Impact of renal function on ischemic stroke and major bleeding rates in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients treated with warfarin or rivaroxaban: a retrospective cohort study using real-world evidence

Objectives: Renal dysfunction is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and is an independent predictor of stroke and systemic embolism. Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with renal dysfunction may face a particularly high risk of thromboembolism and bleeding. The current retrospective cohort study was designed to assess the impact of renal function on ischemic stroke and major bleeding rates in NVAF patients in the real-world setting (outside a clinical trial).

Methods: Medical claims and Electronic Health Records were retrieved retrospectively from Optum’s Integrated Claims–Clinical de-identified dataset from May 2011 to August 2014. Patients with NVAF treated with warfarin (2468) or rivaroxaban (1290) were selected. Each treatment cohort was stratified by baseline estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCl) levels. Confounding adjustments were made using inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Incidence rates and hazard ratios of ischemic stroke and major bleeding events were calculated for both cohorts.

Results: Overall, patients treated with rivaroxaban had an ischemic stroke incidence rate of 1.9 per 100 person-years (PY) while patients treated with warfarin had a rate of 4.2 per 100 PY (HR?=?0.41 [0.21–0.80], p?=?.009). Rivaroxaban patients with an eCrCl below 50?mL/min (N?=?229) had an ischemic stroke rate of 0.8 per 100 PY, while the rate for the warfarin cohort (N?=?647) was 6.0 per 100 PY (HR?=?0.09 [0.01–0.72], p?=?.02). For the other renal function levels (i.e. eCrCl 50–80 and ≥80?mL/min) HRs indicated no statistically significant differences in ischemic stroke risks. Bleeding events did not differ significantly between cohorts stratified by renal function.

Conclusions: Ischemic stroke rates were significantly lower in the overall NVAF population for rivaroxaban vs. warfarin users, including patients with eCrCl below 50?mL/min. For all renal function groups, major bleeding risks were not statistically different between treatment groups.     

Stroke risk reduction outweighed bleeding risk increase from vitamin K antagonist treatment among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients with high stroke risk and low bleeding risk

Objective: Warfarin is widely used for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). We compared the rates of stroke and major bleeding in NVAF patients with a high stroke risk and low bleeding risk profile during warfarin treated (W+) and warfarin untreated (W?) periods.

Method: Insurance claims from six commercial, Medicaid or Medicare databases were analyzed from 2000 to 2014. NVAF patients treated with warfarin, with a CHADS₂/CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥2, and an ATRIA score ≤3 at baseline were identified. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of stroke and major bleeding were calculated for W?+?versus W? episodes of person-time, as well as for first 30 days versus beyond 30 days of W?+?episodes.

Results: Among 316,145 patients, anticoagulant prophylaxis with warfarin significantly reduced stroke risk, with IRRs ranging from 0.48 (95% CI: 0.46–0.51) to 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70–0.91), and increased major bleeding risk, with IRRs ranging from 1.13 (95% CI: 1.10–1.15) to 1.95 (95% CI: 1.10–3.45). Stroke and major bleeding rates were higher during the first 30 days of W?+?than beyond.

Conclusion: In NVAF patients at high risk for stroke and low risk for bleeding, our data confirm the effectiveness of anticoagulation for stroke prevention. The decrease in stroke risk of anticoagulation may outweigh the risk of major bleeding events, particularly among elderly patients. Potential risks of warfarin during initiation warrant attention, especially among patients who stop and start therapy repeatedly.     

Rates of major bleeding with rivaroxaban in real-world studies of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients: a meta-analysis

Numerous real-world studies estimating major bleeding rates in rivaroxaban patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation have been published. We performed a meta-analysis to better quantify the rates of different types of major bleeding seen with rivaroxaban in observational studies. The pooled rates of major bleeding with rivaroxaban were generally low and consistent with those reported in its pivotal randomized controlled trial.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of dabigatran versus rivaroxaban for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation using real-world evidence in elderly US Medicare beneficiaries

Objective: Dabigatran and rivaroxaban have been approved by the US FDA to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients. Newly published real-world evidence based on the US population found that elderly Medicare patients with NVAF treated with rivaroxaban experienced statistically significant increases in intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and major extracranial bleeding, and statistically nonsignificant decreases in thromboembolic stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared with dabigatran. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of dabigatran vs. rivaroxaban for the treatment of US Medicare NVAF patients.

