肌电生物反馈联合康复训练对脊髓损伤患者运动功能及功能独立性的影响

目的:观察肌电生物反馈疗法联合康复训练对脊髓损伤(SCI)患者运动功能障碍的康复疗效。方法:60例胸腰段不完全性脊髓损伤患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。2组均进行常规康复治疗,观察组加用双下肢肌电生物反馈治疗。治疗前及治疗后8周、12周进行下肢肌肉最大收缩时表面肌电(sEMG)信号采集、运动功能评定及功能独立性(FIM)评定,比较临床疗效。结果:治疗8周后,2组患者股四头肌、胫前肌最大收缩时的sEMG信号均较治疗前明显提高(P0.05),治疗后12周继续提高(P0.01);观察组sEMG信号增幅高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗8周后,2组患者ASIA运动功能评分及FIM评分亦较治疗前提高(P0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义;治疗12周后,2组ASIA运动功能及FIM评分较治疗8周后提高更明显(P0.01),观察组更高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:肌电生物反馈疗法联合康复训练对胸腰段不完全性脊髓损伤患者运动功能有促进作用,能明显提高患者的股四头肌、胫前肌表面肌电信号及肌力,并能提高功能独立水平,减少并发症。     

水中步行训练对脊髓损伤患者下肢表面肌电和神经功能的效果

目的探讨水中步行训练对不完全性脊髓损伤患者下肢肌肉表面肌电(s EMG)和神经功能的效果。方法 2014年6月至2016年5月,42例胸腰段不完全性脊髓损伤患者随机分成对照组(n=21)和实验组(n=21)。两组均采用常规康复训练,实验组另加水中步行训练,共6周。训练前后测量股四头肌及胫前肌平均肌电值(AEMG),采用美国脊柱损伤学会(ASIA)下肢运动功能、感觉指数评分进行评定。结果治疗后,两组ASIA下肢运动、感觉功能评分显著改善(t10.871,P0.001),股四头肌及胫前肌AEMG明显改善(t5.763,P0.01);实验组均明显优于对照组(t4.036,P0.01)。结论水中步行训练能进一步改善不完全性胸腰段脊髓损伤患者下肢肌力和神经功能。     

功能性电刺激联合康复训练治疗脑卒中偏瘫

目的:探讨功能性电刺激联合康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者的功能活动影响.方法:脑卒中偏瘫患者30例,随机分为电刺激组和对照组各15例,2组均给予常规康复训练,电刺激组另外佩戴步态训练矫正仪进行功能电刺激下步行功能训练.分别在治疗前后测量患者患侧踝背屈肌肌力、10m步行速度,并行“站起-走”计时测试(TUG)及Barthel指数评分.结果:治疗4周后,2组患侧踝背屈肌肌力、10m步行速度、Barthel指数均较治疗前明显增加,且电刺激组更高于对照组(P＜0.01,0.05);2组TUG时间均较治疗前显著减少,且电刺激组更少于对照组(P＜0.01,0.05).结论:功能性电刺激联合常规康复训练能显著地提高脑卒中偏瘫患者踝背屈肌的力量,改善患者的运动功能及日常生活活动能力.     

步态诱发功能性电刺激对脑卒中后足下垂患者步态时空参数的影响

目的:采用步态分析,观察步态诱发功能性电刺激对脑卒中后足下垂患者步态时空参数的影响.方法:选择40例符合入选标准的脑卒中后足下垂患者,随机分组到实验组和对照组,均给予常规药物治疗及基本常规康复训练.实验组在此治疗基础上采用给予患侧下肢步态诱发功能性电刺激,根据患者踝关节背伸、内翻程度调节正负电极片位置及具体适应的刺激量30min/次,1次/d,每周6次,共3周.对照组在治疗期间不给予任何电刺激.采用三维步态分析仪器分别于治疗前、治疗3周后检测并获取两组患者步态参数.结果:治疗3周后,两组患者步速、步幅、步频、健侧摆动相均较治疗前明显均提高(P＜0.05),步态周期、步宽、双支撑相、患侧摆动相、健侧支撑相、患侧支撑相均较治疗前显著减小(P＜0.05).组间比较显示,治疗组患者的步行速度、步幅、步频、步行周期、步宽、双支撑相、改善程度均明显优于对照组(P＜0.05).两组患者对称性步态参数治疗前后差异显著,且实验组改善程度显著优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:步态诱发功能性电刺激治疗能有效改善脑卒中后足下垂患者步速、步频、步行周期等时空参数,提高脑卒中后足下垂患者的步行能力及步态的对称性.     

