颈内动脉闭塞性疾病的经颅多普勒研究（附脑缺血动物模型研究）

本文应用ＴＣＤ研究５８例ＩＣＡ严重狭窄和闭塞患者颈动脉及颅内动脉血流改变，并结合脑缺血沙土鼠模型讨论。研究表明ＩＣＡ闭塞直接影响颅内血流，特别是ＭＣＡ，眼动脉、Ｗｉｌｌｉｓ环等侧枝循环功能状况在脑梗塞的发生和神经功能损害中起重要作用，其中以Ｗｉｌｌｉｓ环为主。因此，ＴＣＤ对及时诊断颈动脉疾病，了解其颅内血流的改变，有临床应用价值。     

经颅多普勒超声评估单侧颈内动脉颅外段闭塞患者颅内侧支循环的临床意义

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)评估单侧颈内动脉颅外段闭塞(ICAO)患者颅内侧支循环的临床价值.方法 回顾性连续纳入2018年1月至2020年12月就诊于苏州大学附属第一医院卒中中心、行颈部血管超声检查为单侧ICAO及数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实患者145例,其中症状组109例,无症状组36例.记录TCD评估颅内...     

TCD对单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞后颅内侧支循环的诊断和预后评价

目的 探讨TCD对单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞后颅内侧支循环的诊断和预后评价的价值。方法 收集超声诊断为一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞同时行TCD检查评价颅内侧支循环的病例共22例。根据患侧大脑中动脉（MCA）平均血流速度分组,同时根据磁共振和CT病变侧脑梗死范围大小将病例分为4级。分析侧支循环出现率以及侧支循环与MCA平均血流速度、脑梗死范围的关系。结果 所有病例均检测到侧支循环开放,16例（73%）前交通动脉开放,16例（73%）后交通动脉开放,13例（59%）眼动脉开放。患侧MCA平均血流速度正常组5例,偏下限组7例,减低组9例,明显减低组1例。病变侧脑梗死范围1级3例,2级7例,3级6例,4级6例。前交通动脉开放者的患侧MCA平均血流速度[（47.4±11.7）cm/s]明显高于无前交通动脉开放者[（35.8±5.0）cm/s,Z=—2.559,P=0.010]。前交通动脉开放者的梗死范围级别（2.4±1.0）明显低于无前交通动脉开放者（3.5±0.5,Z=—2.598,P=0.022）。结论 TCD在评价单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞后颅内侧支循环方面起重要作用,且前交通动脉侧支开放对...     

颈内动脉严重狭窄时脑部症状与Willis环侧支循环建立的关系

目的应用经颅超声多普勒(TCD)检测颈内动脉(ICA)严重狭窄,探讨Willis环的侧支循环与临床症状之间的相关性.方法分析34例ICA严重狭窄患者(其中有症状组16例和无症状组18例)侧支循环的类型、大脑中动脉(MCA)的平均血流速度(Vm)、脉动指数(PI)及频谱改变,并与30例正常人进行对照.结果存在3种侧支循环类型前交通动脉(ACOA)型,后交通动脉(PCOA)型,眼动脉(OA)型.无症状组的侧支循环中,ACOA型占88.9%,狭窄侧MCA Vm为59.1±8.7cm/s;有症状组ACOA型占50%,有4例未检出侧支循环,狭窄侧MCA Vm为48.6±7.3cm/s(P＜O.OO1).所有患者狭窄侧的MCA PI减低(p＜O.001),且频谱低平呈波浪状,波峰变钝,失去收缩峰的特征.结论TCD可以发现ICA严重狭窄患者Willis环侧支循环的显著异常改变,研究Willis环的侧支循环对ICA产重狭窄患者治疗和授后的判断其有重要的临床价值.     