Methods: A previously published Markov model was adapted to compare dabigatran and rivaroxaban. The model considered thromboembolic stroke, bleeding events, and AMI based on the published real-world event risks. Model outputs included clinical event rates, costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs).

Results: Dabigatran patients experienced fewer ICH and major extracranial bleeding events than rivaroxaban patients, but more stroke and AMI events. Dabigatran was found to yield lower costs and higher QALYs than rivaroxaban, with incremental costs of ?$3534 and incremental QALYs of 0.004. Results remained consistent in sensitivity analyses, with a positive net monetary benefit (willingness-to-pay thresholds of $50,000 and $100,000 per QALY) for dabigatran over rivaroxaban for all model inputs tested.

Conclusions: In this study using US Medicare real-world data, dabigatran was found to dominate rivaroxaban. The analyses were limited by the short follow-up period of the real-world data and results may not be generalizable to other patient populations.     

利伐沙班与华法林治疗非瓣膜性心房颤动的对比效果分析

目的:分析利伐沙班与华法林治疗非瓣膜性心房颤动的对比效果。方法:选取本院2017年10月—2018年9月收治的150例非瓣膜性心房颤动患者作为研究对象,借助双盲随机抽样法分为对照组和观察组,每组75例。对照组给予华法林治疗,观察组予以利伐沙班治疗,评定两组治疗效果、栓塞事件发生情况与肝功能指标。结果:治疗前,两组肝功能指标无显著差异,P>0.05;治疗后,观察组相比对照组的肝功能指标改善显著,P<0.05。观察组(97.33%,73/75)相较于对照组(82.67%,62/75)治疗效果较高;观察组(1.33%,1/75)相较于对照组的栓塞事件发生率(13.33%,10/75)较低,P<0.05。结论:非瓣膜性心房颤动予以利伐沙班治疗效果十分显著,在易于提升治疗效果的同时降低栓塞事件发生率,值得临床进一步深究与采纳。     

新型抗凝剂利伐沙班预防心房颤动患者脑栓塞的研究进展

心房颤动是脑卒中的重要危险因素,药物抗凝治疗是心房颤动一线治疗的首选。传统抗凝剂(如华法林)因出血、频繁监测等原因导致临床应用受限。利伐沙班是一种口服的小分子直接Ⅹa因子抑制剂,作为临床发展的新药,其具有明确的药代动力学及药效学,有望成为传统抗凝剂的替代药物。     

Real-life behaviour of direct oral anticoagulants in a Spanish cohort with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: Refase Registry

Abstract

Aim: To analyse the effectiveness and safety of DOAC (direct oral anticoagulants) in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients attending clinical practice.

Methods: Retrospective study of AF patients who started treatment with DOAC from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2016 in three Spanish hospitals. Mean follow-up was 1.6?years. The primary outcomes were rates of all-cause death, ischaemic stroke, and bleeding. These outcomes were also studied depending on correct dosage adjustment and standard/adjusted dose.

Results: The study included 2494 patients (age = 76.0?±?9.5?years, CHA₂DS₂-VASc = 4.0?±?1.6). The most prescribed DOAC was rivaroxaban (41.1%). Patients taking dabigatran were the youngest (mean age = 73.1?±?10.3 years), with better kidney function (mean CrCl = 80.6?±?35.8?ml/min) and lower CHA₂DS₂-VASc (3.7?±?1.4) and HAS-BLED (2.1?±?0.9) scores. Patients taking apixaban were the oldest, and had the highest CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores (4.3?±?1.6 and 2.6?±?0.9, respectively). Rates of stroke/major bleeding/intracranial bleeding were 1.8/3.0/0.3 events per 100 patient-years, respectively, with no differences among DOAC. Based on dose adjustment according to technical data, it was observed that 517 patients (23.5%) received DOAC doses inconsistent with labelling (p?<?.001) and, within this group, under-dosed patients had a higher death rate although it did not reach a significant result after multivariate adjustment.

Conclusions: The results of safety and efficacy are very similar to those of other previously published national registries. There were no differences among the different types of DOAC regarding outcomes. However, it was found that people taking the adjusted dose of the drug seemed to have a higher risk of death. A non-negligible proportion of patients received DOAC doses inconsistent with labelling (mostly underdose).     