经颅直流电刺激治疗不完全性颈段脊髓损伤的临床效果及其分子机制初探

目的 探讨经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对不完全性颈段脊髓损伤的疗效,分析脊髓损伤相关长链非编码RNA（LncRNA）变化水平与神经功能恢复的相关性。 方法 利用随机数字表法将46例不完全性颈段脊髓损伤患者,随机分为tDCS组（治疗组）、对照组（伪刺激组）。于治疗前、治疗8周后分别采用美国脊髓损伤协会（ASIA）标准、功能独立性（FIM）量表及改良Barthel指数（MBI）进行评分;脊髓神经生理评价采用运动诱发电位（MEP）、体感诱发电位（SEP）进行分析。对研究对象的血清进行qRT-PCR检测,分析tDCS干预前后LncRNA-MALAT1、MIAT、GPNMB、LILRB4和SCD1的表达水平,并将LncRNA表达水平与MBI进行相关性分析。 结果 治疗8周后,tDCS组患者轻触觉、针刺觉、运动、FIM及MBI评分较治疗前及对照组显著增高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;tDCS组MEP中枢运动传导时间（CMCT）、SEP中枢传导时间（CTT）较治疗前及对照组明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;tDCS组LncRNA-MALAT1、MIAT相对表达水平较治疗前及对照组增高,差异有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,而LncRNA-GPNMB、LILRB4和SCD1相对表达水平差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;tDCS干预后LncRNA-MALAT1、MIAT相对表达水平与MBI正相关（相关系数分别为0.810和0.803,P＜0.05）。 结论 tDCS能促进不完全性颈段脊髓损伤患者神经功能的恢复,其治疗机制可能与上调LncRNA-MALAT1、MIAT表达相关。     

基于正常行走模式的功能性电刺激对脑卒中患者行走功能即时影响的随机对照研究

目的:通过三维步态分析系统,观察基于正常行走模式的功能性电刺激(FES)对脑卒中患者行走功能的即时影响,为其临床应用及推广提供依据。方法:将符合入组条件的47例脑卒中患者随机分为电刺激组(16例)、安慰电刺激组(15例)和对照组(16例)。电刺激组给予基于正常行走模式设计的四通道FES助行仪治疗,患者戴机行走5min;刺激肌肉分别为偏瘫侧胫前肌、股四头肌、腓肠肌及腘绳肌。安慰电刺激组的电刺激位置及行走时间与电刺激组相同,行走(5min)过程中没有电流输出;对照组不给予电刺激,只让患者行走5min。三组患者分别在治疗前及治疗5min后接受三维步态检查,并对结果进行分析。结果:三组组内治疗后与治疗前比较:电刺激组的步行周期、支撑时间、步行速度、步频、踝背伸角度、踝关节触地时角度均有改善(P0.05);安慰电刺激组仅在踝关节背伸和踝关节触地时角度有改善(P0.05);对照组所有参数均无改善,且跨步长缩短、踝关节背伸角度降低(P0.05)。三组组间比较:治疗后只有触地时踝关节背伸角度差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。进一步进行治疗前后变化率的组间比较,发现三组患者患侧步行周期、支撑时间、步行速度、步频、步长、跨步长、触地时踝关节背伸角度的差异均有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:应用基于正常行走模式的FES治疗5min即可改善脑卒中患者的即时步行功能,长期效果尚待研究。     

