粒系集落刺激因子对进展型多发性硬化患者造血干细胞的动员效果及安全性

目的：观察粒系集落刺激因子（G-CSF）对进展型多发性硬化（MS）患者造血干细胞动员效果及安全性。方法：34例继发进展型MS患者纳入研究,给予G-CSF5μg/（kg·d）4～6d动员自体造血干细胞。动员后经血细胞分离机收集外周血单个核细胞。应用流式细胞术检测CD34^＋细胞和单个核细胞绝对数,并观察应用G-CSF后不良反应的类型和发生率。于动员前及动员后分别评定患者的扩展残疾状态评分（expanded disability status scale,EDSS）。结果：采集物中CD34＋细胞为（2.68±0.89）×106/kg,单个核细胞为（2.98±1.19）×108/kg。移植后中性粒细胞恢复至〉0.5×10^9/L的中位时间为13d（9～17d）,血小板恢复至〉50×10^9/L的中位时间为16d（11～21d）。移植相关死亡率为0。在G-CSF动员过程中有17例患者（50%）出现肌痛及乏力症状,未用药物治疗症状消退。2例患者在用药期间EDSS评分增加0.5分,与动员前相比差异无统计学意义（P=0.16）。结论：对于自体造血干细胞移植治疗进展型多发性硬化患者,单用G-CSF动员可以达到有效安全的临床要求。     

化疗联合G-CSF动员恶性血液病患者外周血造血干细胞

目的　探讨恶性血液病患者使用化疗联合造血生长因子进行自体外周血造血干细胞动员的效果及影响因素。方法　 19例恶性血液病患者采用化疗联合重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG CSF)进行外周血造血干细胞动员和采集 ,检测采集物中有核细胞及CD34+ 细胞数量。结果　 19例共采集 5 6次 ,化疗结束至采集开始平均 11 5 (6～ 19)天。获有核细胞数平均 4 0 0 (1 6 4～ 6 4 6 )×10 8/kg ;CD34+ 细胞数平均 6 78(0 0 5～ 2 3 33)× 10 6/kg。CD34+ 细胞≥ 2 5× 10 6/kg的比率为 78 9%(15 /19,95 %可信区间为 5 4 %～ 96 % ) ;CD34+ 细胞≥ 5 0× 10 6/kg的比率为 5 2 6 % (10 /19,95 %可信区间为 2 9%～ 76 % )。仅 3例 (15 79% ,95 %可信区间为 3%～ 4 0 % )CD34+ 细胞 <2 0× 10 6/kg。CD34+细胞产率与病程、动员前化疗次数、Drake化疗积分、动员前外周血白细胞计数相关 ,而与年龄、疾病状态等因素无明显相关性。动员效果也与化疗后外周血白细胞计数恢复时间相关。结论　化疗联合rhG CSF方案应用在大多数血液系恶性肿瘤患者中可获得足够的干祖细胞。对于动员病程长、化疗次数多、Drake化疗积分高、白细胞减少的患者动员效果不良。     

实体瘤自体造血干细胞动员不佳患儿应用普乐沙福的经验分享

目的 分析普乐沙福对实体瘤自体造血干细胞动员不佳患儿的作用及安全性。方法 回顾性分析5例实体瘤造血干细胞动员不佳患儿的临床资料,所有患儿均应用普乐沙福自体造血干细胞动员,分析干细胞动员血象变化、采集结果及不良反应发生情况。结果 外周血(PB) CD34⁺细胞计数<10 cells/μl及第1天采集物CD34⁺细胞计数<1.5×10⁶/kg时及时加用普乐沙福;加用普乐沙福后1例采集1次,1例采集2次,3例采集3次。5例患儿中3例采集成功。未出现乏力、失眠、腹痛、腹泻、头晕、关节痛等不良反应。3例患儿已行自体干细胞移植,粒细胞及血小板均植入。结论 外周血CD34⁺细胞计数<10 cells/μl及第1天采集物CD34⁺细胞计数<1.5×10⁶/kg时加用普乐沙福获得采集成功普乐沙福用于实体瘤动员不佳患儿自体造血干细胞动员,不良反应少,耐受性好。     

