胸主动脉腔内修复术治疗复杂性胸主动脉夹层效果观察

目的观察胸主动脉腔内修复术治疗复杂性胸主动脉夹层的效果。方法选取2016-01—2018-01间在濮阳市安阳地区医院接受胸主动脉腔内修复术的42例复杂性胸主动脉夹层患者,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 42例患者的并发症发生率为7.14%。术后人工血管旁路均畅通,支架形态良好、无移位。结论对复杂性胸主动脉夹层患者采用胸主动脉腔内修复术,疗效优良。     

Descending thoracic aortic dissections

Type B dissection has traditionally been managed medically if uncomplicated and surgically if associated with complications. This practice has resulted in most centers reporting significant morbidity and mortality if open repair is required. In the setting of malperfusion, operative repair has been conjoined with fenestration or visceral stenting to improve outcomes. Endovascular stent grafts seem to offer an attractive alternative in the acute complicated type B dissection, with reduced mortality and morbidity, particularly paralysis, compared with open repair. It is reasonable to consider endovascular stent grafts as another tool in managing dissection, but to recognize that open surgical repair still plays an important role, and that the data that define indications and outcomes are still emerging.     

Blunt thoracic aortic injury

Blunt thoracic aortic injury (BAI) is a rare but often fatal injury that occurs with severe polytrauma. Immediate diagnosis and treatment of BAI are essential for a successful outcome. We reviewed our experience with 20 patients with BAI treated at a Level I trauma center between 1995 and 2006. The mean Injury Severity Score was 38 +/- 14 and 14 patients had an abnormal Glasgow Coma Score; associated injuries included abdomen in 13 patients, extremity in 12, and head in six. Chest x-ray (CXR) findings were suggestive of aortic injury in 15 patients, equivocal in three, and showed no evidence of aortic injury in two. Diagnosis was made by CT angiography (CTA) in 17 patients, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in two, and formal angiography in one. Sixteen patients underwent operative repair of BAI. Of these, eight also underwent laparotomy, six had operative repair of extremity fractures, and three had pelvic embolization. Five patients died, three of whom were treated nonoperatively, and length of hospitalization in survivors was 32 +/- 20 days. BAI is rare and often associated with multiple life-threatening injuries complicating diagnosis and treatment. Our data support the aggressive use of CTA even when classic CXR findings are not present. When CT must be delayed for abdominal exploration, intraoperative TEE is useful.     

主动脉腔内修复术救治胸主动脉破裂的临床观察

目的:探讨主动脉腔内修复术(TEVAR)救治胸主动脉破裂的临床适应证及疗效,并总结相关临床经验。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月—2015年9月因胸主动脉破裂急症在广州军区武汉总医院心胸外科就诊的患者临床资料。结果:检索出应用TEVAR救治程序收治的胸主动脉破裂患者51例(胸主动脉夹层动脉瘤破裂15例,胸主动脉创伤32例,主动脉食管瘘4例)。51例患者中,术前死亡4例,47例获TEVAR救治;术后死亡6例(其中主动脉食管瘘3例),其余41例患者均无明显严重并发症,且术后1个月内无死亡。术后3、6、12个月,之后每年复查CT,随访截至2016年5月,36例患者获得了完整的随访,随访6~123个月,平均56.6个月。其中1例随访至术后6个月,4例随访至术后12个月,1例随访至术后24个月。随访患者均健康存活、人工血管旁路通畅,血管支架无内漏。结论:TEVAR是快速、有效的救治胸主动脉破裂的一种措施。     

“烟囱”技术在胸主动脉病变中的应用

目的 探讨“烟囱”技术在缺乏锚定区的胸主动脉病变中应用的可行性和价值.方法 对2011年1月至2011年6月我科用“烟囱”技术治疗5例Debakey Ⅲ型主动脉夹层和1例Debakey Ⅲ型胸主动脉穿透性溃疡患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨“烟囱”技术的适应证和实施要点.结果 6例患者在植入主动脉支架人造血管的同时分别植入“烟囱”支架于左锁骨下动脉3例,左颈总动脉3例.手术均获得成功,支架植入后数字减影血管造影显示病变完全隔绝,“烟囱”植入分支通畅,围手术期无死亡、脑梗死和肾功能不全等并发症发生.结论 “烟囱”技术拓展了胸主动脉病变腔内治疗的适应证,微创、安全、有效,远期疗效尚待随访、观察.     

Imaging of thoracic aortic injury

Isthmic aortic rupture or disruption should be systematically sought when there is high kinetic energy trauma to the thorax. This condition is extremely serious and life threatening. It needs to be diagnosed rapidly but diagnostic pitfalls must be avoided. CT angiography is the standard examination. The main CT signs of rupture or disruption of the thoracic aorta are periaortic hematoma, intimal flap, pseudo-aneurysm and contrast agent extravasation. There are three types of lesion: intimal, subadventitial or pseudo-aneurysmal, and complete rupture with lesion of the three tunicae, and it is important to grade them for better therapeutic management. The main diagnostic pitfalls of the CT scan are the presence of a ductus diverticulum and post-isthmic fusiform dilatation. Associated lesions must not be overlooked. The most common are ruptures of the aortic root and the thoracic aorta in the diaphragmatic hiatus.     

Hybrid procedures combining conventional and thoracic endovascular aortic repair for thoracic aortic aneurysms

Purpose  

To minimize surgical invasiveness for extensive aortic aneurysms and expand the indications for thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), we evaluated outcomes of hybrid procedures combining conventional surgical aortic repair and TEVAR for thoracic aortic aneurysms.     