减重、功能电刺激和踏车训练联合治疗改善脊髓损伤患者的步行能力

许多不完全性脊髓损伤患都具有潜在行走能力。近年来，许多学都在研究步态训练对改善不完全性脊髓损伤患的步行能力的功效。步态训练实验方法主要有功能性电刺激(FES)和成重支持(BWS)，减重支持常与药物联合应用。结果显示，两均能有效改善患步行能力。采用减重、功能性电刺激和踏车训练联合治疗提高慢性不完全性脊髓损伤患的步行能力。所有选取的研究对象在损伤后步行能力至少在1年内无明显改善。经本实验训练后，不论是在踏车时，还是在地面步行速度均有改善，同时还可改善下肢力量。     

重复经颅磁刺激与肌电生物反馈电刺激疗法联合治疗脑卒中后足下垂的疗效观察

目的:观察重复经颅磁刺激联合肌电生物反馈电刺激疗法治疗卒中后足下垂的疗效是否优于单纯应用肌电生物反馈电刺激。方法:将120例脑卒中后足下垂患者随机分为3组各40例,A组给予单纯肌电生物反馈电刺激治疗,B组给予肌电生物反馈电刺激联合重复经颅磁刺激治疗,C组给予肌电生物反馈联合假重复经颅磁刺激治疗。治疗前及治疗8周后对3组患者进行疗效评定,采用肌力测定仪评定踝关节背伸肌力;表面肌电分析仪处理表面肌电信号,记录最大踝关节背屈时,胫骨前肌等长收缩状态下相关肌群的肌电积分值;Gaitwatch三维步态分析与训练系统记录行走时的步态参数,主要评定指标:步速、患侧支撑相百分比、踝关节最大背伸角度。结果:通过8周的康复训练,3组患者的肌力、步态及胫骨前肌iEMG值均较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),B组各项指标均优于A组、C组(P0.05),A、C两组间治疗效果差异无统计学意义。结论:重复经颅磁刺激联合肌电生物反馈电刺激疗法治疗卒中后足下垂疗效显著,明显优于单纯肌电生物反馈电刺激。     

减重、功能电刺激和踏车训练联合治疗改善脊髓损伤患者的步行能力

许多不完全性脊髓损伤患者都具有潜在行走能力。近年来,许多学者都在研究步态训练对改善不完全性脊髓损伤患者的步行能力的功效。步态训练实验方法主要有功能性电刺激(FES)和减重支持(BWS),减重支持常与药物联合应用。结果显示,两者均能有效改善患者步行能力。采用减重、功能性电刺激和踏车训练联合治疗提高慢性不完全性脊髓损伤患者的步行能力。所有选取的研究对象在损伤后步行能力至少在1年内无明显改善。经本实验训练后,不论是在踏车时,还是在地面步行速度均有改善,同时还可改善下肢力量。     

早期使用踝足矫形器对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行功能影响的表面肌电信号研究

摘要 目的：观察早期应用佩戴踝足矫形器（AFO）进行康复训练治疗脑卒中患者偏瘫步态的临床疗效。 方法：将63例脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组（Z组）和对照组（D组）。两组均按常规予以对症支持治疗和康复治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用AFO,康复训练4周后进行评定。治疗前后分别采用二维步态分析仪、表面肌电图机及相应量表评定两组患者的步行能力（包括步态参数及步行功能分级）、踝关节控制肌群（胫前肌及腓肠肌外侧头）的积分肌电值（iEMG）、运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力。 结果：治疗前后对比,治疗组步行能力的差异有显著性意义（P＜0.01）;对照组步行能力的差异也有显著性意义（P＜0.01）。治疗后治疗组步行能力、下肢运动功能、平衡功能、日常生活活动能力、踝关节控制肌群肌力与对照组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）,治疗组优于对照组。 结论：早期佩戴AFO能够促进偏瘫患者步行能力、平衡功能、运动功能、日常生活活动能力、踝关节控制肌群肌力的恢复。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.