异基因移植CD56+CD16+量对移植物抗宿主病影响

目的 探讨异基因外周血干细胞移植供者CD56^＋CDl6^＋细胞的量对移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的影响。方法 对16例白血病患者应用HIA配型完全相合同胞供者进行了外周血干细胞移植，并观察了输注CDl6^＋、CD56^＋量与GVHD的关系。结果 16例患者均早期获得了造血功能恢复，4例发生了Ⅰ度aGVHD，5例发生了Ⅱ度aGVHD，输注CDl6^＋、CD56^＋细胞的绝对量与Ⅱ度aGVHD发生呈负相关，相关系统为-0．67，Ⅱ度aGVHD所输注CD3^＋细胞绝对值、CD34^＋细胞绝对值无明显相关性。结论 异基因外周血干细胞移植GVHD的发生与输注CDl6^＋、CD56^＋细胞的绝对量相关。     

Hyper-CVAD/MA＋G-CSF对淋巴瘤患者造血干细胞动员作用的研究

目的：探讨Hyper-CVAD/MA中的MA（甲氨喋呤＋阿糖胞苷）＋粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）方案动员恶性淋巴瘤患者造血干细胞的有效性。方法：25例侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）患者随机分为两组,分别采用环磷酰胺＋G-CSF方案（对照组）和Hyper-CVAD/MA＋G-CSF方案（研究组）动员造血干细胞,观察动员效果、安全性。结果：研究组都1次采集成功,比对照组明显缩短采集次数（P〈0.01）;研究组和对照组采集的CD34＋细胞总数分别为（5.45±4.63）×106/kg、（3.04±0.74）×106/kg,差异变化相近（P〉0.05）;两组感染发生率相仿（P〉0.05）;两组血小板减少发生率无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论：Hyper-CVAD/MA＋G-CSF方案动员恶性淋巴瘤患者造血干细胞安全、有效、易于操作、又可起到移植前体内净化的作用。     

生长抑素对人脐血CD34^＋细胞增殖能力的影响

目的探索生长抑素（SST）对造血干／祖细胞增殖能力的影响以及可能机制。方法采用免疫磁殊分选技术纯化人脐血CD34^＋细胞;SST孵育人CD34^＋细胞后,体外集落形成、扩增培养了解细胞增殖;ELISA测定细胞内外TNF-α、TGF-β水平;RT—PCR分析其受体亚型。结果在1&#215;10^-6～1&#215;10^-10mol／L浓度范围内,SST抑制人CD34^＋细胞集落形成及扩增倍数,其细胞集落形成抑制与SST浓度呈正相关（r=0．903,P〈0．01）。SST使CD34^＋细胞内、外TNF-α及TGF-β1浓度显著增加（P〈0．05）;人脐血CD34^＋细胞表达SST-3型受体。结论SST通过人脐血CD34^＋细胞上SST-3型受体介导,提高造血抑制因子TNF-α、TGF-β水平,抑制人CD34^＋细胞的增殖、维持其干细胞特性。     

21例重型再生障碍性贫血患者CD34^＋细胞检测及临床意义

目的：检测重型再生障碍性贫血（SAA）患者CD34^＋细胞骨髓单个核细胞比例,了解再生障碍性贫血发病与造血干细胞、祖细胞的关系。方法：应用流式细胞仪检测21例重型再生障碍性贫血患者CD34^＋细胞表达水平。并与对照组比较。结果：再生障碍性贫血组21例患者CD34^＋细胞比例为（0．196±0．164）％,对照组10例患者CD34^＋细胞比例为（1．129±0．570）％,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：再生障碍性贫血患者CD34^＋细胞表达明显减少,支持再生障碍性贫血造血干细胞内在缺陷的发病学说。此检测有助于再生障碍性贫血诊断,值得临床推广。     

