罗格列酮对糖耐量异常干预的临床研究

目的观察罗格列酮对糖耐量异常患者的治疗效果。方法比较119例糖耐量异常患者在饮食加运动控制的基础上口服罗格列酮和安慰剂干预治疗，经治疗1年后，检测空腹血糖（FPG）及葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）后2h血糖（2hPG），总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹胰岛素（FINS）和OGTT后2h胰岛素（PINS）水平的变化。结果罗格列酮组和安慰剂组治疗前糖耐量比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。罗格列酮组与安慰剂组相比FPG、2HPG、TC、TG、LDL、FINS、PINS及糖尿病发病率均明显下降，HDL—C升高。结论罗格列酮能够降低糖耐量异常（IGT）人群糖尿病的发病率，在调节血脂、减轻胰岛素抵抗的同时，可使糖耐量异常明显改善。     

二甲双胍联合罗格列酮治疗36例多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)合并高胰岛素血症

目的探讨二甲双胍联合罗格列酮治疗多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）合并高胰岛素血症的临床效果。方法给予36例PCOS合并高胰岛素血症患者二甲双胍500mg,3次／d,罗格列酮4mg,1次／d治疗,对治疗前及治疗后12周、24周血清胰岛素、血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、性激素水平及体重指数进行检测。结果二甲双胍联合罗格列酮治疗可降低血清空腹胰岛素、睾酮、黄体生成素、体重指数水平（P〈0．05）,提高胰岛素敏感性。结论二甲双胍联合罗格列酮是治疗多囊卵巢综合征合并高胰岛素血症的有效方法。     

罗格列酮对多囊卵巢综合征伴假性黑棘皮病和胰岛素敏感性的影响

多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovary syndrome，PCOS）是一种常见的内分泌紊乱性疾病，发病率占育龄妇女的5％-10％。在PCOS患者中，普遍存在胰岛素抵抗（insulin．resistanle IR）和雄激素血症。由此导致糖、脂代谢异常，无排卵性不孕症及部分患者的皮肤性征改变（假性黑棘皮病）。因此，利用胰岛素增敏剂改善PCOS患者的胰岛素抵抗，已成为近几年来治疗PCOS的研究重点，但理想的治疗方案仍在探索中。本研究探讨罗格列酮对PCOS伴假性黑棘皮病胰岛素抵抗及其对内分泌代谢的影响。     

C反应蛋白在2型糖尿病中的作用及罗格列酮对其的影响

本文观察罗格列酮治疗前后C反应蛋白（CRP）水平的变化，以探讨罗格列酮在改善胰岛素抵抗（IR）的同时对CRP的影响。     

马来酸罗格列酮及辛伐他汀对胰岛素抵抗患者血清C-反应蛋白水平的影响

目的研究马来酸罗格列酮及辛伐他汀对胰岛素抵抗患者血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平的影响。方法根据胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）〉2．8、空腹和餐后2h血糖正常确诊胰岛素抵抗非糖尿病患者101例，随机分为3组，马来酸罗格列酮组34例，辛伐他汀组33例。对照组34例。马来酸罗格列酮组每日服马来酸罗格列酮4mg，辛伐他汀组每日服辛伐他汀20mg，对照组无特殊处理，共观察14d。试验前后采血测血清CRP。结果CRP在马来酸罗格列酮组、辛伐他汀组均较治疗前下降，在对照组略有升高。经配对t检验，t值分别为5．430、2．827和0．122，P〈0．001、P=0．012和P=0．904。多重比较g检验显示，马来酸罗格列酮组与辛伐他汀组比较，P〈0．05，差异有显著性。结论对胰岛素抵抗患者马来酸罗格列酮和辛伐他汀在14d内可降低CRP水平，马来酸罗格列酮降低CRP作用可能要强于辛伐他汀。     

马来酸罗格列酮联合胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的临床效果观察

目的：比较胰岛素联合马来酸罗格列酮治疗和单用胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病患者的疗效。方法：将61例应用胰岛素治疗而血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者分成治疗组（胰岛素加马来酸罗格列酮4mg／d）与对照组（胰岛素治疗），随访观察12周。结果：两组患者治疗后血糖均得到良好控制。但治疗组胰岛素日需求量明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）；与对照组相比，治疗组血甘油三酯下降，而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高（P〈0．05），空腹及餐后2h血浆胰岛素水平减少（P〈0．05），B细胞功能指数升高（P〈0．05），胰岛素抵抗指数显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论：马来酸罗格列酮与胰岛素联用能使2型糖尿病患者血糖、血脂改善，增加胰岛素敏感性，降低胰岛素抵抗。减少心血管疾病发生的危险因素，优于单用胰岛素治疗。     

