双侧完全性唇裂鼻唇同期修复及效果评价的进展

随着人们对双侧唇裂鼻唇畸形解剖结构的深入了解和发育模式的观察探索,其修复技术得到了很大发展。目前,双侧唇裂鼻唇畸形的同期修复已得到了广泛认可,鼻唇部软硬组织的协调对称和异常发育模式对术后疗效的影响亦非常重要。术式效果的客观评价需建立在长期随访观察上,本文将对此作一综述。     

Secondary cleft lip nasal reconstruction: state of the art.

OBJECTIVE: This paper summarizes the state of the art in secondary cleft lip nasal reconstruction, distilled from the many papers written on the subject and from the author's experience with many of those procedures over the past 25 years. METHODS: The evaluation starts with the skeletal base and the need for LeFort 1 or alveolar bone grafting is discussed. The boney dorsum is next evaluated and a "monobloc" osteotomy considered. The cartilaginous dorsum follows and a "spreader-strut" graft is entertained. The tip cartilages are approached with either an open Potter or Dibbell preferred or replacement conchal graft if the tip has been destroyed by previous surgery. The skin envelope is then adjusted using methods described by Tajima, Dibbell, and Bardach.     

双侧完全性唇裂唇肌功能整复术后的肌电活动研究

目的:利用肌电图仪客观地评价双侧唇裂功能性修复后唇部肌的动态效果。方法:利用肌电图仪,对25例用直线缝合法修复后的双侧完全性唇裂和20例用口轮匝肌成形的肌功能恢复性方法修复后的双侧完全性唇裂患者的上唇部,包括左、右侧唇及前唇进行肌电测定,分别测定每位患者在静息姿势位时和用力最大噘嘴前突位时各部分的最大肌电幅值,并对其进行对比分析。结果:在静息姿势位时,两组患者的前唇、侧唇均无肌电活动;在最大噘嘴位时,口轮匝肌成形的功能性修复组患者的前唇与左、右侧唇之间的肌电幅值无显著差异,而直线修复组患者的前唇肌电幅值则明显小于两侧唇,也明显小于肌功能性修复组患者的前唇肌电幅值。结论:口轮匝肌成形的肌功能恢复性修复方法对完全性双侧唇裂患者唇部运动功能的恢复优于单纯直线缝合法,提示双侧完全性唇裂手术修复时口轮匝肌成形的必要性。     

Dental maturity in children with a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: Dental age in children with a bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) was assessed and compared with children without cleft. DESIGN: Dental age was estimated for 74 children with a complete BCLP (54 boys and 20 girls) from 364 orthopantomograms. Nonlinear regression curves were made between 5 and 14 years of age for boys and girls separately. A comparison was made with a sample of Dutch children (91 girls and 90 boys) without oral clefts for three different age groups, namely 5, 9.5, and 14 years of age. SETTING: Data collection was carried out at the Cleft Palate Center, University Medical Center Nijmegen (The Netherlands). A sample from the Nijmegen Growth Study was used as a normative sample. RESULTS: At 5 years of age, boys with a BCLP were significantly delayed in dental age compared to boys without cleft. After that age, no significant differences in dental age were found. For girls with a BCLP, no difference in dental age with the girls without cleft could be found. CONCLUSION: Dental age in BCLP showed a tendency to be delayed at 5 years of age. At the ages of 9.5 and 14 years of age, no differences were found. Further investigation on the development of individual teeth is suggested to gain more insight into the origin of this delay.     

Influence of lip repair on craniofacial morphology of patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare two groups of adult male patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) on the basis of lateral cephalometric radiographs. PATIENTS: The first group of adult male patients with complete BCLP was comprised of 13 unoperated patients with an average age of 21 years. The second group was comprised of 14 patients with an average age of 21 years 7 months, who had been operated only on the lip prior to 2 years of age. DESIGN: The following measurements were evaluated: angle and length of cranial base; maxillary spatial positioning and length; mandibular spatial positioning; morphology and length; maxillomandibular relationship; vertical facial length; dental positioning; interdental arch relationship; and soft profile. RESULTS: The results suggest that lip repair has a significant influence on certain areas of the craniofacial complex, mainly the premaxilla and the upper incisors. CONCLUSIONS: The most significant findings consequent to lip repair consisted of reduction of the premaxillary anterior projection and lingual tipping of the upper incisors. Retropositioning of the premaxilla, especially in the alveolar part, is a desired effect of lip repair in complete BCLP. Such effect on the projected premaxilla is usually beneficial, except when the exceedingly severe lip pressure, unfavorable growth pattern, or both retropositions the midface profile beyond acceptable sagittal limits.     

