气相色谱法测定硝酸咪康唑原料的残留溶剂

目的建立硝酸咪康唑原料残留溶剂的测定方法。方法采用气相色谱法,使用PEG-20M毛细管(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm)色谱柱,柱温采用程序升温,初始温度60℃,保持3min,再以30℃·min-1升至185℃,保持20min;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为FID;检测器温度为250℃。结果同时测定了硝酸咪康唑原料中的2种有机溶剂,丙酮和甲苯线性范围分别为0.25¹.0mg·mL-1(r=0.999 8)、0.044 51.0mg·mL-1(r=0.999 8)、0.044 5⁰.178mg·mL-1(r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为100.3%和99.9%,RSD分别为1.8%和1.3%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于硝酸咪康唑中残留溶剂的检测。     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸溴己新原料药中4种有机溶剂的残留量

目的:建立测定盐酸溴己新原料药中4种有机溶剂(丙酮、乙醇、甲苯和乙酸)残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法分别测定。色谱柱均为HP-FFAP柱,检测器均为氢火焰离子化检测器,温度均为250℃;丙酮、乙醇、甲苯检测进样口温度为200℃,程序升温,顶空瓶平衡温度80℃,时间30 min,以二甲基亚砜为溶解介质;乙酸检测进样口温度为150℃,柱温60℃,顶空瓶平衡温度60℃,时间20 min,以甲醇为溶解介质,衍生化法检测。结果:在2种色谱条件下,各被测溶剂峰均分离良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999;丙酮、乙醇、甲苯和乙酸的平均回收率分别为104.4%、98.7%、105.7%、100.8%,RSD分别为2.3%、2.6%、2.7%、2.1%(n=3);检测限分别为0.25、1.21、0.18、0.32μg/ml。样品中只检出乙醇。结论:建立的方法准确、迅速,可用于检测盐酸溴己新原料药中残留的丙酮、乙醇、甲苯和乙酸。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定长春西汀原料药中乙酸乙酯残留量

目的:建立测定长春西汀中残留溶剂乙酸乙酯含量的方法。方法:采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法检测6批长春西汀原料药中乙酸乙酯残留量。以二氧六环为溶剂,丙酮为内标;色谱柱为Ailgent DB-624弹性石英毛细管柱;程序升温:初始温度55℃,保持6 min,并以40℃·min-1的速率升温至180℃,保持2 min;进样口温度200℃,氢火焰离子化检测器检测口温度250℃;氮气流速1.0 mL·min-1;分流进样,分流比为5∶1;顶空温度85℃;平衡时间30 min;进样时间1 min。结果:乙酸乙酯与内标分离良好,乙酸乙酯检测浓度线性范围为0.025～0.25 mg·mL-1(r=0.999 8);加样回收率为102.2%(RSD=1.82%,n=6);最低定量浓度为0.10μg·mL-1。6批样品中只有1批检出乙酸乙酯(0.023%),其余5批均未检出。结论:该法简单、灵敏、准确,可用于长春西汀原料药中乙酸乙酯残留量检测。     

顶空气相色谱法测定美伐他汀中有机溶剂残留量

目的 建立美伐他汀中有机残留溶剂的测定方法.方法 顶空气相色谱法.色谱条件:采用HB-5(30.0 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm)硅胶键合毛细管柱;柱温:初始温度为40℃,保持5 min后,升至90℃,升温速率为2℃/min,保持0 min,升至160℃,升温速率为30℃/min,保持2 min;检测器:火焰离子化检测器;进样器温度:220℃;检测器温度:260℃;载气:氮气;流速:4 ml/min;分流比:1:10.结果 丙酮在15.8～79.0μg/ml、乙酸乙酯在18.0～90 μg/ml、甲苯在8.7～43.3 μg/ml范围内峰面积与浓度呈较好线性关系.平均回收率(n=9)分别为丙酮101.0%,相对标准偏差值(RSD)=1.6%;乙酸乙酯99.8%,RSD=1.0%.结论 本方法操作简便、结果准确,是控制美伐他汀中残留溶剂的可靠方法.     