Endovascular treatment of aortic dissections and thoracic aortic aneurysms

Diseases of the thoracic aorta pose a significant challenge to the surgeon because of the complexity of the disease and the characteristics of the patient population. Frequent comorbidities and increasing age account for mortality rates between 5% and 20% for surgical repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms and in excess of 50% for Stanford type B aortic dissections, when complicated by preoperative end-organ ischemia. Endovascular techniques of fenestration, stenting, and stent-grafting have emerged as viable alternatives to conventional surgery in these patients. The authors review their experience using endovascular stent-grafts in the treatment of 103 patients with descending thoracic aortic aneurysms and 19 patients with acute aortic dissections. Fenestration and stenting are also addressed as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of complicated aortic dissections. Actuarial survival for aneurysms was 81% +/- 5% at 1 year and 73% +/- 5% at 2 years. Stent-grafting for acute aortic dissections achieved instant relief of symptoms in 71% of cases with an early procedural mortality of 16%, and endovascular revascularization of ischemic beds was achieved in 93% +/- 4% of cases of peripheral or visceral ischemia. The authors' experience supports the use of endovascular techniques in the treatment of thoracic aortic pathologic conditions. Longer follow-up and results of ongoing trials that use newer devices will help define the indications for their future use.     

Reversal of delayed-onset paraparesis after revision thoracic endovascular aortic repair for ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is an important surgical option for the emergency treatment of ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms, but is associated with a risk of spinal cord ischemia (SCI). Although risk factors for the development of SCI have been well described, the effectiveness of treatment to increase spinal cord perfusion pressure remains incompletely understood. We report the successful treatment of delayed-onset paraparesis after revision TEVAR for acute descending thoracic aortic rupture with the combined use of blood pressure augmentation and cerebrospinal fluid drainage. The clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and management of SCI after TEVAR are reviewed.     

Simplified thoracic aortic aneurysm repair

Descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic operations still represent a challenge for the cardiovascular surgeon. In recent years, endovascular stent grafting has become a popular alternative to a conventional operation in selected patients, but is not always readily available or is technically contraindicated; also, long-term results are unknown. We describe a simplified surgical technique to secure a standard vascular prosthesis by performing a modified “elephant trunk” operation and discuss potential indications for its application.     

Less-invasive thoracic aortic aneurysm repair

To minimize surgical trauma, we performed graft replacement of a descending aortic aneurysm through a minithoracotomy (12 cm) with the use of thoracoscopy and special vascular clamps. Contrast magnetic resonance angiography can be useful for preventing postoperative paraplegia by revealing the Adamkiewicz artery. The patient was satisfied with the postoperative comfort and good cosmetic result. Further refinement of the technique and instrumentation would make this technique a valuable adjunct to conventional thoracic aortic surgery.     

Chylothorax complicating thoracic aortic surgery

Abstract Objective: Chylothorax is a very rare complication of patients undergoing thoracic aortic aneurysm repair. Possible mechanisms of this condition during thoracic aorta operations and current therapeutic strategies are analyzed according to our experience and thorough search of the English literature. Methods: Current experience with chylothorax occurring during thoracic aortic surgery is analyzed in this review by collecting data retrieved from English literature research. Results: Significant risk factors for postoperative chylothorax development after thoracic aorta surgical procedures are thoracic aortic reoperations and descending thoracic repairs. Various treatment modalities from conservative to operative intervention have been proposed. Conclusion: Currently, the morbidity and mortality have improved due to prompt management. Surgical intervention is needed when response to conservative treatment has failed. (J Card Surg 2011;26:410‐414)     

胸主动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的总结19例胸主动脉瘤患者的外科治疗经验. 方法 19例胸主动脉瘤患者,其中升主动脉瘤9例(马方综合征8例),7例行Bentall 手术,2例行Cabrol手术;降主动脉瘤10例,均行降主动脉置换术. 结果除1例患者术中死亡外,其余患者经超声心动图检查均示主动脉瓣关闭良好,移植的冠状动脉、降主动脉通畅,无扭曲,无脊髓损伤和神经系统并发症.随访18例,随访时间0.3～5.4年,心功能恢复至Ⅱ级3例,Ⅰ级15例,效果满意. 结论手术治疗胸主动脉瘤安全有效.     

Endovascular stenting of thoracic aortic aneurysm

In 2005, the findings of the multicenter Gore Tag study led to United States Food and Drug Administration approval for endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TEVAR). TEVAR provides a therapeutic option for patients who have thoracic aortic aneurysm and for the treatment of type B aortic dissection with malperfusion. Spinal cord ischemia and stroke are recognized neurologic complications of TEVAR. Identification of high-risk patients combined with targeted anesthetic and perioperative management may decrease the risk of neurologic complications after TEVAR.     

Molecular mechanisms of thoracic aortic dissection

Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a highly lethal vascular disease. In many patients with TAD, the aorta progressively dilates and ultimately ruptures. Dissection formation, progression, and rupture cannot be reliably prevented pharmacologically because the molecular mechanisms of aortic wall degeneration are poorly understood. The key histopathologic feature of TAD is medial degeneration, a process characterized by smooth muscle cell depletion and extracellular matrix degradation. These structural changes have a profound impact on the functional properties of the aortic wall and can result from excessive protease-mediated destruction of the extracellular matrix, altered signaling pathways, and altered gene expression. Review of the literature reveals differences in the processes that lead to ascending versus descending and sporadic versus hereditary TAD. These differences add to the complexity of this disease. Although tremendous progress has been made in diagnosing and treating TAD, a better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms that cause this disease is necessary to developing more effective preventative and therapeutic treatment strategies.