症状性颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环评估

目的 探讨症状性颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环评估。方法 选取中国人民解放军火箭军总医院(原第二炮兵总医院)神经内科住院的症状性颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者41例,首先采用德国EME公司TC-2000S型经颅彩超多普勒(Transcranial Doppler,TCD)仪,常规检测双侧颈总动脉及颈内动脉、颅内Willis环及相关主要动脉分支,进行侧支循环评估; 进一步采用德国西门子64层螺旋CT扫描机行CT血管成像(CT angiography in diagnosis,CTA)检查,明确颈内动脉病变的存在; 再应用PHILIPS FD20 DSA数字减影机行全脑血管造影术并进行侧支循环评估,评估颈内动脉闭塞性病变后的侧支循环代偿能力,评估眼动脉侧支循环通路的开放情况及作用。结果 41例患者颈内动脉重度狭窄24例,颈内动脉闭塞17例。TCD显示ACoA开放5例,占12.2%,DSA为4例,占9.76%; TCD显示PCoA开放5例,占12.20%,DSA为3例,占7.32%; TCD判断OA开放25例,占60.98%,DSA为23例,占56.11%; TCD提示LA开放3例,占7.32%,DSA提示2例,占4.88%; TCD显示无侧支循环开放者16例,占39%,DSA为14例,占34.15%。TCD和DSA在评估侧支血管开放数量方面无显著差异(P>0.05)。TCD评估眼动脉开放在颈内动脉重度狭窄和闭塞的患者中有显著差异(P<0.05)。颈内动脉重度狭窄患者和闭塞患者的TCD及DSA侧支循环评估无显著差异(P>0.05)。OA单独开放患者较无OA开放患者PI值高。狭窄组MCA的PI值低于闭塞组,狭窄组OA最高流速低于闭塞组(P<0.05)。颈内动脉狭窄组OA单独开放数量<闭塞组(P<0.05)。结论(1)TCD与DSA在评估侧支循环血管开放数量方面的作用基本一致,TCD可作为CTA和DSA侧支评估之前的初筛手段,可以独立作为侧支循环评估的检查手段;(2)眼动脉是否参与侧支循环及眼动脉的的开放程度与颈内动脉本身病变程度有关。眼动脉作为次级侧支通路参与侧支循环的程度与病情严重程度具有一定相关性,在颈内动脉慢性闭塞性患者眼动脉单独开放的比例>重度狭窄的患者,重度狭窄的患者OA最高流速低于闭塞组患者,这说明颈内动脉慢性闭塞性患者其OA开放后提供的灌注代偿作用相对更大。     

TCD诊断颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的临床意义

目的经颅多普勒超声（ＴＣＤ）检测脑循环障碍的实用价值。方法用ＴＣＤ检测１６例一侧颈内动脉（ＩＣＡ）颅外段严重狭窄或闭塞患者。结果发现这些患者脑血流动力学均有明显改变，１４例存在侧枝循环，其中１０例以前交通动脉为主，４例后交通动脉参与，且有７例眼动脉同时参与，２例未见侧枝循环。侧枝循环良好的患者，患侧大脑中动脉的平均血流速（ＭＣＡＶｍ）为５０．３±６．２ｃｍ／ｓ；侧枝循环较差的患者，患侧ＭＣＡＶｍ为４３±６．８ｃｍ／ｓ。随访发现，侧枝循环良好者，无临床症状或症状轻微；侧枝循环较差者，发生缺血性中风的机率明显增加。结论ＴＣＤ可准确诊断颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞，判断侧枝循环的建立情况，对脑循环作出全面客观的评价。     

TCD脑血流动力学参数与大面积脑梗死颅内侧支循环代偿及神经预后的关系

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）脑血流动力学参数与大面积梗死颅内侧支循环代偿及神经预后的关系。方法 选取2021-08—2022-08在南充市中心医院治疗的大面积梗死患者86例,其中单纯前交通动脉（ACoA）代偿患者20例,单纯后交通动脉（PCoA）代偿患者18例,单纯眼动脉（OA）代偿患者15例,ACoA合并PCoA代偿患者20例,无侧支代偿患者13例;根据改良Rankin量表（mRS）评估,预后良好患者68例,预后不良患者18例;比较各分层患者TCD脑血流动力学参数：大脑中动脉收缩期峰值流速（Vs）、舒张期峰值流速（Vd）、平均血流速度（Vm）、搏动指数（PI）和阻力指数（RI）的差异,分析其与患者颅内侧支循环代偿及神经预后的关系。结果 入院2周后大脑中动脉Vs、Vd和Vm比较中：ACoA合并PCoA代偿组>ACoA代偿组>PCoA代偿组>OA代偿组>无侧支代偿组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;入院2周后大脑中动脉PI、RI比较中：ACoA合并PCoA代偿组相似文献   

颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环与神经功能的单因素分析

目的 探讨颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环的代偿作用与临床神经功能缺损程度的关系. 方法对52例连续颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞所致的脑梗死患者入院时行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评分,利用数字减影脑血管造影技术(DSA)评估颅内动脉的侧支循环代偿情况.应用统计学方法探讨两者之间的关系.结果 DSA发现52例患者18例出现颈内动脉闭塞,单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄28例,6例双侧重度狭窄.52例患者中出现前交通动脉代偿18例,后交通动脉代偿8例,前后交通动脉同时代偿12例,14例患者未出现Willis环血管的代偿.无Willis环代偿组与Willis环代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为35.75和23.09,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).前交通代偿组与后交通代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为12.42和15.94,两组差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).结论颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞时可通过多种方式进行有效的代偿.NIHSS评分与血管代偿及阻塞位置显著有关.DSA对侧支循环的判定在治疗干预中显得尤为重要.     

