应用VSD协助治疗伴有会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折

目的 探讨伴有会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折的治疗方法.方法 16例伴有会阴部损伤开放性骨盆骨折入院后按创伤骨折流程急救处理,主要包括急救复苏、结肠造瘘、外固定架固定、创面多次清创、冲洗、真空负压封闭引流(VSD)、创面闭合或皮瓣移植.结果 5例在入院后数小时内死亡.11例存活,存活组获平均14个月(6～46个月)随访,所有伤口均愈合.结论 对于伴有会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折积极抗感染,伤口多次扩创,真空负压封闭引流,重建骨盆环的稳定、直肠肛管、尿道功能,是取得较满意效果的保证.     

伴会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折治疗

目的探讨伴会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折治疗方法及疗效。方法 2000年8月-2010年7月,收治16例伴会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折患者。男12例,女4例;年龄17～69岁,平均41岁。致伤原因:交通事故伤9例,高处坠落伤6例,重物砸伤1例。受伤至入院时间为5～20 min,平均8 min。骨盆骨折按照Tile分型标准:A型2例,B型6例,C型8例。创面范围5 cm×3 cm～15 cm×12 cm。会阴部损伤部位:腹膜内直肠损伤2例,腹膜外直肠肛管损伤14例。按创伤严重度评分标准(injury severity score,ISS)评分为25～48分,平均29分。入院后按创伤骨折流程急救处理,主要包括急救复苏、结肠造瘘、外固定架固定、创面多次清创、冲洗、持续封闭式负压引流技术(vacuum sealingdrainage,VSD)。结果入院4 d内死亡5例,其中3例死于失血性休克,2例死于多器官功能衰竭。余11例存活患者均获随访,随访时间6～46个月,平均14个月。X线片检查示骨盆骨折于术后2～4个月达骨性愈合。术后会阴部损伤创面均有不同程度感染,经扩创、VSD治疗后,其中10例创面直接拉拢缝合后Ⅱ期愈合,1例行股薄肌皮瓣移位修复后愈合。直肠肛管损伤患者随访期间无失禁表现。结论对于伴会阴部损伤的开放性骨盆骨折,应早期积极抗休克、保护重要脏器功能、处理合并症,后期抗感染、恢复骨盆环稳定性、修复重建直肠肛管及尿道功能,以获得较好疗效。     

直肠肛门损伤诊治分析（附52例报告）

目的探讨直肠肛门外伤的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析52例直肠肛门外伤患者的临床资料,26例行单纯直肠肛管损伤清创、修补或局部引流,25例行肛管直肠损伤清创修补加乙状结肠双腔造口术,1例医源性腹膜反折上直肠损伤患者行经腹单纯损伤修补缝合。结果本组无围手术期死亡,无肛门失禁。出现并发症5例：1例尿道狭窄,1例创面严重感染伴肛管狭窄,3例单纯创面感染。结论早期明确诊断,及时、个体化的手术治疗,合理的围手术期抗感染及综合治疗是治疗肛门直肠外伤的关键。     

浅析肛管直肠损伤的手术治疗

肛、直肠损伤包括黏膜撕裂、穿透伤和直肠及肛管的广泛损伤,常合并骨盆骨折、膀胱尿道损伤、骨盆内大出血、腹膜后血肿和会阴部广泛组织损伤等。其发生率虽不及结直肠损伤的20%,但损伤常较严重,处理复杂,合并症多,如不能及时诊断和治疗,死亡率和后遗症发生率较高,应引起足够重视。我院1993年6月至2004年9月共收治肛管直肠损伤病人46例,均采用手术治疗取得良好效果。现报告如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料:本组46例,男29例,女17例,年龄17~56岁,平均42岁。合并尿道损伤19例、睾丸损伤3例、阴道损伤5例、骨盆骨折11例、膀胱损伤3例和腹膜后血肿7例…     

骨盆开放性骨折并右下肢毁损伤术后感染1例

目的：报告1例严重开放性骨盆骨折的成功处理体会。方法开放性骨箍骨折合并股动脉破裂，直肠损伤、前尿道碾挫伤，后期出现严重感染，需敞开创口，加强健侧置管冲洗，加强骶前部引流，加强换药。结果骨盆开放性骨折，右髋离断创面，经敞开引流，半月植皮存活良好，创面愈合良好。结论骨盆开放性骨折，截肢创面，需充分敞开创口，健侧置管冲洗，加强骶前部引流，加强换药，腹前有活力组织右移，并左侧相对健康组织VSD引流、植皮手术后，换取创口愈合。     