自体外周造血干细胞移植治疗继发进展型多发性硬化的疗效与安全性

目的：评价自体外周造血干细胞移植（APBSCT）治疗继发进展型多发性硬化（MS）的疗效及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2001-2010年在首都医科大学宣武医院接受APBSCT治疗的41例继发进展型MS患者的临床资料。女性31例,男性10例,年龄24～56岁,中位年龄36岁。所有患者连续5d皮下注射粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）5μg/kg动员造血干细胞。应用细胞分离机采集外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）,对28例患者应用CliniMACS免疫磁珠系统分选CD34^＋细胞,将PBMC或CD34^＋细胞置-80℃冰箱冻存。患者采用BEAM[becenum（camustine）;etoposide（teniposide）;cytosine arabinoside;melphalan]预处理方案：卡莫司汀300mg/m^2×1d;替尼泊苷150mg/m^2×4d;阿糖胞苷200mg/m^2×4d;美法仑140mg/m^2×1d。预处理后经静脉回输低温保存复苏的自体CD34^＋细胞或PBMC。应用扩充神经功能残疾量表评判患者APBSCT后神经系统功能的恢复程度,根据不良事件常用术语标准3.0版评判APBSCT的不良反应。结果：2例患者失访。39例患者治疗后随访6～100个月,平均51个月,其中16例缓解,8例稳定,15例移植后复发且病情进展。100个月累计疾病无进展生存率为55.5%。预处理后41例患者的中性粒细胞均〈0.5×10^9/L,血小板均〈25×10^9/L。经支持治疗后所有患者均获得造血重建;37例发生腹泻;3例发生替尼泊苷过敏反应;26例发生感染,其中发热性中性粒细胞减少19例,会阴肛门周围皮肤软组织脓肿2例,败血症2例,肺部真菌感染、静脉置管处皮肤感染和消化道感染各1例;6例发生植入综合征;无移植相关死亡。结论：APBSCT是治疗继发进展型MS较安全有效的方法,但使用期间应严密观察可能出现的不良反应。     

自体外周血造血干细胞移植治疗系统性红斑狼疮9例临床疗效探讨

目的 :探讨自体外周血造血干细胞移植 (Autologousperipheralbloodstemcellstransplantation ,ABSCT)治疗系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE)的临床效果。方法 :选择 9例SLE患者 ,应用BaxterCS - 30 0 0plus连续血流式血细胞分离机进行自体外周血造血干细胞采集。预处理方案 :分次全淋巴照射 (TLI) 12 - 16Gy ,环磷酰胺 5 0mg/kg(- 3,- 2 ,- 1d) ,ATG 10mg/kg(+1,2d)。外周血干细胞动员 :环磷酰胺 2 0 0 0mg/m2 ,G -CSF 5ug/kg/d。结果 :造血干细胞采集量 :MNC 3.32× 10 9/Kg(2 .6 7- 4.2 8) ,患者造血功能重建迅速 ,免疫重建特征为CD4 ,CD19细胞减低 ,CD8,CD16+ 56细胞升高。随访 8例完全缓解 ,1例部分缓解 ,未发生移植相关的严重并发症。结论 :ABSCT治疗SLE近期临床疗效显著 ,远期疗效尚须进一步探讨。疗效机理可能与预处理后组织中免疫病理细胞的减少 ,免疫球蛋白降低 ,自身抗体量的下降有关。     

SLE外周血干细胞动员剂选择及效果观察

目的 探讨系统性红宽狼疮(SLE)自体外周血干细胞安全、有效的动员方案及动员效果的临床观察。方法 19例重症SLE患者在静止期接受大刑环磷酰胺(CTX)联合G-CSF进行外周血干细胞动员，干细胞采集前后动态外周血细胞计数，外周血干细胞细胞采集量及CD34细胞测定，动员采集过程中评价狼疮活动情况，主要不良反应及移植造血重建观察。结果 动员前后SLE病情稳定，相关抗体检测无变化。外周血干细胞单次采集率为63．2％，两次采集率为36．8％。移植后造血重建顺利。主要不良反应为：发热、消化道感染、谷丙转氨酶轻度升高、肌酐升高、骨痛等。结论 大剂量CTX联合G-CSF做为动员方案能有效地动员SLE外周血干细胞，临床应用过程安全，无SLE病情反复，移植后造血重建顺利。     

Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells by granulocyte-colony stimulating factors: comparison of a standard dose of glycosylated and mutated granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients following CHOP therapy