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者血管性痴呆危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨非瓣膜性心房颤动（房颤）患者血管性痴呆的危险因素,评估不同抗凝药物与心房颤动患者发生血管性痴呆的关系。方法 采用病例对照研究,选取血管性痴呆的非瓣膜性房颤患者66例（病例组）。对照组为未患血管性痴呆的非瓣膜性房颤患者132例。比较2组患者年龄、性别、体质量指数（BMI）、教育水平、吸烟等一般情况以及糖尿病、高...     

利伐沙班在非瓣膜性房颤患者中的临床应用分析及建议

目的：制定利伐沙班在临床非瓣膜性房颤患者中应用的合理性评价标准和用药建议,为规范其临床合理应用提供依据。方法：汇总国内外利伐沙班相关指南、专家共识和文献,形成利伐沙班在非瓣膜性房颤患者中应用的合理性评价标准,回顾性调查某院2018年下半年非瓣膜性房颤住院患者中使用利伐沙班病例,通过纳入标准,将符合要求的病例按照评价标准进行合理性分析;通过发放调查问卷汇总医生和患者在使用利伐沙班过程中的关注点,针对性制定合理化用药建议。结果：2018年下半年,利伐沙班在非瓣膜性房颤住院患者中使用例数共计217例,实际统计分析病例106例,利伐沙班使用不合理率为19.81%（21/106）,以低剂量人群和特殊病理状态患者给药剂量和围手术期用药时机错误为主要原因,不良反应发生率为6.60%（7/106）,均为出血性不良反应;医生和患者在使用利伐沙班中的关注点多集中在监护指标、出血事件处理和用药注意事项等方面。结论：利伐沙班在临床非瓣膜性房颤患者中应用较广泛,其疗效良好,但仍然存在不合理用药情况,特别是在给药剂量和围手术期用药方面,临床药师应密切关注利伐沙班临床应用指南等的更新,制定合理性评价标准和用药建议,积极与医生和患者沟通,促进利伐沙班合理使用。     

利伐沙班用于超高龄非瓣膜性房颤患者的安全性评价

目的:观察超高龄非瓣膜性房颤(non-valvular fibrillation,NVAF)患者临床特点和抗凝治疗安全性。方法:回顾性分析武汉市第三医院2020年5月至2021年4月接受利伐沙班抗凝治疗的NVAF患者,根据年龄分为观察组(年龄≥80岁)和对照组(<80岁)。观察2组患者发生缺血性脑卒中、心肌梗死、全身性栓塞、大出血及死亡事件的风险。结果:116人完成随访,观察组59人,对照组57人。所有患者至少合并1种慢性疾病,低体质量和肾功能不全是超高龄NVAF患者的生理特点。93.2%患者服用低于标准剂量的利伐沙班,52.5%患者有高或中等依从性。随访结束,2组患者缺血事件、大出血、临床相关非大出血和死亡事件的发生率相似。结论:对于超高龄NVAF患者应充分评估卒中风险和出血风险,低于标准剂量利伐沙班能否达到预期效果需进一步研究。     

胺碘酮联合螺内酯治疗非瓣膜病阵发性心房颤动疗效和安全性研究

目的观察小剂量胺碘酮与螺内酯联合治疗非瓣膜病阵发心房颤动的临床疗效及安全性。方法将110例非瓣膜病阵发性心房颤动按就诊顺序随机分为胺碘酮组和联合组,各55例,2组都服用胺碘酮,第1周600mg／d,第2周减为400mg／d,第3周减为200mg／d,然后200mg／d维持,联合组加用螺内酯20mg／d,观察2组治疗后6个月、12个月、18个月的左心房内径及治疗后3个月、6个月、12个月、18个月、24个月的窦性心律维持率和安全性。结果治疗期间有3例退出研究,治疗6个月后2组左心房内径差异无统计学意义,但12个月后联合组的左心房内径为（35．61±1．78）mm,小于胺碘酮组[（37．23±1．58）mm]（P〈0．05）;治疗后3个月,6个月胺碘酮组窦性心律维持率分别为94．32％、87．65％,低于联合组93．86％、84．38％,但差异无统计学意义,而治疗12个月后联合组的窦性心律维持率85．32％显著大于胺碘酮组72．18％（P〈0．05）。结论胺碘酮与螺内酯联合治疗非瓣膜病阵发性心房颤动维持窦性心律的疗效优于单用胺碘酮,并能延缓左心房的扩大。     