跟骨骨折术后皮肤坏死创面的修复

[目的]探讨跟骨骨折术后皮肤坏死创面的修复方法.[方法]19例跟骨骨折术后皮肤坏死,通过远位及局部皮瓣转移方法治疗.[结果]18例I期愈合,1例发生皮缘少部分坏死.经换药后痊愈.远期骨外露消失,皮瓣质地好,无溃疡发生,踝关节功能良好,4例感染病人术后无复发.供区创面均I期愈合.[结论]跟骨骨折钢板内固定术后皮肤坏死并发症出现较多,一部分合并感染,通过远位及局部皮瓣转移方法治疗效果满意.     

18例严重开放性胫腓骨骨折合并软组织缺损的治疗

[目的]探讨严重的开放性胫腓骨骨折合并软组织缺损的治疗。[方法]以单侧外固定器结合各种皮瓣修复软组织缺损。[结果]18例患者骨折全部愈合，皮瓣成活，其中3例出现皮瓣边缘部分坏死，经换药处理后创面愈合。[结论]在治疗严重开放性胫腓骨骨折合并软组织缺损时，外固定器结合皮瓣可以作为首选的治疗方法。     

股薄肌肌皮瓣修复开放性骨盆骨折时会阴部软组织缺损

目的探讨股薄肌肌皮瓣修复开放性骨盆骨折时会阴部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2009年6月至2019年6月, 兵器工业521医院创伤骨科收治11例伴有会阴部软组织缺损的开放性骨盆骨折患者, 其中男4例, 女7例;年龄16～56岁, 平均33岁。致伤原因:交通伤6例, 高处坠落伤4例, 重物砸伤1例。患者均为开放性骨盆骨折, 按照Tile分型标准:A型1例,B型7例,C型3例。均伴有会阴部软组织损伤, 缺损创面范围为5 cm×5 cm～8 cm×12 cm。以股薄肌肌皮瓣修复缺损创面, 皮瓣切取范围为6 cm×5 cm～9 cm×13 cm。皮瓣供区均直接缝合。术后加强营养支持, 保持平卧位避免外展, 适当抬高下肢。并定期随访。结果 11例均获随访, 随访时间6～30个月, 平均22个月。11例肌皮瓣均成活, 其中1例肌皮瓣远端表面皮肤少许坏死, 经换药后创面愈合。供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。股薄肌肌皮瓣质地、颜色、弹性良好, 供瓣区有瘢痕存在, 但无明显功能障碍, 随访期间供区及受区无破溃发生。患者对外观及功能均满意。结论股薄肌肌皮瓣是修复开放性骨盆骨折时会阴部软组织缺损的一种较理想术式。     

骨盆骨折合并直肠肛管损伤的救治

作者收集两院1976～1995年治疗180例骨盆骨折病例,对其20例合并直肠肛管损伤提出早期诊断方法,强调在积极抗休克的基础上手术探查止血和早期处理直肠肛管损伤,并应用药物溶液灌洗盆腔和骶前引流,以防治感染.对刺破肠管的骨折片采取复位并羊肠线捆扎固定.腹膜后血肿若逐渐增大,血压继续下降则结扎髂内动脉止血,未见不良影响.     

外固定支架联合股前外侧皮瓣治疗胫骨远端骨折术后钢板外露创面

目的探讨外固定支架联合股前外侧皮瓣治疗胫骨远端骨折术后钢板外露创面的临床效果。方法2011年5月至2016年5月,应用外固定支架联合股前外侧皮瓣技术治疗18例胫骨远端骨折术后钢板外露患者:一期彻底清创,拆除原有内固定物,改用外固定支架固定骨折,并使用VSD材料临时覆盖创面,二期切取股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复创面。结果18例术后均获得1年随访。本组皮瓣全部成活;16例术后伤口甲级愈合,2例术后伤口延迟换药愈合;17例骨折正常愈合,1例骨折不愈合,通过植骨、内固定等处理后骨折顺利愈合;2例出现钉道感染,经换药及抗炎治疗得到控制;无患者发生血管、神经损伤并发症。术后12个月踝关节功能情况采用Maryland评分法评定:优4例,良12例,可2例。结论外固定支架联合股前外侧皮瓣治疗胫骨远端骨折术后钢板外露的临床效果较好。     