脑血管超声检查评价前循环脑动脉粥样硬化侧支循环建立的初探

目的 联合颈部血管彩超、TCD对前循环脑动脉粥样硬化患者侧支循环建立情况进行评价.方法 选择急性前循环脑梗死患者,发病2周内完成颈部血管彩超、TCD检查,根据检查结果选择颈内动脉或大脑中动脉(MCA)闭塞患者,评价侧支循环.结果 单侧颈内动脉狭窄组nVmACA/nVmMCA(1.15±0.46)大于对照组(0.90±0.34),且nVmACA/nVmMCA＞1.25出现率(14例)高于对照组(2例),dVmPCA/nVmPCA(1.08±0.24)与对照组LVmPCA/RVmPCA(1.00±0.17)比较差异无统计学意义,dVmPCA/nVmPCA＞1.2出现率(12例)高于对照组(2例);单侧大脑中动脉狭窄组dVmACA/nVmMCA(1.12±0.37)与对照组RVmACA/LVmMCA(0.93±0.32)比较差异无统计学意义,dVmACA/nVmMCA＞1.0出现率(13例)大于对照组(7例),dVmPCA/nVmPCA(1.07±0.29)与对照组LVmPCA/RVmPCA(1.00±0.17)比较差异无统计学意义,且dVmPCA/nVmpCA＞1.2出现率(7例)与对照组(2例)比较差异无统计学意义.结论 在颈部血管彩超、TCD确定颅外或颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞后,TCD所测的数据可提供有关侧支循环的定性和半定量的信息,初步分析侧支建立情况.     

症状性急性颈内动脉不同部位闭塞侧支循环的临床研究

目的研究颈内动脉不同部位闭塞后侧支循环的特征及临床和影像表现。方法用DSA研究颈内动脉急性闭塞后侧支的形成。选择DSA确诊的颈内动脉闭塞者48例,颈内动脉颈段闭塞28例,颈内动脉脑段闭塞20例。对比两组病例侧支方式及临床和影像表现。用NIHSSS评价发病7d时神经功能状况。头部CT/MRI显示的梗死面积用(A·B·C)/2计算。结果颈内动脉颈段闭塞组前交通动脉出现率和后交通动脉出现率及眼动脉出现率,开放侧支途径≥2条,高于颈内动脉脑段闭塞组(P<0.05)。软脑膜吻合支出现率在两组间无统计学差异。颈内动脉颈段闭塞组7d时NIHSSS≤8分的患者比颈内动脉脑段闭塞组多(P<0.05),梗死面积小(P<0.05)。结论颈内动脉不同部位闭塞的侧支方式不同,脑内侧支的多少和范围决定了梗死的大小和全面的诊断。     

Clinical implications of collateral middle cerebral artery flow in acute ischaemic stroke with internal carotid artery occlusion

Background and purpose: The presence of collateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow via the primary collateral pathway is thought to protect against the progression of cerebral ischaemia. However, there have been few reports on early clinical outcomes according to the presence of collateral MCA flow in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) with internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. Therefore, we sought to investigate the early clinical outcomes and lesion patterns according to the presence of collateral MCA flows in AIS with ICA occlusion. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients with AIS with ICA occlusion consecutively admitted to our stroke center between October 2008 and March 2010. Patients were included if they were admitted within 12 h of symptom onset with AIS and symptomatic ICA occlusion. Collateral MCA flow was defined as the presence of MCA signals from proximal M1 to distal MCA branches ipsilateral to the ICA occlusion by magnetic resonance angiography. Early neurological deterioration (END) was defined as a 4‐point increase in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and persistent neurological deterioration for at least 24 h or newly developed neurological symptoms within 7 days. Results: Sixty‐five patients (42 men, 23 women) were finally included. Initial NIHSS scores were significantly lower, and favorable outcomes at 3 months were better in patients with collateral MCA flow than in those without (P < 0.001). Initial lesion patterns were different according to the collateral MCA flow. However, patients with mild AIS might more frequently deteriorate than those with moderate to severe AIS. Conclusions: In our study, collateral MCA flow reduced initial stroke severity and was associated with favorable outcomes at 3 months but did not seem to protect against END in mild AIS patients with ICA occlusion. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that mild AIS patients with ICA occlusion should be carefully managed because their conditions may deteriorate.     

