The peripheral perfusion index and transcutaneous oxygen challenge test are predictive of mortality in septic patients after resuscitation

Introduction

The peripheral perfusion index (PI) is a noninvasive numerical value of peripheral perfusion, and the transcutaneous oxygen challenge test (OCT) is defined as the degree of transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen (PtcO₂) response to 1.0 FiO_2. The value of noninvasive monitoring peripheral perfusion to predict outcome remains to be established in septic patients after resuscitation. Moreover, the prognostic value of PI has not been investigated in septic patients.

Methods

Forty-six septic patients, who were receiving PiCCO-Plus cardiac output monitoring, were included in the study group. Twenty stable postoperative patients were studied as a control group. All the patients inspired 1.0 of FiO₂ for 10 minutes during the OCT. Global hemodynamic variables, traditional metabolic variables, PI and OCT related-variables were measured simultaneously at 24 hours after PiCCO catheter insertion. We obtained the 10min-OCT ((PtcO₂ after 10 minutes on inspired 1.0 oxygen) - (baseline PtcO₂)), and the oxygen challenge index ((10min-OCT)/(PaO₂ on inspired 1.0 oxygen - baseline PaO₂)) during the OCT.

Results

The PI was significantly correlated with baseline PtcO₂, 10min-OCT and oxygen challenge index (OCI) in all the patients. The control group had a higher baseline PtcO₂, 10min-OCT and PI than the septic shock group. In the sepsis group, the macro hemodynamic parameters and ScvO₂ showed no differences between survivors and nonsurvivors. The nonsurvivors had a significantly lower PI, 10min-OCT and OCI, and higher arterial lactate level. The PI, 10min-OCT and OCI predicted the ICU mortality with an accuracy that was similar to arterial lactate level. A PI <0.2 and a 10min-OCT <66mmHg were related to poor outcome after resuscitation.

Conclusions

The PI and OCT are predictive of mortality for septic patients after resuscitation. Further investigations are required to determine whether the correction of an impaired level of peripheral perfusion may improve the outcome of septic shock patients.     

Evaluation of a noninvasive method for cardiac output measurement in critical care patients

OBJECTIVE: Thermodilution (TD) is the gold standard to monitor cardiac output (CO) in critical care. However, there is concern about the safety of right-ventricular catheterization. The CO(2) rebreathing technique allows noninvasive CO determination by means of the indirect Fick principle. Our objectives were: (a) to assess the accuracy of a new system of CO measurement using the CO(2) partial rebreathing method (PRCO); (b) to evaluate whether the PRCO itself may induce changes in CO. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study in the intensive care department in a university-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-two mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. INTERVENTIONS: CO measured simultaneously by PRCO and TDCO. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: PRCO and TDCO values were compared by concordance analysis. Stability of cardiac output during PRCO was evaluated by comparing the TDCO measurements before, during, and after the partial rebreathing period using analysis of variance. From a total of 79 valid sets of measurements, bias and precision was calculated at -0.18+/-1.39 l/min. The concordance analysis of lower and intermediate CO values (<7 l/min) yielded a bias and precision calculation of -0.07+/-0.91 l/min. No changes in hemodynamics were observed during the partial rebreathing period. CONCLUSIONS: The noninvasive partial CO(2) rebreathing technique may be an alternative method for CO determination in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. The rebreathing maneuver alone does not induce changes in CO.     

脉搏指示连续心排血量监测在感染性休克早期液体复苏中的应用

目的 探讨脉搏指示连续心排血量(PICCO)监测技术在感染性休克患者液体复苏中的应用价值.方法 2010年1月至2011年12月58例感染性休克患者根据治疗过程中是否应用PICCO监测技术将患者分为PICCO组(28例)和对照组(30例),对比分析两组患者治疗后早期目标导向治疗的液体复苏(EGDT)达标率、乳酸水平、中心静脉压(CVP)、氧合指数,72 h内液体入量、液体平衡、ICU内呼吸机应用时间、ICU住院时间、ICU内72 h后多脏器功能不全(MODS)发生率、28 d病死率.结果 (1)与对照组比较,PICCO组72 h内总的液体入量[(9565±1623) ml与(12 245 ±2253)ml,t=2.673,P=0.021]及正平衡[(3656±1904) ml与(5465±2765) ml,t=2.357,P=0.012]较对照组明显减少.(2)PICCO组72 h氧合指数较对照组明显增高(252.6±87.4与226.8±69.4,P＜0.05),呼吸机应用时间较对照组明显缩短[(134.7±42.8)h与(193.3±92.4)h,t=1.356,P=0.023].(3)两组在相同时间段乳酸水平、CVP值、6 hEGDT达标率、ICU住院时间、72 h后ICU内MODS发生率、28 d病死率方面比较差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 与CVP指导的常规液体复苏相比,PICCO监测技术可以更准确地对感染性休克患者进行容量管理,指导早期液体复苏.     