The effects of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) have been studied in several clinical settings. G-CSFs are widely used to stimulate the production of granulocytes and are well known to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs). However, very few studies have examined differences among G-CSFs. The aim of this study was to compare the mobilization of PBSCs induced by a standard dose of two G-CSFs following biweekly cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) therapy. Using a standard dose of G-CSF, we conducted a randomized, crossover trial that compared the efficacy of two kinds of G-CSF, glycosylated [lenograstim (2 micrograms/kg)] and mutated [nartograstim (1 microgram/kg)], on PBSC mobilization in 10 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after biweekly CHOP chemotherapy. Lenograstim (2 micrograms/kg) was more effective in shortening the duration of neutropenia than nartograstim (1 microgram/kg) (3.8 days vs. 5.0 days, p < 0.05, the number of days for the neutrophil count to reach 5 x 10(9)/l from nadir). The number of CD34+ cells and granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units (GM-CFU) was higher for lenograstim but no statistically significant difference between the two groups was found. Glycosylated G-CSF is more effective than mutated G-CSF in shortening the duration of neutropenia. As for the mobilization of CD34+ cells and the number of CFU-GM, there was a tendency to increase in the lenograstim group but no statistically significant differences were found.     

不同方案粒细胞集落刺激因子对骨髓干细胞动员效率的临床观察

目的观察不同方案对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者外周血干细胞动员的效率,旨在寻找最佳的动员方案。方法A组予以粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)300μg,每日1次,皮下注射,连续5d;B组予以G-CSF300μg,每日2次,皮下注射,连续5d,第6天经美国Baxter公司生产的CS3000Plus血细胞分离机分离外周血干细胞,经流式细胞仪测定CD34+细胞数量。结果两组在用药前及用药后第2、3、4、5、6、7、8天外周血中白细胞计数上无统计学差异;但是,两组在用药后第3、5、6、7天外周血中CD34+细胞数量有统计学差异(P值分别为0.007、0.019、0.011、0.005),B组外周血中CD34+细胞数量要高于A组;在应用两组动员方案后,外周血中白细胞、CD34+细胞数量与动员时间变化曲线均显示峰型曲线,在动员后第5天,且B组曲线要明显高于A组;患者外周血中CD34+细胞数量与白细胞变化呈正相关(r=0.659),与体重变化呈负相关(r=-0.536),与性别、年龄变化及AMI发生时间没有相关性。结论行G-CSF300μg,每日2次组动员的患者,外周血中CD34+细胞数量的动员效率要明显优于300μg,每日1次组。     

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment ameliorates liver injury and improves survival in rats with D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure

Only liver transplantation is currently available therapy for the patients with acute liver failure (ALF). This study was designed to determine whether administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has therapeutic efficacy in animals with ALF. Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of d-galactosamine (d-GalN, 1.4 g/kg) to induce ALF. After 2 h, the rats were randomized to receive G-CSF (50 μg/kg/day), or saline vehicle injection for 5 days. Rats were observed for survival and assessed for liver injury by serum alanine transaminase (ALT) measurement and histological analysis. CD34+ cells in bone marrow were assessed by flow cytometry. CD34+ cells and Ki-67+ hepatocytes in liver tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In the ALF model, 5-day survival after d-GalN injection was 33.3% (10/30), while G-CSF administration following d-GalN resulted in 53.3% (16/30) survival (p = 0.027). G-CSF treated rats had lower ALT level and less hepatic injury compared with saline vehicle rats. The increases of CD34+ cells in bone marrow and liver tissue and Ki-67+ cells in liver tissue in G-CSF treated rats were higher than those in saline rats. No correlation was observed between CD34+ cells and Ki-67+ hepatocytes in liver tissue in both G-CSF and vehicle rats. It is suggested that G-CSF increases survival rate, decreases liver injury and enhances hepatocyte proliferation in rats with d-GalN-induced ALF possibly through actions including but not limiting to CD34+ cell mobilization, and that G-CSF may be of potential value in treating ALF.     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子注射液动员外周血干细胞10例