颈内动脉狭窄相关性脑缺血病变的临床分析

目的 探讨颈内动脉狭窄致脑缺血病变的临床特点及发生机制,为临床指导治疗及判断预后提供依据.方法 回顾分析111 例经CT 血管造影(CTA)证实的颈内动脉狭窄患者的颅内Willis 环形态、TCD 资料及临床表现.结果 颈内动脉轻、中、重度狭窄组脑梗死发生率分别为14.7% 、30.6% 、46.3%,三组间差异具有显...     

No evidence that severity of stroke in internal carotid occlusion is related to collateral arteries

Background/Aim

The neurological effects of internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion vary between patients. The authors investigated whether the severity of symptoms in a large group of patients with ipsilateral or/and contralateral ICA occlusion at presentation with ocular or cerebral ischaemic symptoms could be explained by patency of other extra or intracranial arteries to act as collateral pathways.

Methods

The authors prospectively identified all patients (n = 2881) with stroke, cerebral transient ischaemic attack (TIA), retinal artery occlusion (RAO), and amaurosis fugax (AFx) presenting to our hospital over five years, obtained detailed history and examination, and examined the intra and extracranial arteries with carotid and colour‐power transcranial Doppler ultrasound. For this analysis, all those with intracranial haemorrhage on brain imaging and cerebral events without brain imaging were excluded.

Results

Among 2228/2397 patients with brain imaging (1713 ischaemic strokes, 401 cerebral TIAs, 193 AFx, and 90 RAO) who underwent carotid Doppler, 195 (9%) had ICA occlusion. Among those patients with cortical events, disease in potential collateral arteries (contralateral ICA, external carotid, ipsilateral or contralateral vertebral or intracranial arteries) was equally distributed among patients with severe and mild ischaemic presenting symptoms.

Conclusion

The authors found no evidence that the clinical presentation associated with an ICA occlusion was related to patency of other extra or intracranial arteries to act as collateral pathways. Further work is required to investigate what determines the clinical effects of ICA occlusion.     

急性前循环脑梗死患者血浆脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2活性与颈内动脉狭窄的关系

目的 探讨血浆脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)活性与急性前循环脑梗死患者颈内动脉狭窄的关系.方法 采用CTA检查133例急性前循环脑梗死患者的颈内动脉狭窄的程度,将其分为轻-中度狭窄组及重度狭窄组.收集133例患者及70名正常对照者(正常对照组)的临床资料,并采用速率法检测血浆Lp-PLA2活性.结果 重度狭窄组...     

Angiographic circulation time and cerebral blood flow during balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery

Angiography-based balloon test occlusion (BTO) has been empirically used to predict tolerance to permanent carotid artery occlusion. We tested the hypothesis that the laterality of the hemispheric circulation time (HCT) of the contrast medium at cerebral angiography would reflect bilateral asymmetry of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) during BTO. Thirty-one consecutive patients who underwent BTO of the internal carotid artery were retrospectively analyzed. HCT was defined as the interval between the time-to-peak in the middle cerebral artery and the cortical veins calculated using time-density curve. The difference in HCT between the occluded and nonoccluded side was calculated at the carotid or dominant vertebral angiograms obtained during BTO. We estimated the correlation between the difference in HCT and bilateral asymmetry of the CBF, which was quantitatively determined by single-photon emission computed tomography. The HCT was 5.3±1.5 seconds and regional CBF was 41.3±11.3 mL/100 g per minute in the occluded side, compared with 3.6±0.9 seconds and 48.4±14.9 mL/100 g per minute in the nonoccluded side, respectively. The difference in HCT was strongly correlated with the asymmetry ratio of the CBF (r²=0.89, P<0.0001). Angiographically based measurement of the cerebral circulation time can provide valuable information concerning cerebral hemodynamics.     

Transcranial Doppler findings during balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery.