顶空气相色谱法测定尼伐地平中的残留溶剂

目的建立顶空气相色谱法测定尼伐地平原料药中5种残留有机溶剂的方法。方法色谱柱为DB-624（30 m×0.53 mm,3μm）,氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃,顶空平衡温度为80℃,顶空平衡时间为30 min,程序升温40℃保持8 min,以10℃min-1的速度升至180℃并保持5 min,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）为溶剂。结果 5种有机溶剂和DMF的峰完全分离,且线性关系良好,平均回收率为乙醇102.1%、丙酮99.4%、异丙醇97.9%、乙酸乙酯98.9%和甲苯100.2%。5种残留溶剂的检出量均符合2010版中国药典规定（乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇和乙酸乙酯限度均为0.5%,甲苯为0.089%）。结论该方法操作简单,结果可靠,可用于尼伐地平原料药中的残留有机溶剂的测定。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定美司钠原料和注射液的残留溶剂

目的建立美司钠原料及其注射剂中4种残留溶剂的顶空毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法使用HP-1毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm),采用程序升温。初始温度为40℃,保持5min,再以20℃·min-1升温至150℃;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为FID;检测器温度为250℃。顶空进样,平衡温度为75℃,平衡时间为30min。结果同时测定了美司钠原料和注射液中4种残留有机溶剂,甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和丙酮分离度均在2.0以上,线性范围分别为6.6～66.0(r1=0.999 4),4.9～49.1(r2=0.999 9),5.8～58.0(r3=0.999 5)和8.0～80.0μg·mL-1(r4=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为97.3%,98.2%,99.5%和99.1%,RSD值分别为1.9%,2.1%,1.5%和1.7%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于美司钠原料及其注射液中残留溶剂的检测。     

盐酸头孢吡肟中残留溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的检测方法

目的 建立顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸头孢吡肟中残留溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的含量的方法.方法 色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱(30m×0.53m,3μm),柱温:程序升温,90℃维持18min,以每分钟20℃升温至200℃,维持5min;检测器温度为250℃;进样口温度为200℃,分流比1:1.顶空进样,项空瓶平衡温度为90℃,平衡时间为40min,进样体积为1.0mL.结果 N,N-二甲基甲酰胺在0.0290mg·mL-1～0.2 07mg·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r值为0.99975),平均回收率为101.1%(RSD为1.7%).结论 该方法准确灵敏,可用于盐酸头孢吡肟中二甲基甲酰胺的检测.     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸罗哌卡因原料药中残留溶剂

目的:建立盐酸罗哌卡因原料药中8种残留溶剂乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇、甲基异丁酮、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、溴丙烷、甲苯的顶空气相色谱检测方法。方法:采用DB-624 UI毛细管色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm, 1.4μm),载气为氮气,样品溶剂为10%二甲亚砜,顶空进样,进样口温度为220℃,程序升温,进样分流比20∶1,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),检测器温度为280℃。结果:8种残留溶剂在各自的范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数(r)均>0.994,检测限范围为0.01～0.36 ng,加标回收率在91.1%～111.4%,来自5个厂家的10批样品中8种残留溶剂的含量均未超过限度。结论:该方法合理、准确可行,灵敏度高,专属性强,可以为盐酸罗哌卡因原料药残留溶剂检测提供有力的技术支持。     

顶空气相色谱法测定枸橼酸托瑞米芬原料药中溶剂残留量

目的:建立测定枸橼酸托瑞米芬原料药中4种溶剂(丙酮、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯和甲苯)残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法。以二甲亚砜为溶剂,苯为内标物,色谱柱为HP-INNOWAX毛细管柱,程序升温,氢火焰离子化检测器,顶空平衡温度90℃、顶空平衡时间20min、进样时间1.0min。结果:丙酮、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯、甲苯检测浓度线性范围分别为1.264～31.59、0.8886～22.22、1.621～40.52、1.732～43.30μg·mL-1(r均>0.9994);回收率分别为98.74%～102.0%、99.22%～100.6%、98.86%～100.8%、98.72%～101.9%;RSD分别为1.9%、2.3%、1.7%、1.9%(n=7);检出限分别为0.1154、0.3550、0.1054、0.1303μg·mL-1,样品中4种溶剂残留量均符合《中国药典》规定。结论:所建立的方法可用于枸橼酸托瑞米芬原料药中溶剂残留量的测定。     

气相色谱法测定厄贝沙坦中9种残留溶剂

目的:建立厄贝沙坦原料药中9种残留溶剂(甲醇,乙醇,丙酮,异丙醇,乙腈,二氯甲烷,甲基叔丁基醚,乙酸乙酯及甲苯)的检测方法。方法:色谱柱为Kromat KB-624(30 m×0.53 mm,3.0μm);程序升温;载气为氮气,流速为5.0 ml·min-1;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃;顶空进样,顶空瓶平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间20min。以二甲基亚砜为溶剂,用外标法测定9种残留溶剂的量,进样量为1 ml。结果:在本色谱条件下,9种残留溶剂分离良好。在各自的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999 1),平均回收率为99.08%~105.14%,RSD为1.1%~3.3%(n=9);定量限分别为15.68,25.45,1.09,10.61,4.54,5.73,1.04,10.58,1.89μg。结论:本方法简便,准确,重复性好,可用于厄贝沙坦原料药中多种残留溶剂的同时测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.