维持性血液透析并发脑出血12例临床分析

脑出血为血液透析的严重并发症,其严重威胁着患者的生命,已成为维持性血液透析患者死亡的最主要原因之一。现以本溪钢铁公司总医院1997～2 0 0 3年间16 8例行维持性血透析治疗患者并发脑出血12例的临床观察分析其发生原因,并探讨其防治方法。1　资料与方法1.1　观察对象　12例中男9例,女3例,年龄为2 8～76(5 6 0±18 6 )岁,其原发病为慢性肾小球炎9例,慢性肾盂肾炎1例,高血压肾病1例,多囊肾1例。同时随机选择18例同期住院的血液透析无脑出血患者为对照组,两组患者原发病构成差异无显著性。1.2　透析方案　透析机采用GambroAK - 90、Frese…     

维持性血液透析患者并发脑出血15例临床分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者并发脑出血的危险因素。方法回顾分析我院2005年1月至2010年1月280例行维持性血液透析中并发脑出血的15例患者的临床资料,与15例同期无脑出血的维持性血液透析患者进行对比,从两组年龄、血压、血脂、肌酐、血小板水平进行统计学分析。结果脑出血组血压、血脂水平明显高于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论维持性血液透析患者并发脑出血是多因素作用结果,积极控制血压、血脂有助于减少脑出血的发生。     

高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者高血压的影响

目的探讨高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者高血压的影响。方法选取2014-06~2016-06收治的行维持性血液透析的患者112例进行研究,根据入院顺序随机分为观察组和对照组,每组56例。对照组行低通量透析,观察组行高通量透析,两组均透析4周。比较两组患者治疗前后的血压变化以及不良反应的发生情况。结果两组患者治疗后收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)水平均明显下降,组内前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且观察组显著低于对照组(P0.01)。观察组的不良反应发生率为5.36%,明显低于对照组的16.07%(P0.05)。结论采用高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者可以有效降低和控制血压水平,减少不良反应,适合临床推广。     

维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能与生活质量的相关性

残余肾功能(RRF)是指慢性肾衰竭患者到了终末期,肾脏仍然保留的部分肾功能.尽管这些残余的肾功能已经很少(少于正常功能的10％以下),甚至于不足以维持生命,但它对患者体内毒素和多余水分的清除,以及营养的维持和血压的控制仍有很大的作用[1].本文拟探讨维持性血液透析患者RRF与生活质量的相关性. 1 资料与方法 1.1一般资料 选择2009年1月至2012年1月在我科维持性血液透析的慢性肾衰竭患者78例,按RRF分为有RRF组48例和无RRF组30例,诊断标准主要参照文献[2].无RRF组,男20例,女10例,年龄18 ～70[平均(44.86±17.19)]岁,病程3个月～6年,平均(4.52±1.53)年;原发病:慢性肾小球肾炎11例,高血压肾病10例,糖尿病(DM)肾病5例,慢性肾盂肾炎3例,多囊肾1例.     

The effects of different hemodialysis membrane on the levels of serum CRP, IL-6, IL-8 and albumin in hemodialysis patients

目的 探讨不同透析膜对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素( IL)-6、白细胞介素-8和白蛋白(ALB)水平的影响.方法 选取维持性血液透析患者54例,随机分为纤维素膜组、聚砜膜F6组和聚砜膜F60组3组,每组18例.监测3组患者治疗前后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8和白蛋白水平的变化,30例健康体检者作为对照组.结果 维持性血液透析患者透析前C-反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-8水平均高于对照组(P＜0.01),白蛋白水平低于对照组(P＜0.01).纤维素膜组单次透析后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-8水平上升(P＜0.01),聚砜膜F6组及聚砜膜F60组单次透析后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-8水平无明显变化(P＞0.05);聚砜膜F60组治疗8个月后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-8水平下降(P＜0.01),白蛋白水平上升(P＜0.05),纤维素膜组及聚砜膜F6组治疗8个月后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8及白蛋白水平无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 维持性血液透析患者存在微炎症状态,这种炎症状态与透析膜的生物相容性有关,高通量合成膜能改善维持性血液透析患者的微炎症状态.     

维持性血液透析患者透析过程相关高血压的影响因素

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者透析过程相关高血压(IDH)的影响因素。方法入选2010-01-01-2010-12-31福建医科大学附属第一医院肾内科行维持性血液透析的终末期肾脏病患者53例(1年内共进行6890次血液透析),探讨透析过程患者的尿素清除指数(Kt/v)、透析间期体质量增长量(IDWG)、超滤率、甲状旁腺素、促红细胞生成素、平均住院次数、心脑血管疾病并发症发生率等与IDH的关系。根据IDH发生次数分为≥3次(A组,n=19)和≤2次(B组,n=34)。结果与B组比较,A组的透析频率[(2.1±0.3)比(3.0±0.7)次/周]、Kt/v[(0.8±0.1)比(1.3±0.1)]、血红蛋白[(96.4±3.8)比(102.1±2.1)g/L]均较低(P<0.05),而透析前后收缩压和舒张压差值[收缩压(26.4±11.0)比(8.2±6.8)mmHg;舒张压(10.2±4.8)比(4.0±1.2)mmHg]、IDWG[(3.8±1.2)比(2.1±0.9)kg]、超滤率[(14.2±0.2)比(9.1±0.4)mL/(h·kg)]、甲状旁腺素[(564.5±68.7)比(365.9±46.9)ng/L]、促红细胞生成素治疗比例(100%比85.3%)及治疗剂量[(10000±1546)比(8856±1287)U/W]、平均住院次数[(0.7±0.2)比(0.3±0.3)次/年]、心脑血管疾病并发症发生率(64%比12%)均较高(P<0.05)。就单次透析而言,与发生IDH比较,未发生IDH患者的IDWG、超滤率、透析期间平均心率、透析前平均动脉压均较低(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,IDH影响因素分别为IDWG、透析频率、透析期间平均心率、透析前平均动脉压、超滤率。结论 IDH与IDWG、透析前平均动脉压、透析期间平均心率、透析频率、超滤率相关。     