利伐沙班治疗老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的有效性及安全性分析

目的探讨老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者采用利伐沙班治疗的有效性及安全性。方法60例老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者,依据抗凝治疗方法不同分为利伐沙班组和华法林组,各30例。利伐沙班组患者接受利伐沙班抗凝治疗,华法林组患者接受华法林抗凝治疗。比较两组患者的栓塞事件、出血事件、不良反应发生情况。结果利伐沙班组患者的栓塞事件发生率为10.0%(3/30),华法林组患者的栓塞事件发生率为13.3%(4/30),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。利伐沙班组患者的出血事件发生率为3.3%,低于华法林组的20.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。利伐沙班组患者的不良反应发生率为16.7%,低于华法林组的40.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者采用利伐沙班抗凝治疗的有效性及安全性较华法林高,更能有效降低患者的出血事件、不良反应发生率,值得推广。     

Safety and efficacy of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a Bayesian meta-analysis approach

Introduction: Choosing between different non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is difficult due to the absence of head to head comparative studies. We performed a Bayesian meta-analysis to explore similarities and differences between different NOACs and to rank treatments overall for safety and efficacy outcomes.

Areas covered: Through a systematic literature search we identified randomized controlled Phase III trials of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban versus adjusted-dose warfarin in patients with NVAF.

Expert opinion: Warfarin ranked worst for all-cause mortality and intracranial bleedings and had a nil probability of ranking first for any outcome. The risk of major bleeding versus warfarin was lower with apixaban, dabigatran 110 mg, and both doses of edoxaban. All agents reduced the risk of intracranial bleeding versus warfarin. Edoxaban 30 mg was the best among the treatments being compared for major and gastrointestinal bleeding. Dabigatran 150 mg was the best for stroke and systemic embolism. This study suggests that NOACs are generally preferable to warfarin in patients with NVAF. However, safety and efficacy differences do exist among NOACs, which might drive their use in specific subsets of AF patients, allowing prescribers to tailor treatment to distinct patient profiles.     

Cost effectiveness of rivaroxaban versus warfarin among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients in Saudi Arabia: A Single–Center retrospective cohort study

BackgroundRivaroxaban is a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) that is commonly used for stroke prevention among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, its cost effectiveness in reducing the risk of hospitalization and mortality in comparison to warfarin among nonvalvular AF patients in Saudi Arabia is largely unknown.MethodsThis was a single-center retrospective chart review of adult patients (≥18 years) with nonvalvular AF who were treated with warfarin or rivaroxaban for at least 12 months. Patients with mitral valve stenosis were excluded from the study. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine the risk of hospitalization and mortality as a composite outcome, and all annual healthcare costs were captured. Inverse probability treatment weighting with bootstrapping was conducted to determine the mean costs and effectiveness rates.ResultsTwo-hundred and twenty-six patients (142 on rivaroxaban and 84 on warfarin) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Most of the patients were females (65.91 %), had diabetes (50.57 %) and hypertension (73.76 %), and with a mean age of 68.95 ± 12.55 years. No significant difference in the odds of the composite outcome for rivaroxaban versus warfarin was found (OR = 0.785, 95 % CI = [0.427–1.446], p = 0.443). Rivaroxaban resulted in a mean annual cost saving of $13,260.79 with an 87.65 % confidence level that it would be more effective than warfarin with a mean difference in effectiveness rate of 0.168 % (95 % CI [-5.210–18.36]).ConclusionRivaroxaban was associated with lower direct medical costs and non-inferior effectiveness among nonvalvular AF patients in comparison to warfarin.     

Long-term outcome in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation on dabigatran: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Most studies on thromboembolic and bleeding risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) exposed to non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants stem from interrogation of insurance databases.

Areas covered: We studied 742 consecutive patients with NVAF who started treatment with dabigatran in three hospitals in Italy. Average follow-up was 1.80 years.

Mean age was 76.2 years. CHA₂DS₂VASc score was 0–1 in 37 (5%), 2 in 97 (13%) and ≥ 3 in 604 (82%) patients. NVAF was permanent in 349 (48%). Overall, 76% of patients remained on treatment over the entire follow-up period. Among 180 patients who discontinued permanently, the most frequent reasons were dyspepsia (33.9%), bleeding (17.8%), and renal worsening (12.1%). About 48% and 74% of permanent discontinuations occurred during the first 6 and 12 months of treatment, respectively. Rates of major events (per 100 patient-years) were 0.75 for stroke, 0.31 for myocardial infarction, 1.50 for all-cause death, and 1.80 for major bleedings. The rate of intracranial bleedings was 0.45 and that of major gastrointestinal bleedings was 0.75.