The authors performed transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) during internal carotid artery (ICA) balloon test occlusion (BTO) and observed changes in mean flow velocity (Vm) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and pulsatility index (PI) while monitoring the stump pressure (Sp) of the internal carotid artery (ICA), and neurologic findings. A group of 17 patients requiring possible temporary or permanent occlusion of the ICA in the course of planned procedures first underwent BTO. A patient who either developed neurologic changes or maintained less than 60% of preocclusion Sp or Vm in the ipsilateral MCA during BTO was considered to have a positive test. Eleven patients had negative results, while in six patients, tests were positive. Mean flow velocity showed a decrease after occlusion in all cases but not to a remarkable extent in some patients. Stump pressure decreased in all negative cases after balloon inflation and than tended to increase progressively during 15 minutes of BTO. Pulsatility index tended to decrease gradually during BTO in all negative patients. However, in positive cases, PI and Sp fell steeply. Only one positive case had a neurologic symptom of severe headache. The decreased PI in the MCA reflected autoregulatory dilation of cerebral vessels to compensate for decreased absolute cerebral blood volume following ICA occlusion. Changes in PI are a good indicator for evaluating blood flow during BTO.     

颈动脉重度狭窄或闭塞导致脑梗死发病机制的研究

目的探讨重度颈动脉颅外段(ICA)狭窄或闭塞患者急性脑梗死的发病机制。方法采用CDFI或TCD筛选75例颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞导致的急性脑梗死患者,利用TCD检测脑梗死患者颅内血液动力学变化,采用乳胶增强免疫比浊法测量hs-CRP水平,根据MRI定位对脑梗死模式进行分类,分析颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞与脑梗死模式的关系;分析血清hs-CRP水平与颈动脉不稳定斑块及脑梗死模式之间的相关性。结果 (1)区域梗死(Ⅰ型)和分水岭梗死(Ⅴ型)发生率较高,颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞与脑梗死模式有关(P0.01)。(2)不稳定斑块组hs-CRP水平明显高于稳定斑块组(P0.01),hs-CRP水平与脑梗死模式之间无相关性(P0.05)。结论 (1)重度颈动脉颅外段狭窄的程度能影响脑梗死的模式,是急性脑梗死主要病因之一。(2)血清hs-CRP升高与脑梗死关系密切,是脑梗死的致病因子。     

慢性颈内动脉闭塞导致认知功能障碍的研究进展

慢性颈内动脉闭塞(CICAO)是认知功能障碍的独立危险因素,可通过多种机制影响脑部结构及血流动力学情况(包括淀粉样蛋白沉积、炎症介质形成、脑灌注不足等),导致非心脑血管事件风险增加。颈动脉系统重度狭窄或闭塞部位不同所致认知功能减退的表现形式可能存在差异,控制高血压等高危因素可降低其发生风险。临床上对于CICAO患者脑血流动力学情况常用的评估手段为CT灌注成像检查(CTP),其可能通过间接评估侧支循环及其他血流动力学指标来预测患者出现认知功能减退的风险,但准确性仍有争议。目前临床上常用药物可在一定程度上改善患者的认知功能,尚无根治药物,血管内介入治疗可能通过降低脑梗死再发及改善脑灌注而改善认知功能,但对于纳入患者的标准仍需严格评估,其安全性及有效性仍需进一步探索。该文基于该类疾病的研究现状,对其发病机制、影响因素、评估手段及治疗方案进行综述,以期为临床诊疗及后续研究提供参考。     

颈内动脉扭曲的特点及其脑血流动力学变化

目的 研究颈内动脉(ICA)扭曲的特点及其脑血流动力学变化.方法 对223例缺血性脑血管病患者进行全脑血管造影和经颅多普勒超声检查.观察ICA扭曲的形态,将患者分为ICA扭曲组及正常组.比较两组的脑血流动力学参数.结果 全脑血管造影示ICA扭曲159例(ICA扭曲组),其中双侧扭曲127例(79.9％),单侧扭曲32例(20.1％);无扭曲64例(正常组).扭曲的类型以迂曲型最多(47.8％),折曲型次之(36.8％),盘曲型最少(5.3％);其中ICA左侧迂曲率(56.7％)显著高于右侧(43.3％)(P＜0.05).与正常组比较,ICA扭曲组及双侧折曲患者的大脑中动脉的收缩期峰速、舒张末期血流速度、平均血流速度、搏动指数及阻力指数明显降低(均P＜0.05);双侧迂曲患者各血流动力学参数的差异无统计学意义.结论 ICA扭曲以迂曲型和折曲型为主.ICA扭曲及其折曲型可引起脑血流动力明显降低,迂曲型则无显著改变.