目的 :探讨重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG CSF)注射液动员外周血造血干细胞 (PBSC)的效果。方法 :对 6例恶性血液病病人 ,1d内静脉注射长春新碱 1～ 2mg·m- 2 及环磷酰胺 4～ 7g·m- 2 (分 4次 ,间隔 4h) ,外周血白细胞降至 1×10 9·L- 1以下时 ,加rhG CSF 6～ 8μg·kg- 1,皮下注射 ,qd× 5～ 7d ;对 4例健康供者在采集PBSC前 5d予rhG CSF 6～ 8μg·kg- 1,皮下注射 ,qd× 5d。白细胞升至 10× 10 9·L- 1以上时采集PSBC ,并进行CD+ 34 及粒 巨噬细胞集落形成单位 (CFU GM )检测。结果 :一次收集单个核细胞计数 (3.9±s 1.7)×10 8·kg- 1;CD+ 34 (4 .8± 2 .3)× 10 8·kg- 1;粒 巨噬细胞集落形成单位 (5± 3)× 10 4 ·kg- 1。未出现严重不良反应。结论 :rhG CSF无论对病人自体还是对健康供者均能安全、高效地动员PBSC ,满足移植所需要。     

两种rhG-CSF制剂用于自体外周造血干细胞移植的效果比较

目的探讨两种重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子吉赛欣(国产rhG-CSF)和惠尔血(进口rhG-CSF)在外周造血干细胞(PBSC)动员及移植后造血恢复中的效能差异。方法选择2000-01～2003-05在本院进行自体外周造血干细胞动员的47例血液肿瘤患者,随机分为两组,在化疗后白细胞降至最低点时分别接受国产rhG-CSF和进口rhG-CSF进行干细胞动员,比较rhG-CSF使用时间及采集所得CD34+细胞数量,其中接受干细胞回输的41例再随机分组,在预处理和干细胞回输后,外周WBC达到0×109/L时分别接受两种rhG-CSF促进造血恢复,比较外周血中性粒细胞绝对计数(ANC)恢复至≥1.5×109/L的天数及rhG-CSF使用时间。结果47例进行干细胞动员的患者中,24例应用进口rhG-CSF,23例应用国产rhG-CS,使用时间分别为6.17±2.64d和5.78±1.83d,所得采集物CD34+细胞总数分别为(5.90±5.06)×106/kg体重和(5.13±6.07)×106/kg体重,两者比较无显著性差异。41例接受自体干细胞回输的患者,22例应用进口rhG-CSF,19例应用国产rhG-CSF,使用时间分别为10.86±2.41d和10.83±4.75d,ANC恢复至≥1.5×109/L的时间分别为9.07±1.50d和10.00±4.20d,两者比较亦无显著性差异。结论两种rhG-CSF制剂在PBSC动员、PBSC回输后造血恢复等方面无明显差异,均可供临床上选择使用。     

A clinical comparison of the efficacy and safety of biosimilar G-CSF and originator G-CSF in haematopoietic stem cell mobilization

BackgroundRecombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is widely used to mobilize haematopoietic stem cells. We compared the efficacy and safety of a biosimilar G-CSF (Zarzio^®, Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals) with the originator G-CSF (Neupogen^®, Amgen) in patients with haematological malignancies.MethodsA total of 108 patients were included in this study, 59 of whom were female (49 male), with an overall median age of 51 years (range 19–69). Patients had multiple myeloma (n = 46), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 28), Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 26), or other diagnosis (n = 8). After administration of mobilizing regimens (primarily high-dose etoposide, high-dose cyclophosphamide, intermediate-dose Ara-C or ESHAP), patients were randomized to a standard daily 10 μg/kg dose of biosimilar G-CSF (n = 54) or originator G-CSF (n = 54).ResultsMedian duration of G-CSF administration was 8 days with both biosimilar G-CSF (range 4–17) and originator G-CSF (range 4–14). Both groups had a median of one apheresis with a median time until first apheresis of 11 days. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in the mean ± SD number of mobilized CD34+ cells/μL in peripheral blood or the number of CD34+ cells/kg body weight. Five patients (9%) in the originator G-CSF group and six patients in the biosimilar G-CSF group (11%) did not mobilize sufficient CD34+ cells. The adverse event profile was similar between groups.ConclusionsA biosimilar G-CSF (Zarzio^®) demonstrated similar efficacy and safety as the reference originator G-CSF (Neupogen^®) in hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in patients with haematological malignancies.     

