to meet the physical activity guidelines (OR = 1.35, 95%CI 1.21–1.50, p < 0.001) compared with those who indicated they did nto regularly use a park. The size of the park used was positively associated with participation in physical activity. Users of larger-sized parks spent more time doing vigorous activity and engaged in more activity sessions than non-users. Future data obtained from large populations, including spatial examination of the actual parks used and their characteristics, are essential to facilitate planning for park provision, optimising the use of these spaces for recreation and physical activity by mid-to older-aged adults, and creating healthy communities.     

重症监护室患者体外插管假丝酵母菌属鉴定及耐药性分析

了解某医院重症监护室（ICU）患者实施体外插管中真菌感染及其耐药情况。方法采集该院ICU84例患者的各种插管标本161份,将其接种于假丝酵母菌显色培养基,API 20C AUX鉴定试剂盒作菌株鉴定,ATB FUN 3药敏测试试剂盒进行药敏试验。结果161份标本中检出真菌98株（60.87％）,以白假丝酵母菌（52株,53.06％)为主,其余依次为热带假丝酵母菌（14株,14.29％）、光滑假丝酵母菌（11株,11.22％）、近平滑假丝酵母菌（9株,9.18％）和克柔假丝酵母菌（12株,12.25％)。其中呼吸道插管分离60株（61.22％）,留置导尿管25株（25.51％）,静脉插管13株（13.27%）。分离菌株对5 氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B和伏立康唑的耐药率均＜10％,对伊曲康唑的耐药率为12.24%;而光滑假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌和克柔假丝酵母菌对氟康唑的耐药率均＞45％。结论ICU患者各种插管中真菌感染以白假丝酵母菌为主;呼吸道插管感染率最高;各类假丝酵母菌对5 氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B和伏立康唑耐药性较低,而对氟康唑耐药性较高。