伴直肠肛管损伤的开放性骨盆骨折的早期急救处理策略及死亡危险因素分析

目的 探讨伴有直肠、肛管损伤的开放性骨盆骨折的早期急救处理策略及死亡危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2001年4月至2010年4月两家医院救治的25例伴有直肠、肛管损伤的开放性骨盆骨折患者,男23例,女2例;年龄16～56岁,平均(30.1±10.9)岁.采用Fisher精确概率法及多因素Logistic回归分析法对可能的死亡危险因素进行统计学分析.结果 19例存活,6例死亡,死亡率为24%.经Fisher精确概率法分析显示:骨盆骨折Tile分型、创伤严重程度评分(injury severity score,ISS)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(glasgow coma score,GCS)及改良创伤评分(revised trauma score,RTS)是此类损伤的死亡危险因素.当Tile分型为C型、ISS≥25分、GCS≤8分或RTS≤8分时,患者的死亡概率较大.对此4个危险因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析后发现,RTS≤8分是此类损伤的独立危险因素.结论 积极稳定血流动力学,创口彻底清创引流,早期结肠造瘘以及骨盆固定是此类损伤早期急救处理的关键.RTS是否≤8分可作为判断患者死亡概率的可靠指标.     

Prevention of pelvic sepsis in major open pelviperineal injury

Compound pelvic fractures are deemed to be one of the most severe orthopaedic injuries with an extremely high morbidity and mortality. After the initial resuscitation phase the prevention of pelvic sepsis is one of the main treatment goals for patients with an open pelvic fracture. If there is a suspicion of a rectal injury or if the wounds are in the perineal area, The Princess Alexandra Hospital's management plan includes early faecal diversion combined with vigorous soft tissue debridement, VAC^® therapy and (if indicated) external fixation of the pelvic fracture. We present our flowchart for the treatment of trauma patients with compound pelvic fractures illustrated by a case report describing a 32 year old patient who sustained an open pelvic ring injury in a workplace accident. The aim of this paper is to underline the importance of a safe, straightforward approach to compound pelvic fractures.     

骨盆合并髋臼骨折的临床特征分析

目的研究骨盆合并髋臼骨折的临床特征.方法 对2007年5月～2009年5月收治的558例患者中的50例骨盆合并髋臼骨折患者的临床资料进行分析,包括性别、年龄、致伤原因、骨折类型、合并损伤、ISS评分、手术时间、术后并发症以及预后等情况.结果 骨盆合并髋臼骨折发生率为8.5%,平均年龄（33.9±13.3）岁.最常见的致伤原因为车祸伤,最常见的骨盆骨折类型是AO/OTA 61A2和61B1型,最常见的髋臼骨折类型是AO/OTA 62A1和62B1型.双侧耻骨支骨折是最常见的前环损伤,同侧骶髂关节骨折脱位是后环损伤最常见的形式.此外,头、胸、腹部以及四肢损伤是常见的合并伤.25例患者接受了手术治疗,从受伤到接受手术时间为平均6.0 d（0～15 d）,平均住院时间为16 d（10～22 d）.平均随访时间为14个月（12～14个月）,骨折均愈合.术后髋臼复位Matta分级中解剖复位9例（36.0%）,良好11例（44.0%）,可5例（20.0%）;差（0）.术后Majeed评分优良22例,占88.0%.结论 骨盆骨折合并髋臼骨折是一种严重的高能损伤类型,在急诊抢救复苏、诊治以及二期手术精确复位方面均存在很多困难.为获得良好的髋臼复位,骨盆后环损伤的早期精确复位是必要的.     