双侧先天性唇腭裂前颌骨矫正的临床研究

目的研究前颌骨矫正的临床意义。方法用口内固定矫治器,排齐双侧唇腭裂紊乱的上颌牙弓,减少裂隙宽度,内收前突的前颌骨。应用Ｌｉｓｓｏｎ分析方法研究矫治结果。结果治疗后前突的前颌骨与侧方腭弓之间的距离明显减少,偏斜的前颌骨回到正中,紊乱的侧方腭弓排列到接近正常的位置。结论双侧唇腭裂患者进行术前快速矫正是一种有效的方法。     

Repairing the cleft lip nasal deformity.

OBJECTIVE: The repair of the cleft lip nose and nasal deformity remains a challenging endeavor for reconstructive surgeons. Psychosocially, this complex, multifaceted deformity significantly stigmatizes the patient. Numerous techniques have been advocated by multiple authors for the treatment and reconstruction of these deformities, usually requiring serial staged reconstructions. METHOD: Described is our technique for early primary repair of the cleft lip nasal deformity. The use of multiple suspension sutures to repair the nasal defect facilitates the repair of even very wide cleft lips. CONCLUSIONS: These maneuvers provide an aesthetic and functional repair of the nasal defect in conjunction with the lip repair. Long-term results have minimized the need for surgical revision.     

Unilateral cleft lip repair--state of the art.

OBJECTIVE: A number of surgical techniques are utilized to correct the unilateral cleft lip, including variations of the rotation-advancement technique. This attests to the variability of the original deformity and the esthetic and functional results from any one technique, especially those based on traditional geometric rearrangement of the skin and associated tissues. RESULTS: Most recent advances in cleft lip repair have occurred in two main areas. The morphological result has been improved by functional muscular reconstruction of the lip with or without orthopedic molding. Early correction of the nasal deformity has also been readvocated based on newer principles with excellent results demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Further work continues in these areas and improved outcomes will continue to be seen along with a clearer understanding of surgical affects on growth and development.     

Repair of bilateral cleft lip: review, revisions, and reflections

Rarely does the appearance of a child with a repaired bilateral cleft lip compare favorably with that of a child with a repaired unilateral cleft lip. However, there has been a major change in operative strategy during the past decade, and as a result, the typical bilateral cleft nasolabial stigmata are no longer so obvious. The senior author restates the principles for correction of bilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity, and underscores the essential role of preoperative premaxillary positioning. He reviews his method of single-stage closure of the cleft primary palate, including three-dimensional adjustments based on predicted four-dimensional changes. Operative modifications are described for variations of bilateral cleft lip. The authors emphasize the surgeon's obligation for periodic assessment. In a consecutive series of 50 patients with repaired bilateral complete cleft lip/palate, the revision-rate was 33% as compared with 12.5% if the secondary palate is intact. No revisions were necessary for philtral size or columellar length. The authors propose that nasolabial appearance and speech are the priorities in habilitation of the child with bilateral cleft lip/palate rather than the traditional emphasis on maxillary growth.     

Correction of the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: evolution of a surgical concept.

The origin of the nasal deformity of a bilateral complete cleft lip is both primary (deformation/malformation) and secondary (postoperative distortion). This is an interim report of a personal evolution from staged correction of the bilateral cleft nasal deformity to synchronous repair of the nose and the lip and premaxillary-maxillary clefts. The anatomic concept is that, because of the malpositioned alar cartilages, the columella only appears to be short in an infant with bilateral cleft lip. The technical stratagems to model the nose are: (1) alignment of the premaxilla and (2) anatomic placement of the alar cartilages with sculpturing of the overlying soft tissue.     

History of cleft lip nasal repair.

Surgery of the cleft lip nasal tip has lagged behind cleft lip surgery. In fact, in most early illustrations it was not even noted. Since the development of cosmetic rhinoplasty an endless array of techniques have been published. Unfortunately there are few studies of the gross anatomy.     

Early craniofacial morphology and growth in children with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate.

PURPOSE: Analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth in children with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCCLP), compared with a control group with unilateral incomplete cleft lip (UICL), before any treatment as well as 20 months after lip closure. MATERIAL: The children were drawn from a group representing all Danish children with cleft born 1976 to 1981. Sixty-four children were included in the study (19 BCCLP and 45 UICL). The ages were 2 and 22 months at examinations 1 and 2, respectively. METHOD: The method of investigation was infant cephalometry in three projections. The craniofacial morphology was analyzed using linear, angular, and area variables. Growth was defined as the displacement vector from the coordinate of the corresponding landmark in the x-ray at examination 1 to its coordinate at examination 2, corrected for x-ray magnification. The growth of an anatomical region in a patient was assessed by investigating the growth pattern formed by a collection of individual growth vectors in that region. RESULTS: The BCCLP group differed significantly from the UICL group. The most striking findings in BCCLP were an extremely protruding premaxilla; markedly increased posterior maxillary width; increased width of the nasal cavity; short maxilla with reduced posterior height; short mandible; bimaxillary retrognathia; severe reduction in the size of the pharyngeal airway; and a more vertical facial growth pattern. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that a facial type including a wide and posterior short maxilla, short mandible, and bimaxillary retrognathia might be a liability factor that increases the probability of developing cleft lip and palate.     