Thenar oxygen saturation measured by near infrared spectroscopy as a noninvasive predictor of low central venous oxygen saturation in septic patients

Objective  To validate thenar oxygen saturation (StO₂) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a noninvasive estimation of central venous saturation (ScvO₂) in septic patients. Design  Prospective observational study. Setting  A 26-bed medical–surgical intensive care unit at a university-affiliated hospital. Patients  Patients consecutively admitted to the ICU in the early phase of severe sepsis and septic shock, after normalization of blood pressure with fluids and/or vasoactive drugs. Measurements  We recorded demographic data, severity score, hemodynamic data, and blood lactate, as well as ScvO₂, and StO₂ measured simultaneously on inclusion. Patients were divided into two groups according to ScvO₂ values: group A, with ScvO₂ < 70%, and group B, with ScvO₂ ≥ 70%. Results  Forty patients were studied. StO₂ was significantly lower in group A than in group B (74.7 ± 13.0 vs. 83.3 ± 6.2, P 0.018). No differences in age, severity score, hemodynamics, vasoactive drugs, or lactate were found between groups. Simultaneously measured ScvO₂ and StO₂ showed a significant Pearson correlation (r = 0.39, P 0.017). For a StO₂ value of 75%, sensitivity was 0.44, specificity 0.93, positive predictive value 0.92, and negative predictive value 0.52 for detecting ScvO₂ values lower than 70%. Conclusions  StO₂ correlates with ScvO₂ in normotensive patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. We propose a StO₂ cut-off value of 75% as a specific, rapid, noninvasive first step for detecting patients with low ScvO₂ values. Further studies are necessary to analyze the role of noninvasive StO₂ measurement in future resuscitation algorithms. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Interrater reliability of cardiac output measurements by transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound: implications for noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring in the ED

INTRODUCTION: Hemodynamic monitoring is an important aspect of caring for the critically ill patients boarding in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study is to investigate the interrater agreement of noninvasive cardiac output measurements using transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound technique. METHODS: This is a prospective observational cohort study performed in a 32-bed adult ED of an academic tertiary center with approximately 65000 annual patient visits. Patients were enrolled after verbal consent over a 7-month period. The raters were ED personnel involved in patient care. Paired measurements of cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) were obtained from a transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound cardiac output monitor. RESULTS: A convenience sample of 107 (50 women and 57 men) patients with a median age of 49 (32, 62) years was enrolled. One hundred two paired measurements were performed in 91 patients in whom adequate Doppler ultrasound signals were obtainable. The raters included 35 emergency medicine attending physicians, 31 emergency medicine residents, 80 medical students, 47 nurses, and 11 emergency medical technicians. Cardiac index range was 0.6 to 5.3 L/min per square meter, and SVI range was 7.7 to 63.0 mL/m(2). The correlation of CI measurements between 2 raters was good (r(2) = 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-1.00; P < .001). Likewise, SVI measurements between 2 raters also showed acceptable correlation (r(2) = 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.96; P < .001). Interrater reliability was strong for CI (kappa = 0.83 with 92.2% agreement) and SVI measurements (kappa = 0.72 with 88.2% agreement). Most patients had an interrater difference below 10% in CI and SVI measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency department personnel, regardless of their role in patient care, are able to obtain reliable cardiac output measurements in ED patients over a wide range of CI and SVI. Transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound technique may be an alternative to traditional invasive hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients presenting to the ED.     

Comparison between Flotrac-Vigileo and Bioreactance, a totally noninvasive method for cardiac output monitoring

Introduction  

This study was designed to compare the clinical acceptability of two cardiac output (CO) monitoring systems: a pulse wave contour-based system (FloTrac-Vigileo) and a bioreactance-based system (NICOM), using continuous thermodilution (PAC-CCO) as a reference method.     