老年维持性血液透析患者透析充分性与炎症反应、残余肾功能及营养的关系

目的分析老年维持性血液透析患者透析充分性与系统性炎症反应、残余肾功能及营养的关系。方法接受维持性血液透析患者的临床资料依据透析充分性分为透析充分组(Kt/V≥1.2)71例及透析不充分组(Kt/V1.2)33例。比较两组外周血炎症/应激指标水平,包括:C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素(IL)-6及IL-10。比较两组残存肾功能(RRF)、血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)及透析频率(近6个月平均透析频率);分析Kt/V与其他指标间的相关性。结果透析充分组外周血CRP、IL-6水平显著低于透析不充分组(P0.01);两组外周血IL-10水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。透析充分组RRF水平、Hb水平近6个月平均透析频率、外周血ALB水平、平均Kt/V值显著高于透析不充分组(P0.05)。患者Kt/V值与RRF(r=0.449,P0.01)、透析频次(r=0.683,P0.01)、Hb水平(r=0.399,P0.01)及ALB水平(r=0.664,P0.01)均呈正相关;与CRP(r=-0.694,P0.01)及IL-6水平(r=-0.681,P0.01)均呈负相关。结论透析不充分可导致接受维持性透析的老年终末期肾病患者系统性炎症/应激水平升高,且与患者透析频次、残存肾功能及营养状态相关。     

高低通量血液透析对老年维持性血液透析患者透析中血压的影响

目的探讨高通量血液透析(HFHD)和低通量血液透析(LFHD)不同模式对老年维持性血液透析患者透析中血压的影响。方法选取50例老年维持性血液透析患者,先接受LFHD 3个月后再接受HFHD 3个月,均每周透析3次,每次透析时间为4 h,超滤不超过体重增长的5%,采集患者在透析过程中血压变化情况及阶段性(3个月为1个阶段)相关血清学化验指标评估,并进行统计学分析。结果 HFHD前、后平均动脉压(MAP)有明显下降,且对透析3、4 h血压控制水平明显优于LFHD(P<0.05),而LFHD前、后血压水平无明显变化(P>0.05)。HFHD后血磷(P)、甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)、β_2微球蛋白(β_2-MG)、血脂、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及血肌酐(Scr)水平下降,同时血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)水平升高(P<0.05)。结论老年维持性血液透析患者执行HFHD血压控制水平明显好于LFHD,且部分血清学指标有所改善。     

血液透析对慢性肾衰竭患者心脏功能的影响

目的了解血液透析对慢性肾衰竭患者心脏结构、功能变化的影响,分析其相关危险因素.方法回顾本院2004年1～12月透析治疗的慢性肾衰竭患者76例,分开始进入血液透析组(40例)和维持性血液透析组(36例),应用彩色超声测定左室形态及功能各项参数,测定透析前血压及各项实验室指标.结果开始进入血液透析组患者,超声心动图显示75%出现左室肥厚(LVH),30%左心室收缩功能障碍;维持性血液透析组55.6%出现LVH,左心室收缩功能正常,两组差异有统计学意义.维持性血液透析组血红蛋白、血钙、血磷、钙磷聚集和血浆白蛋白升高,C反应蛋白降低.结论维持性血液透析后,患者左心室功能改善,可能与贫血、营养不良及炎症反应的纠正有关.     

长期血液透析对老年患者心脏功能的影响(附8例分析)

心血管系统并发症是长期维持性血液透析患者常见并发症 ,尤其是老年血透患者常见的主要死亡原因。我们分析 8例老年维持性血透患者的临床资料 ,探讨其对心脏的影响。1　临床资料8例患者中男 5例 ,女 3例 ,年龄 60～ 75岁 (平均 65岁 )。透析时间 3～ 60个月。原发病中慢性肾炎 4例 ,肾小动脉硬化症 2例 ,糖尿病肾病 2例。透析前BUN平均 2 8 6± 12 6mmol/L ,Scr 10 0 6± 40 3 6μmol/L ,10例血钾 7 5mmol/L ,血透2～ 3次 /w ,每周透析不少于 10h。本组透析前合并高血压 5例 ,经充分血透 2～ 3次后能维持血压正常者 4例 ,另 1例血透后…     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.