Management and outcomes of open pelvic fractures: An update

BackgroundOpen pelvic fractures remain challenging in terms of their management. The purpose of this narrative review was to evaluate the latest advances made in the management of these injuries and report on their clinical outcome.Patients and methodsA literature review was undertaken focusing on studies that have been published on the management of open pelvic fractures between January 2005 and November 2019. Information extracted from each article include demographics, mechanism of injury, injury severity score (ISS), classification of pelvic ring fracture, classification of open soft tissue, specific injury zone classification, number of cases with hemodynamic instability, number of cases that received blood transfusions, amount of packed red blood cells transfused during the first 24 h, number of cases with anorectal trauma, urogenital injury, number of fecal diversional colostomies and laparotomies, angiographies and embolization, preperitoneal pelvic packings, length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU) and in hospital, and mortality.ResultsFifteen articles with 646 cases formed the basis of this review. The majority of patients were male adults (74.9%). The mean age was 35.1 years. The main mechanism of injury was road traffic accidents, accounting for 67.1% of the injuries. The mean ISS was 26.8. A mean of 13.5 units of PRBCs were administered the first 24 h. During the whole hospital stay, 79.3% of the patients required blood transfusions. Angiography and pelvic packing were performed in a range of 3%-44% and 13.3%-100% respectively. Unstable types of pelvic injuries were the majority (72%), whilst 32.7% of the cases were associated with anorectal trauma, and 32.6% presented with urogenital injuries. Bladder ruptures were the most reported urogenital injury. Fecal diversional colostomy was performed in 37.4% of the cases. The mean length of ICU stay was 12.5 days and the mean length of hospital stay was 53.0 days. The mean mortality rate was 23.7%.ConclusionMortality following open pelvic fracture remains high despite the evolution of trauma management the last 2 decades. Sufficient blood transfusion, bleeding control, treatments of associated injuries, fracture fixation and soft tissue management remain essential for the reduction of mortality and improved outcomes.     

不稳定骨盆骨折的手术治疗

目的 总结不稳定骨盆骨折手术治疗的临床效果.方法 回顾性研究2002年1月至2008年1月手术治疗、病历资料完整、受伤至手术时间在60 d以内,并获得随访的83例不稳定骨盆骨折患者资料.按照Tile骨盆骨折分型:B型35例,其中B1型17例,B2型11例,B3型7例;C型48例,其中C1型34例,C2型9例,C3型5例.66例患者伴有合并伤.25例伴有骶骨骨折:1区5例,2区16例,3区4例.合并髋臼骨折23例.12例患者因血流动力学不稳定而行急诊抢救.所有患者根据骨折类型及伤情分别采用单纯前环固定(17例)、单纯后环固定(29例)及前后环同时固定(37例)治疗.最终随访时采用Majeed评分和Harris评分评定疗效.本组患者受伤至手术时间平均12.0 d(0～51 d).结果 1例患者在住院期间死亡,其余82例患者术后获平均3.3年(1.0～7.1年)随访.术后82例患者Majeed评分平均87.5分(51～100分),其中优54例,良22例,可4例,差2例,优良率为92.7%;Harris评分平均91.1分(50～100分),其中优59例,良17例,可1例,差5例,优良率为92.7%.合并髋臼骨折行手术治疗的17例患者,14例效果优良.19例腰骶丛神经损伤患者,11例基本恢复,5例不完全恢复,3例无恢复.医源性神经损伤10例,9例完全恢复,1例不全恢复,仍残存足踝背伸力弱.3例发生内固定失效. 结论 手术治疗不稳定骨盆骨折可获得良好疗效,合并严重腰骶丛神经损伤、固定失效及合并髋臼骨折会影响最终疗效.     

Initial management of open hand fractures in an emergency department

We retrospectively reviewed the cases of patients with open hand fractures and/or dislocations managed at our institution between 2001 and 2009. The management protocol consisted of irrigation and debridement, reduction (if necessary), splinting, and antibiotics administration in the emergency department. Patients with vascular compromise or severe mangling open wounds were taken to the operating room for treatment. Data regarding demographics, wound size and modified Gustilo-Anderson classification, and timing of interventions were recorded. Included in the study were 145 cases (91 class III, 41 class II, and 13 class I injuries). In 102 cases, definitive and final management took place in the emergency department; in the other 43 cases, additional management took place in the operating room. Antibiotics were administered within 4 hours after injury, and irrigation and debridement were performed within 6 hours. Each of the 2 infections (1.4%) developed in a class III injury. In open hand fractures, particularly type I and type II wounds, the protocol we followed can be appropriate when the injury is not the severe mangling type and does not require acute vascular repair.     