Levosimendan for low cardiac output: a pediatric experience

This was a retrospective observational study in a pediatric intensive care unit, in which 19 patients received levosimendan. There were no adverse events attributable to levosimendan and no instances where the clinical condition worsened after administration. Arterial lactate levels decreased significantly following levosimendan administration during cardiopulmonary bypass for anticipated low cardiac output. In those with established low cardiac output, trends toward improved hemodynamics were seen, with heart rate reduction, an increase in mean blood pressure, a reduction in arterial lactate, and reduced conventional inotrope use. Levosimendan was safely used in a small number of pediatric patients with established low cardiac output state who demonstrated improved hemodynamics and tissue perfusion, with a tendency to reduced conventional inotrope usage, and this warrants its evaluation as an inotrope in the pediatric population.     

Arterial pressure-based cardiac output monitoring: a multicenter validation of the third-generation software in septic patients

Purpose  

Second-generation FloTrac software has been shown to reliably measure cardiac output (CO) in cardiac surgical patients. However, concerns have been raised regarding its accuracy in vasoplegic states. The aim of the present multicenter study was to investigate the accuracy of the third-generation software in patients with sepsis, particularly when total systemic vascular resistance (TSVR) is low.     

2种心排量监测方法在重症感染性休克患者中的应用

目的比较无创心排量监测(non-invasive cardiac output monitoring,NICOM)与脉搏指示连续心排量(pulseindicated continuous cardiac output,Pi CCO)监测2种方法测定重症感染性休克患者血流动力学参数的差异及相关性,为护士参与开展重症患者床旁无创心排量监测提供依据。方法选取2017年4月—12月收入北京某三级甲等医院ICU需进行血流动力学监测的感染性休克患者作为研究对象,分别对同一患者采用NICOM和Pi CCO 2种方式监测患者心输出量和每搏量变异度,比较2种方法的差异和相关性。结果共纳入感染性休克患者31例,男19例,女12例,其中NICOM测得心输出量为5.10(4.35,6.50)L/min,Pi CCO测得心输出量为4.89(4.34,6.23)L/min,两种方法比较,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.786,P=0.430);NICOM测得每搏量变异度为13.00(11.00,16.00),Pi CCO测得每搏量变异度为12.00(9.00,15.00),两种方法比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.6...     

Blood oxygen transport function during ftorotan application in patients with ischemic heart disease and low cardiac output

A total of 41 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were retrospectively examined after coronary bypass grafting under the conditions of extracorporeal artificial blood circulation and with a combined anesthesia involving ftorotan. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1--11 patients with an initial cardiac index below 33 l x min-1 x m-2 (3.8 +/- 0.27 l x min-1 x m-2. Group 2--30 patients with an initial cardiac index below 2 l x min-1 x m-2 (1.7 +/- 0.04 l x min-1 x m-2, p < 0.01 as compared to group 1). As for group 1, there were reduced parameters, noted at the examination stages, in the oxygen-transport blood function, while they were found to be increased in group 2. Combined anesthesia with ftorotan was not found, in IHD patients with an initial low-output cardiac state, to disrupt essentially the oxygen transport during the pre-perfusion stage. The dynamic changes of the oxygen-transport parameters were shown to be related, in pre-perfusion stage, mainly with peculiarities of hemodynamic changes, in the early operative stage, in patients with different initial cardiac output states.     

Early administration of norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and cardiac output in septic patients with life-threatening hypotension

Introduction  

We sought to examine the cardiac consequences of early administration of norepinephrine in severely hypotensive sepsis patients hospitalized in a medical intensive care unit of a university hospital.     

Method for continuously measured oxygen consumption and cardiac output for use in critically ill patients

A method for continous measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and cardiac output is described. This relatively inexpensive system was found to be practical for monitoring critically ill patients over the past 5 years. Clinical studies illustrating its usefulness are presented.     