Autografting with peripheral blood CD34-positive cells following high-dose chemotherapy against breast cancer

We report autologous CD34+ cell transplantation performed in 3 cases of recurrent breast cancer. The hematological recovery in these cases was assessed by comparing with that in the previous cases of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation performed with the same high-dose chemotherapy regimen. Patient 1 was a 32-year-old woman with pulmonary and skeletal metastases; patient 2, a 55-year-old woman with pulmonary metastases; and patient 3, a 48-year-old woman with hepatic metastases. On day 1, cyclophosphamide 1000 mg/m2 and epirubicin 130 mg/m2 were administered concurrently with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and peripheral blood stem cells were harvested on days 14-16. These stem cells were processed using anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody and an immunomagnetic bead device, Isolex 300i. The high-dose chemotherapy regimen consisted of cyclophosphamide 2000 mg/m2/day, div, and thiotepa 200 mg/m2/day, div on day -5, -4, and -3. The harvested CD34+ cells numbered 3.9 +/- 2.8 x 10(6)/kg (range: 0.73-7.8/10(6)/kg), and the CFU-GM, 8.3 +/- 5.6 x 10(5)/kg (range: 1.2-15.1/10(5)/kg). After the separation, the percent of CD34+ cells was 81.9 +/- 11.6% (range: 65.8-96.4%), the CD34+ cell yield, 71.8 +/- 30.2% (range: 46.0-129.6%), and the CFU-GM yield, 48.9 +/- 9.1% (range: 35.3-62.0%). At the time of transplantation, the number of nucleated cells was 0.55 +/- 0.31 x 10(5)/kg, and that of CFU-GM, 31.2 +/- 17.8 x 10(5)/kg. Comparison of the hematological recovery in these three cases with that in patients receiving an identical high-dose chemotherapy regimen revealed recovery rates significantly faster than in patients having bone marrow transplants, and approximately identical with that in peripheral blood stem cell transplantation cases.     

Plerixafor: a review of its use in stem-cell mobilization in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma

Plerixafor (Mozobil?) is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist that is indicated for use in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize stem cells to the peripheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients who have non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) or multiple myeloma (MM) [US] and in patients who have lymphoma or MM and are poor mobilizers (EU). This article reviews the clinical efficacy and tolerability of subcutaneous plerixafor for stem-cell mobilization in patients with lymphoma or MM, as well as summarizing its pharmacological properties. Pharmacoeconomic analyses of plerixafor and decision-making algorithms intended to optimize its use are also discussed. Plerixafor plus G-CSF mobilized stem cells more efficiently than placebo plus G-CSF in adults with NHL or MM, according to the results of two randomized, double-blind, multicentre trials. In these trials, significantly more plerixafor plus G-CSF recipients than placebo plus G-CSF recipients reached primary apheresis targets in significantly fewer apheresis days. In the trial in patients with NHL, significantly more plerixafor plus G-CSF than placebo plus G-CSF recipients proceeded to transplantation. Results of compassionate-use studies in patients with lymphoma or MM demonstrated that plerixafor plus G-CSF successfully mobilized stem cells in the majority of patients who were poor mobilizers (i.e. sufficient CD34+ cells had not been collected during apheresis or apheresis had not occurred because of low peripheral blood CD34+ cell counts). Results of compassionate-use studies and additional studies in patients with lymphoma or MM also demonstrated that plerixafor plus G-CSF successfully mobilized stem cells in predicted poor mobilizers, such as heavily pretreated patients considered to be at high risk of mobilization failure. In addition, a small study showed mobilization with pre-emptive plerixafor to be effective. Subcutaneous plerixafor was generally well tolerated during stem-cell mobilization in patients with NHL or MM; the most commonly occurring treatment-related adverse events in plerixafor plus G-CSF recipients included injection-site reactions and gastrointestinal adverse events. Preliminary results of a US cost-effectiveness analysis suggest that plerixafor plus G-CSF is a cost-saving option compared with cyclophosphamide plus G-CSF. A retrospective US cost analysis found no significant difference between plerixafor plus G-CSF and cyclophosphamide plus G-CSF recipients in the median total cost of initial mobilization, suggesting that the cost of plerixafor may be offset by increased utilization of other resources in patients receiving alternative mobilization regimens. Additional cost analyses examined the use of pre-emptive plerixafor; institutions have developed decision-making algorithms, mainly relating to the use of pre-emptive plerixafor, to help optimize its use. In conclusion, plerixafor is a valuable stem-cell mobilizer for use in combination with G-CSF in patients with lymphoma or MM, particularly in patients who are poor mobilizers or predicted poor mobilizers.