双侧唇裂术后唇鼻畸形的美容整形术

目的 :探讨双侧唇裂继发畸形美容整形术的技术改进。方法 :采用两侧红唇上缘的小三角瓣插入到原人中的下方来延长上唇 ,及利用 2种方案修复鼻畸形。结果 :双侧唇裂术后唇鼻畸形Ⅱ期美容整形术12例均取得了比较明显的手术效果。结论 :此方法在唇峰重建、唇珠再造、人中凹形成及唇鼻畸形的矫正方面有比较独特的效果     

Video-imaging assessment of nasal morphology in individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a video-imaging mathematical method to assess nostril morphology. DESIGN: This retrospective study involved two age-matched groups: 28 subjects with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (CUCLP) and 19 noncleft controls. Nose casts were reproducibly oriented in a jig such that the casts could be rotated about the coronal axis. Video images of the nostrils were captured and then analyzed for area, perimeter, centroid, principal axis, moments about the major and minor axes (I11, I22), anisometry, bulkiness, lateral offset, internostril angle, and rotational angle. RESULTS: All parameters identified nostril asymmetry in both groups. The results of the analyses using anisometry, I11, and I22 showed that, in both groups, one nostril was rounder and one was more elliptical. This asymmetry, however, differed between the two groups, and the difference was primarily based on the degree of ellipticity of the nostrils. Maximum dimension, perimeter, lateral offset, I11, and I22 were more asymmetric in the cleft group. In the control group, the right nostril was more elliptical and had a greater perimeter, and the left-side nostril had a greater bulkiness (enfolding). CONCLUSIONS: The method developed was validated for assessment of nasal morphology in cleft and noncleft samples. Nostril morphology was asymmetric in both groups but more asymmetric in the cleft group than the control group. The dominant influence of the cleft resulted in more elliptical noncleft nostrils and greater nostril shape asymmetry in the cleft group. The validated video-imaging method can now be used to assess the efficacy of treatment on nasal morphology.     

Examination of dental casts in newborns with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate

This study reports measurements of dental casts in patients up to 6 months of age with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCLP). 25 mouth casts of newborns with BCLP were selected from the hospital archive. They were measured independently by two examiners who assigned numbers to each measurement, referring to the expected reproducibility. The investigators also classified each dental cast according to an established score. The absolute values of all measured distances (P-P′, L-C1-C2-T, L′-C1′-C2′-T′, P-L, P′-L′, L-L′, C1-C1′, C2-C2′, Q1-Q1′, Q2-Q2′, T-T′, I-Q1Q1′, I-Q2Q2′, I-TT′) are reported. Inter-observer reproducibility was acceptable with total measurement errors ranging from 0.5 to 1.4 mm. Most reliability scores, ranging from 1 (very high) to 5 (very low), showed a mean between 2 and 3 (min 2.17; max 3.16). The two examiners rated only one patient differently, according to the applied classification scheme. The absolute measurement values of the two classification systems accorded with the literature. This is the first study to measure the distances according to an established protocol in BCLP patients. The measurements between certain landmarks are more precise than others; it may be possible to use the more precise points for a longitudinal study from birth to 18 years.     

单侧完全性唇裂鼻底修复的临床研究进展

单侧完全性唇裂裂隙侧上颌骨与前颌骨分离,健侧前颌骨前端向健侧旋转,患侧上颌骨发育不足和外移,加重了患侧鼻孔扁平、鼻底过宽、鼻翼塌陷、鼻翼基部外旋和下沉畸形.大部分单侧完全性唇裂皆伴牙槽突裂及腭裂,鼻底完全消失.单侧完全性唇裂鼻底修复有单侧完全性唇裂术前正畸治疗和单侧完全性唇裂鼻底修复的手术治疗.术前正畸可缩小鼻底裂隙间隙,缩短手术时间,手术方法简单.后者有旋转推进法:手术操作简单,术中、术后出血少,术后早期渡过平稳;唇裂裂缘黏膜瓣修复:在修复鼻底和恢复鼻底形态的同时,消灭了所有裸露创面,保留了所有可利用的组织,操作进一步简化,手术时间短,术中、术后出血少.下鼻甲黏膜瓣修复完全性唇裂鼻底裂隙:可有效地增加组织量、减少术区张力、保证伤口愈合、减少并发症,安全的闭合鼻底.术前的正畸治疗在中国还处于积累和总结经验的阶段,治疗效果还不稳定;因此,需要人们不断去探索寻找新的突破口,以弥补传统整复方法的不足.