脉搏轮廓法在感染性休克早期液体复苏中的运用

目的 探讨以脉搏轮廓动脉压波形分析法(PiCCO)指标指导感染性休克患者液体复苏及血管活性药应用及与预后的关系.方法 2006年12月至2008年6月感染性休克患者为常规治疗组,共纳入30例;2008年7月至2009年10月为PiCCO组,共纳入26例.排除标准为既往有慢性心肺及肝肾功能不全病史.常规组给予EDGT方案复苏.PiCCO组根据每搏变异量及全心舒张末期容积指数进行液体复苏,使全心舒张末期容积指数达到600～750 mL/m2,无房颤时同时考虑每搏变异量＜10%;并根据体循环外周阻力指数监测结果应用去甲肾上腺素调整在1300～1500 d·s·cm-5·m-2,根据全心射血分数及心脏指数应用多巴酚丁胺调节心功能,维持平均动脉压≥65 mmHg,同时监测血管外肺水指导液体选择和利尿剂应用.观察患者6 h后中心静脉氧饱和度和乳酸值、3 d的液体平衡状态、28 d生存率、28 d脱离呼吸机时间、住ICU时间和无脏器衰竭时间.结果 两组患者的年龄、性别、病因、APACHEⅡ及SOFA评分、血流动力学状态在液体复苏前差异无统计学意义.PiCCO组与常规组液体复苏6 h后中心静脉氧饱和度和乳酸值差异无统计学意义,28 d生存率和无脏器衰竭时间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).PiCCO组6 h和1 d血管活性药物多巴酚丁胺量[(145.4±24.5)mg vs.(104.2±46.3)mg;(330.2±30.3)mg vs.(202.4±40.3)mg]及去甲肾上腺素用量[(14.5±3.8)mg vs.(10.2±5.6)mg;(38.2±4.2)mg vs.(20.1±6.2)mg]较常规组明显要多(P＜0.05);但2d与3 d血管活性药量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).PiCCO组6 h及3 d液体复苏的量明显减少[(2121±578)mL vs.(2910±987)mL;(3845±435)mL vs.(4545±765)mL;(2467±510)mL vs.(2867±618)mL;(951±332)mL vs.(1472±533)mL],28 d内脱离呼吸机时间[(19.7±8.3)d vs.(15.1±9.1)d]明显增加,住ICU时间明显缩短[(7.5±3.5)d vs.(9.5±3.2)d](P＜0.05).结论 以PiCCO的指标指导感染性休克患者液体复苏及血管活性药应用,能更精确进行液体管理,减少盲目补液,减少机械通气时间,缩短住ICU时间.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the use of pulse indication contour cardiac output (PiCCO) as a guidance for fluid resuscitation and vasopressors employment in patients with septic shock in order to find out the efficacy of this resuscitation strategy in the respect of outcome of patients. Mtthod A total of 30 patients with septic shock were treated with the EDGT fluid treatment protocol as the conventional treatment group from December 2006 to June 2008; and another 26 patients were given fluid treatment under the guidance of PiCCO as PiCCO group from July 2008 to October 2009. Exclusion criteria included patients with history of heart and lung diseases, and liver and kidney dysfunction. The mean arterial blood pressure was maintained above or equal to 65mmHg in PiCCO group,and fluid resuscitation was concluded when global end-diastolic volume index reached 600～750 mL·-2 with the stroke volume variation in ＜ 10% and without auricular fibrillation. Nor-epinephrine was administrated to adiust the systemic peripheral vascular resistance index during 1300～1500 d·s·cm-5·m-2.Dobutamine was empoyed when global ejection fraction was compromised. The options of liquid and diuretics depend upon the presence d extra-vascular lung water. Central venous oxygen saturation and the level of lactate were observed 6hours after resuscitation. The liquid equilibrium for 3 days and the dosage of vasopressors were also recorded. The rate of survival, the time taken for weaning from mechanical ventilation, the days of ICU stay and rate of intact organ function within 28 days were compared between two groups. Results The demphics of patients of two goups were similar. There were no significant difference between PiCCO and the conventional group in values of central venous oxygen saturation and lactate 6 hours after admission to ICU (P ＞ 0.05). And 6 h and 1d after fluid resuscitation, the dosages of dobutamine and the dosages of nor-epinephrine used in PiCCO group were significantly higher than those in conventional group in which the dosages of dobutamine in two groups were [(145.4±24.5)mg vs. (104.2 ± 46.3) mg and (330.2 ± 30.3) mg vs. (202.4 ± 40.3) mg], respectively, and the dosages of nor-epinephrine [(14.5±3.8) mgvs. (10.2±5.6) mgand (38.2±4.2) rng vs.(20.1±6.2) mg], respectively. However, the dosages of vasopressors were similar between two groups 2 d and 3 d later. The amounts of liquid administered to get equilibrium in 6 h and the 3 d in PiCCO group were significantly less than those in conventional group [(2121±578) mL vs. (2910±987) mL and (3845±435) mL vs. (4545 ± 765) mL and (2467±510) mLvs. (2867±618) mL and (951±332) mLvs. (1472±533) mL], respectively. The days required to get free from mechanical ventilation within 28d were significantly longer in PiCGO group[(19.7 ± 8.3) d vs.(15.1±9.1) d], but the days of ICU stay were significantly shorter in PiCCO group [(7.5 ± 3.5) d vs. (9.5±3.2) d] (P＜0.05). The rates of survival and days free from organ failure within 28 days of two groups were similar(P＞0.05). Conclusions When the early fluid management guided with PiCCO in septic shock patients,the fluid management can be implement more safely and precisely. It can shorten the days of ICU stay and days of mechanical ventilation support with avoidance of fluid resuscitation.     

