单纯下颌骨磨削法矫治下颌角肥大

目的 探讨下颌角肥大骨磨削法治疗的临床效果。方法 在局部肿胀麻醉下，采用口内切口入路，常规分离显露下颌骨，在预定需要矫正的下颌骨区域，使用特殊器械磨削下颌骨体外侧皮质骨、下颌骨下缘及下颌角骨质，同时对部分肥大的咬肌进行处理，矫治下颌角肥大。结果 对58例下颌角肥大患者均行下颌骨磨削法矫治，除1例术中损伤下齿槽血管引起出血外，无其他并发症发生。术后随访6～18个月，全部病例取得良好的矫治效果。结论 下颌骨磨削法矫治下颌角肥大是一种并发症少、安全有效的好方法。与截骨矫治下颌角肥大的方法相比，该术式保留了下颌骨的内板。维持了颌颈区的立体感。     

口内入路钻凿法截骨矫治下颌角肥大

目的:探讨口内入路钻凿法截骨矫治下颌角肥大的临床治疗效果。方法:采用口内切口,以拟缩进的下颌角为基点设计弧形截骨线,在其外侧用牙钻高速钻透并凿除下颌骨,然后沿弧线磨削残端骨面,矫治下颌角肥大。结果:自2002年以来完成手术106例,患者下颌角肥大均得到矫正。随访1年,效果良好。结论:口内入路钻凿法截骨能安全有效地矫治下颌角肥大,是一种简单易行的好方法。     

口内入路咬骨钳法矫正下颌角肥大畸形

目的 介绍一种应用特制咬骨钳咬除肥大下颌角的矫治方颌畸形的新方法.方法 采用口内入路,磨削下颌骨外板,标定需要咬除的下颌角范围,用特制的咬骨钳咬除下颌骨,再用骨锉将骨断面打磨光滑、平顺.自2006年8月至2009年10月,采用该方法矫治方颌畸形求美者128例.结果 术后随访128例求美者1～36个月,其中125例下面部外形柔和、自然、流畅,效果满意.3例不满意,其中2例为左右不对称,1例为去骨量不足,均行Ⅱ期修复术得以矫正.咬骨钳咬除下颌骨过程中无一例发生明显出血,未发生面神经损伤、"第二下颌角"、升支骨折及感染等严重并发症.结论 口内入路咬骨钳法矫正下颌角肥大畸形,操作简便,安全可靠,疗效满意,值得临床推广.     

下颌角外板矢状劈除在下颌角肥大矫治中的应用

目的探讨口内入路下颌角外板矢状劈除术在下颌角肥大矫治中的临床效果,并且比较传统与改良的各种下颌角截骨手术方法的利弊.方法对15例下颌角肥大患者,根据其临床分型,分别施行口内入路下颌角外板矢状劈除术,必要时辅以下颌角全层截骨.结果术后对15例下颌角肥大患者6个月至2年的随访,双侧下颌角间距有明显缩小,双下颌角间距与双颧间距之比平均从87.64%下降到82.78%,并且术后下颌骨升支与体部的角度接近正常,侧面观形态自然,弧线优美,体表无瘢痕.结论该手术方法不仅能有效矫治以下颌角肥大为表现的下面部过宽,而且术后保持了正常下颌骨侧面应有的自然形态,达到了下颌截骨术后下颌骨整体形态的协调美观,是目前较为理想的下颌角肥大矫治术式.     