Expert opinion: This prospective cohort study confirms the low incidence of stroke, major bleeding and intracranial bleeding, and a 76% persistence with treatment, in patients with NVAF treated with dabigatran over about 2 years.     

The safety and persistence of non-vitamin-K-antagonist oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients treated in a well structured atrial fibrillation clinic

Aims To examine the long-term persistence and safety of the non-vitamin-K-antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) dabigatran (D), rivaroxaban (R) and apixaban (A) in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) treated in the framework of a well structured, nurse-based AF unit for initiation and follow-up of NOAC.

Methods Retrospective clinical data were collected for 766 consequent patients from a single cardiology outpatient clinic incorporating the AF unit.

Results The follow-up time, median (q1-q3), was 367 days (183–493) for D patients (n?=?233), 432 days (255–546) for R patients (n?=?282) and 348 days (267–419) for A patients (n?=?251). No significant differences were found between the three groups with regard to age, sex, renal function, or CHA₂DS₂-VASc score. For all bleeding events the incidence rates per 100 patient-years of follow-up (95% confidence interval [CI], p-value) were reported more often for treatment with R (17.2, 12.7–22.8) than for D (7.0, 4.0–11.3, p?=?0.001) and A (8.7, 5.2–13.6, p?=?0.013). The differences remained significant after adjustment for clinically relevant variables. Discontinuation rates (n?=?167) were lower for A (11.5, 7.5–16.8) than for D (30, 23.4–37.9, p?<?0.001) and R (23.9, 18.6–30.1, p?=?0.001), and were mainly attributed to drug-specific side effects and bleedings. The majority of discontinued patients (n?=?142, 85%) proceeded with other types of oral anticoagulants.

Limitation The main limitation of the study is the small patient population with a short follow-up time.

Conclusion In a retrospective study at a single AF clinic, NOACs showed significantly different bleeding rates and varied discontinuation rates when compared to each other, related mainly to agent-specific side effects and bleedings. The majority of patients that discontinued proceeded with other types of oral anticoagulant.     

Changing anticoagulant paradigms for atrial fibrillation: dabigatran,apixaban and rivaroxaban

Introduction: Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are the main therapeutic agents used to prevent embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite their proven efficacy, VKAs are underused and have several limitations. In recent years, there has been great interest in the development of new oral anticoagulants with a more efficient pharmacological profile, first tested in venous thromboembolism prevention and later in AF.

Areas covered: The authors review the pharmacological differences between dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban, and potential subgroups of patients in whom these new drugs would constitute a possible alternative to VKA therapy. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data from each compound are analyzed in respect to their potential use in AF. This article provides an exhaustive review of the current status of this topic and the controversies still regarding each drug.

Expert opinion: Apixaban and rivaroxaban are under evaluation for thromboembolic prevention in AF; dabigatran was recently approved for this indication. Therefore, it is important to know the characteristics of these drugs as a potential alternative to VKAs.     

胺碘酮与美托洛尔联合治疗非瓣膜病快心室率心房颤动的疗效评价

目的观察胺碘酮联合美托洛尔与单用胺碘酮治疗非瓣膜病快心室率心房颤动(快房颤)的疗效。方法对收入院的快房颤患者随机分为胺碘酮联合美托洛尔组(A组)50例,单用胺碘酮组(B组)46例,两组均在常规控制血压、纠正心衰、抗凝等综合治疗的基础上加用胺碘酮或胺碘酮联合美托洛尔,胺碘酮起始用量0.2g,3次/d,美托洛尔起始用量12.5～100mg/d,1周后减量。对比观察房颤的转复时间、转复例数、心室率控制情况、3min运动试验的心室率变化。结果A组房颤的转复率94%(47/50),B组90%(41/46);A组转复平均时间4.5d,B组6d;A组心室率控制(安静时<80次/min)平均时间明显短于B组;3min运动试验B组的变异率>A组,两组差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论胺碘酮联合美托洛尔治疗快房颤疗效优于单用胺碘酮,尤其对于控制活动时的心室率更有效,提高患者的运动耐量,但应注意窦缓的发生。