二甲双胍联合罗格列酮治疗多囊卵巢综合征40例疗效观察

【目的】探讨二甲双胍联合罗格列酮治疗多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）临床疗效。【方法】选择PCOS患者80例，随机分为二甲双呱联合罗格列酮治疗（治疗组）和单用二甲双呱治疗（对照组）两组，每组40例。疗程均6个月。检测并比较两组患者血清性激素水平、空腹血糖及胰岛素水平，观察卵巢的变化。【结果】治疗组治疗后促黄体生成素（LH）、睾酮（T）、空腹血糖、胰岛素、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HomaIR）、卵巢体积和卵泡数与治疗前及对照组治疗后比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；治疗后两组促卵泡素（FSH）水平均有升高，但与治疗前比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；治疗组治疗前后HomaIR及卵巢改善显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。【结论】两种药物联合使用治疗PCOS疗效可靠，值得临床推广。     

福辛普利联合罗格列酮治疗原发性高血压伴胰岛素抵抗的临床疗效观察

目的：观察福辛普利联合罗格列酮治疗原发性高血压（ET）伴胰岛素抵抗（IR）患者的降压疗效和对IR的影响。方法：将82例原发性高血压伴IR的患者分为治疗组和对照组（各41例），治疗组给予福辛普利和罗格列酮治疗，对照组单子福辛普利治疗，疗程均为3个月。观察2组治疗前后血糖、胰岛素敏感指数、血压的变化及不良反应。结果：治疗组服药后空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及餐后2小时血糖均下降，胰岛素敏感指数升高，与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（p〈0．05～0．01）。2组服药后收缩压与舒张压均下降，但治疗组收缩压降压幅度较对照组大。结论：使用福辛普利和罗格列酮联合治疗原发性高血压合并IR患者，可明显改善患者的胰岛素抵抗状况，有利于提高降压疗效。     

胰岛素联合罗格列酮治疗2型糖尿病患者血清IL-6和脂联素水平的变化

目的了解白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和脂联素在2型糖尿病患者和正常对照之间的差异以及胰岛素联合罗格列酮治疗2型糖尿病患者血清IL-6和脂联素水平的改变。方法选择无任何并发症血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者30例，胰岛素联合罗格列酮治疗前后分别测定其空腹葡萄糖（FPG）、餐后2h葡萄糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、血脂、血清IL-6和脂联素水平，计算所有研究对象的体重指数（BMI），并与30名正常对照比较。结果2型糖尿病组血清IL-6水平显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05），2型糖尿病组血清脂联素水平显著低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）；胰岛素联合罗格列酮治疗后IL-6水平较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．05），治疗后脂联素水平较治疗前显著升高（P〈0．05）；相关分析发现，血清IL-6水平与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c和三酰甘油（TG）呈正相关；血清脂联素水平与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c和TG呈负相关。结论IL-6作为炎症始发因子在2型糖尿病的发病中起着重要作用，脂联素能增加胰岛素的敏感性，罗格列酮通过降低IL-6水平和增加脂联素水平来减轻胰岛素抵抗和保护胰岛β细胞的功能。     

罗格列酮对初发2型糖尿病患者脂肪细胞因子及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的 观察罗格列酮（ROS）对初发2型糖尿病患者脂肪细胞因子（脂联素、IL-6、TNF-α、hsCRP）及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法 52名初发2型糖尿病患者，随机分成治疗组（罗格列酮组）和对照组（二甲双胍），总疗程12周，观察两组患者治疗前后体质指数（BMI）、血糖、脂肪细胞因子和胰岛素抵抗的变化。结果 治疗后，两组患者HOMA-IR、HBA1C、IL-6、TNF-α、hsCR值均明显降低（P<0.05）；两组间比较，罗格列酮组更优于二甲双胍组（P<0.05）。罗格列酮组治疗后体重无明显改变，脂联素水平明显增加（P <0.01）；二甲双胍对脂联素没有影响。结论 （1）罗格列酮降低糖尿病患者的血糖，在不减轻其体重的情况下改善胰岛素抵抗；（2）罗格列酮可增加脂联素的表达，降低hsCRP、TNF-α、IL-6的浓度，直接增加胰岛素敏感性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.