外固定支架联合负压封闭引流技术治疗开放性骨盆骨折

目的探讨外固定支架联合负压封闭引流(VSD)技术治疗开放性骨盆骨折的疗效。 方法2004年11月至2010年4月共收治7例开放性骨盆骨折患者,男3例,女4例;年龄2～43岁,平均29.3岁。致伤原因：交通伤4例,坠落伤1例,砸压伤1例,挤压伤1例。骨盆骨折按Tile分型：B1型5例,B2型1例,C1型1例。软组织损伤...     

骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤的初期处理

目的 探讨骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤的初期处理措施。方法 回顾性分析16例骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤的初期救治情况。男9例，女7例；开放性骨盆骨折10例。结果 15例存活，1例因严重合并伤，术后11天后死于严重的感染。结论 骨盆骨折合并会阴撕裂伤常需多科室合作，采用多种外科修复手段来处理；稳定血流动力学、彻底清创、局部骨折内固定、及时修复损伤器官、放置多条引流管及选择性粪道转移是初期处理的有效手段。     

Begleitverletzungen beim schweren Beckentrauma

There has been a marked increase in the incidence of pelvic fractures over the last few years. Associated injuries to the urogenital and vascular system as well as nerve injuries worsen the prognosis. Over a five year period 126 patients with severe pelvic trauma were treated. Out of these 39 (30.9%) sustained additional peripelvic injuries and represent the study sample. Type B injuries according to the AO classification occurred in 16 (41%) patients, type C fractures in 23 (59%) patients. The spleen, liver and kidney were the most frequently injured organs (58.9%), followed by urogenital lesions (46.6%), nerve injuries (25.6%) and vascular lesions (15.3%). The most common extrapelvic lesions were thoracic injuries in 56.4% and severe head injuries (GCS < 8) in 33.3%. The mean Hannover Polytrauma score was 35.6 points, the mean Injury Severity Score 27.6 points. Osteosynthesis was performed in 21 pelvic ring fractures (53%), eight procedures (50%) in type B fractures and 13 (56%) in type C fractures. In type B injuries the anterior pelvic ring was stabilized with a tension band wiring in four cases, in two patients with an external fixator and with plate osteosynthesis in one case. In type C injuries the external fixator was applied as the only stabilizing procedure in six patients. In four cases the anterior ring was fixed with tension band wiring or plates and the dorsal aspect of the pelvic ring with sacral bars. Three patients had their additional acetabular fracture plated through a anterior approach. All surviving 28 patients were followed up for an average of 18 months (range 7-59 months) after the trauma. The patients were classified using the pelvic outcome score proposed by the German Society of Trauma Surgery. 53.4% of the type B fractures showed a good clinical outcome, 47.6% a poor outcome. 15.4% with type C fractures presented with a good outcome, 84.6% with a poor outcome. 80% of the type B and 23% of the type C fractures had a good radiological outcome. 20% of type B and 77% of type C injuries had a poor radiological outcome. Five patients (12.8%) sustained persistent urological symptoms. Three of these had urinary dysfunction, two used permanent cystotomies due to their severe neurological deficit after a head injury. Ten patients with nerve injuries at the time of trauma suffered long term neurological dysfunction of the lumbosacral plexus. The mortality rate was 28%. Seven patients died in the emergency room due to uncontrollable bleeding, four in the intensive care unit from multi-organ failure. The management of complex pelvic trauma consists of fracture treatment and interdisciplinary treatment of the associated injury. Lesions of the abdominal organs or of major vessels must be addressed first if hemodynamic instability is present. Injuries to smaller vessels can be embolized percutaneously. Urinary bladder ruptures are treated as an emergency, urethral lesions electively after four to six weeks. We recommend external fixation of the pelvis in the acute phase for control of both the osseous instability and control of haemorrhage through external compression. The treatment of choice for the anterior pelvic ring is tension band wiring or plating. If this is contraindicated due to an open fracture external fixation is the treatment of choice. Type C fractures require posterior ring stabilization which should be postponed until four days post admission.