下颌骨斜行截骨11例

目的探讨口内入路下颌骨斜行截骨术在下颌角肥大中的临床效果,及与传统口内入路下颌骨外板劈除手术计较利弊。方法对11例下颌角肥大患者,分别施行口内入路下颌骨斜行截骨术。结果术后对11例下颌骨肥大患者3～6个月的随访,术后下颌骨升支与体部的角度接近正常,侧面观形态自然,弧线优美,体表无瘢痕。结论该手术方法不仅能有效矫治以下颌骨肥大为表现的下面部过宽,而且术后保持了正常下颌骨侧面应有的自然形态,手术操作比较简单,是目前较为理想的下颌骨肥大矫治术式。     

口内入路双直线截骨法矫治下颌角肥大

目的探讨口内入路双直线下颌角肥大截骨术的临床治疗效果.方法采用口内切口,以拟缩进的下颌角为基点,设计双直线截骨线,截骨后磨削残端骨面,矫治下颌角肥大.结果自2000年以来,完成手术86例,患者下颌角肥大均得到矫正,仅2例出现术后感染,经对症治疗后痊愈.随访1年,效果良好.结论口内入路双直线截骨法能安全有效地矫治下颌角肥大,是一种简单易行的好方法.     

口内入路双直线截骨法矫治下颌角肥大

目的 探讨口内入路双直线下颌角肥大截骨术的临床治疗效果.方法 采用口内切口,以拟缩进的下颌角为基点,设计双直线截骨线,截骨后磨削残端骨面,矫治下颌角肥大.结果 自2000年以来,完成手术86例,患者下颌角肥大均得到矫正,仅2例出现术后感染,经对症治疗后痊愈.随访1年,效果良好.结论 口内入路双直线截骨法能安全有效地矫治下颌角肥大,是一种简单易行的好方法.     

口内入路磨削法下颌缩小成形术

目的探讨口内入路磨削法下颌缩小成形术的临床效果及操作要点。方法对598例采用口内入路磨削法下颌缩小成形术,磨削范围包括咬合线以下的升支后缘及下齿槽管外侧的下颌骨外板、下颌角、部分升支下部及颏孔后部分的下颌缘全层骨质。术前、术后摄取头颅定位正、侧位X线片和照片。结果磨削后下颌骨升支下部和体部缩窄,下颌角缩小并提升,外形改善明显,下颌角角度、下颌平面角、前颅底平面角、面下宽度均较术前明显改变（P〈0．01）。术后随访168例,优良率为95．24％。结论口内入路磨削法下颌缩小成形术,可以在矫正下颌角肥大的同时去除部分下颌骨外侧皮质层,基本可以达到下颌角截骨术和骨外板劈除术的效果,且操作准确、简便易行。     

铣骨器械口内入路在下颌角肥大整形中的应用

目的：探讨口内入路结合铣骨器械对下颌角肥大的整形效果,为下颌角肥大患者提供一种简单、有效、安全,美观的双侧对称的下颌角肥大整形方法。方法：采用口内切口,常规分离显露下颌骨,在预定的下颌骨区域使用铣骨器械、锉磨除下颌角、下颌骨缘及下颌骨外板,矫治下颌角肥大。结果：我科自2003年1月～2010年3月对46例下颌角肥大的患者施行了口内入路下颌角外板去骨术,经6～10个月的随访,双下颌角间距明显缩小,且升支及体部的角度变化不大,口外无瘢痕,满意率达95%,取得了明显的效果。结论：采用口内切口入路,使用＂颌面骨电动手术器械装置＂矫治下颌角肥大,是一种安全有效的好方法。     

口内入路应用直角钻打孔法截骨和摆动锯截骨矫治下颌角肥大的比较研究

目的:探索一种简单有效而且风险小的下颌角肥大矫治术.方法:对76例下颌角肥大患者随机分为两组,均采用口内入路.A组37例,全部应用传统的摆动锯进行下颌角截骨术;B组39例,全部应用直角钻打孔法截骨,即在下颌角的预设截骨线上打一排全层穿通的小孔,然后用骨凿凿下要切除的下颌骨.结果:B组患者术中及术后出血明显少于A组,B组术中未有1例损伤知名血管,而A组有3例分别损伤了面动脉和下颌后静脉,术后B组较A组患者肿胀轻,恢复快.随访6个月～1年,两组患者下颌角间距明显变小,外形满意,两组患者满意率没有明显差别.结论:直角钻打孔法截骨和摆动锯截骨矫治下颌角肥大都能达到满意效果,但前者比后者更安全、并发症更少、风险更小.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.