Continuous noninvasive cardiac output determination using the CNAP system: evaluation of a cardiac output algorithm for the analysis of volume clamp method-derived pulse contour

The CNAP system (CNSystems Medizintechnik AG, Graz, Austria) provides noninvasive continuous arterial pressure measurements by using the volume clamp method. Recently, an algorithm for the determination of cardiac output by pulse contour analysis of the arterial waveform recorded with the CNAP system became available. We evaluated the agreement of the continuous noninvasive cardiac output (CNCO) measurements by CNAP in comparison with cardiac output measurements invasively obtained using transpulmonary thermodilution (TDCO). In this proof-of-concept analysis we studied 38 intensive care unit patients from a previously set up database containing CNAP-derived arterial pressure data and TDCO values obtained with the PiCCO system (Pulsion Medical Systems SE, Feldkirchen, Germany). We applied the new CNCO algorithm retrospectively to the arterial pressure waveforms recorded with CNAP and compared CNCO with the corresponding TDCO values (criterion standard). Analyses were performed separately for (1) CNCO calibrated to the first TDCO (CNCO-cal) and (2) CNCO autocalibrated to biometric patient data (CNCO-auto). We did not perform an analysis of trending capabilities because the patients were hemodynamically stable. The median age and APACHE II score of the 22 male and 16 female patients was 63 years and 18 points, respectively. 18 % were mechanically ventilated and in 29 % vasopressors were administered. Mean ± standard deviation for CNCO-cal, CNCO-auto, and TDCO was 8.1 ± 2.7, 6.4 ± 1.9, and 7.8 ± 2.4 L/min, respectively. For CNCO-cal versus TDCO, Bland–Altman analysis demonstrated a mean difference of +0.2 L/min (standard deviation 1.0 L/min; 95 % limits of agreement ?1.7 to +2.2 L/min, percentage error 25 %). For CNCO-auto versus TDCO, the mean difference was ?1.4 L/min (standard deviation 1.8 L/min; 95 % limits of agreement ?4.9 to +2.1 L/min, percentage error 45 %). This pilot analysis shows that CNCO determination is feasible in critically ill patients. A percentage error of 25 % indicates acceptable agreement between CNCO-cal and TDCO. The mean difference, the standard deviation, and the percentage error between CNCO-auto and TDCO were higher than between CNCO-cal and TDCO. A hyperdynamic cardiocirculatory state in a substantial number of patients and the hemodynamic stability making trending analysis impossible are main limitations of our study.     

Validation of noninvasive pulse contour cardiac output using finger arterial pressure in cardiac surgery patients requiring fluid therapy

Introduction

Nexfin (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) allows for noninvasive continuous monitoring of blood pressure (ABP_NI) and cardiac output (CO_NI) by measuring finger arterial pressure (FAP). To evaluate the accuracy of FAP in measuring ABP_NI and CO_NI as well as the adequacy of detecting changes in ABP and CO, we compared FAP to intra-arterially measured blood pressure (ABP_IA) and transpulmonary thermodilution (CO_TD) in postcardiac surgery patients during a fluid challenge (FC).

Methods

Twenty sedated patients post cardiac surgery were included, and 28 FCs were performed. Measurements of ABP and CO were simultaneously collected before and after an FC, and we compared CO and blood pressure.

Results

Finger arterial pressure was obtainable in all patients. When comparing ABP_NI with ABP_IA, bias was 2.7 mm Hg (limits of agreement [LOA], ± 22.2), 4.9 mm Hg (LOA, ± 13.6), and 4.2 mm Hg (LOA, ± 13.7) for systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, respectively. Concordance between changes in ABP_NI and ABP_IA was 100%. Mean bias between CO_NI and CO_TD was − 0.26 (LOA, ± 2.2), with a percentage error of 38.9%. Concordance between changes in CO_NI vs CO_TD and was 100%.

Conclusion

Finger arterial pressure reliably measures ABP and adequately tracks changes in ABP. Although CO_NI is not interchangeable with CO_TD, it follows changes in CO closely.     

多巴酚丁胺和多巴胺对低心排综合征患者血流动力学和氧代谢的影响

目的 :比较小剂量多巴胺及多巴酚丁胺对心脏手术后低心排综合征患者血流动力学和氧代谢的影响。方法 :12例心脏手术后低心排患者分别持续静脉泵入 5～ 10 μg·min- 1 ·kg- 1 多巴胺或多巴酚丁胺 ,观察血流动力学和氧代谢的改变。结果 :与给药前相比 ,10 μg·min- 1 ·kg- 1多巴胺和 5～ 10 μg·min- 1 ·kg- 1 多巴酚丁胺给药后均能显著提高心脏指数 (CI) ,但同样使CI增加5 0 %～ 70 % ,多巴酚丁胺只需 5 μg·min- 1 ·kg- 1 ,而多巴胺需要 10 μg·min- 1 ·kg- 1 。 5～ 10 μg·min- 1 ·kg- 1 多巴酚丁胺使体血管阻力指数 (SVRI)和肺动脉嵌顿压 (PAWP)显著降低 ,而多巴胺对SVRI和PAWP无显著影响 ,两者对肺动脉压 (PAP)和肺血管阻力指数 (PVRI)均无显著影响。5～ 10 μg·min- 1 ·kg- 1 多巴酚丁胺均导致氧输送指数 (DO2 )和氧耗指数 (VO2 )显著提高 ,但 5～10 μg·min- 1 ·kg- 1 多巴胺对DO2 和VO2 无明显影响。结论 :与多巴胺相比 ,多巴酚丁胺更为有效的提高CI和DO2 、降低心脏前后负荷 ,有助于改善组织缺氧。     

脉搏指示连续心输出量测定指导脓毒症休克治疗的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析系统评价脉搏指示连续心输出量测定（PiCCO）指导脓毒症休克治疗的价值。 方法系统检索PubMed、中国知网和万方等数据库,检索时间为2011年1月至2020年3月。由2人按照设定的纳入与排除标准进行筛选文献,查找相关文献,并采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行数据分析、汇总。 结果共纳入21篇文献和1572例患者。与常规中心静脉压（CVP）指导的脓毒症休克治疗相比,PiCCO指导的脓毒症休克治疗组28 d病死率下降（OR=0.55,95%CI：0.43~0.70,P＜0.001）,机械通气时间缩短（SD=-1.77,95%CI：-2.36~-1.19,P＜0.001）。 结论对于脓毒症休克患者,PiCCO指导下的治疗优于传统CVP指导下的治疗。     

连续血液净化在低心排血量综合征中的应用

报告了18例低心排血量综合征患者应用连续血液净化治疗的护理.通过改进预冲方法 、合理设置脱水量、每30～60min冲洗1次滤器、调整置换液电解质和碳酸氢根浓度及血管活性药物浓度,获得良好治疗效果.18例中2例因术前合并肝、肺、肾功能损害,术后不能纠正而死亡,1例尿量和肾功能恢复后合并重症肺部感染而兄亡,其余15例患者治疗3～72h后尿量和肾功能恢复,治疗8～72h后血压恢复术前水平.     

The thermodilution method for the clinical assessment of cardiac output

Conclusion The thermodilution technique has been shown to measure cardiac output accurately if flow is stationary. During mechanical ventilation the technique can be liable to gross errors. However, if certain precautions are followed mean cardiac output can be accurately estimated, even with a theoretical misuse of the Stewart-Hamilton equation. This can be done best by averaging three or four measurements equally spread over the ventilatory cycle. For this approach manufacturers of cardiac output computers have to be persuaded to include a phase selector and an automatic injector.