鳄鱼肉提取物增强免疫力的实验研究

目的探讨鳄鱼肉酶解液对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。方法通过迟发型变态反应、血清溶血素实验、小鼠碳廓清实验、NK细胞活性检测实验,统计各个指标结果。结果鳄鱼肉酶解液免疫调节作用显著,迟发型变态反应、血清溶血素实验和NK细胞活性实验结果均为阳性。结论提示鳄鱼肉提取物具有较好的免疫调节作用。     

金银花菌子实体对小鼠免疫功能调节作用的实验研究

目的探讨金银花菌子实体对ICR正常小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法 240只ICR小鼠随机分为4组,每组60只,设置溶剂对照组,低、中和高剂量组(1.25、2.50和7.50 ml/kg·bw)。灌胃金银花菌子实体提取液30 d后,通过测定小鼠T淋巴细胞转化能力、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞、血清溶血素、巨噬细胞吞噬活性及NK细胞活性来评价金银花菌子实体对免疫功能的影响。结果金银花菌子实体各剂量组能明显增强小鼠迟发型变态反应,中高剂量组抗体生成细胞数和巨噬细胞吞噬活性,高剂量组提高T淋巴细胞转化能力和NK细胞活性。结论金银花菌子实体能增强ICR小鼠的免疫功能。     

蜂王浆软胶囊增强免疫力功能试验研究

目的观察蜂王浆软胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法以小鼠连续灌胃30d为实验对象,检测蜂王浆软胶囊对小鼠碳廓清能力、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞数、血清溶血素水平、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力、NK细胞活性及刀豆蛋白A(Concanavalin,ConA)诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化能力等免疫指标。结果蜂王浆软胶囊对胸腺指数、碳廓清能力、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞数、HC50、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力、NK细胞活性及ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化均有显著作用。结论蜂王浆软胶囊能增强小鼠免疫力。     

卡介菌多糖和卡介苗素的免疫调节作用的比较研究

目的比较卡介菌多糖 (BCG PSA)与卡介苗素 (BCG PSN)的免疫调节作用。方法运用碳粒廓清、溶血素测定、二硝基氟苯所致迟发型变态反应等实验方法测定BCG PSA及BCG PSN对小鼠的免疫调节功能。结果BCG PSA能有效地提高正常小鼠和免疫低下小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能 ,提高非特异性免疫功能 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;能提高免疫小鼠血清中溶血素的含量 ,增强动物的特异性体液免疫功能 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;能减轻迟发型变态反应所致水肿 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;能提高免疫小鼠巨噬细胞数、血清溶菌酶活力、巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指数 ,具有显著的巨噬细胞激活功能 ,与BCG PSN作用相似 ;结论BCG PSA不但是BCG PSN的主要组成成分 ,而且也是其发挥免疫调节功能的重要有效成分     

肉苁蓉汤茶增强免疫力的实验研究

目的探讨肉苁蓉汤茶小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。方法以小鼠为实验对象,分别以0.75、1.50、4.50 mg/kg BW 3个剂量组的肉苁蓉汤茶及纯净水(对照组)连续灌胃给药28d后,分别进行迟发型变态反应、脾淋巴细胞转化试验(MTT法)、抗体生成细胞、血清溶血素滴度、碳廓清、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞、NK细胞活性(LDH法)7项实验,测定免疫指标。结果肉苁蓉汤茶具有促进小鼠迟发型变态反应作用,能提高小鼠抗体生成细胞数和血清溶血素水平,但对其余检测指标无明显作用。结论肉苁蓉汤茶具有增强小鼠免疫功能作用。     

牛初乳冲剂增强免疫力的实验研究

目的观察牛初乳冲剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法 BALB/c小鼠连续灌胃30d后检测碳廓清能力、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞数、血清溶血素水平、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力、NK细胞活性及ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞转化能力等免疫指标。结果牛初乳冲剂对小鼠的脏/体比值、碳廓清能力及NK细胞活性无明显影响;对迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞数、HC50、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力及ConA诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞转化有显著作用。结论牛初乳冲剂能增强小鼠免疫力。     

全蝎酶解物增强小鼠免疫功能的研究

目的基于半仿生技术,探究全蝎酶解物是否能增强小鼠免疫力。方法通过小鼠迟发型反应、抗体生成细胞、血清溶血素、碳廓清实验、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验、NK细胞活性实验,考察其对小鼠免疫力的影响。结果与对照组相比,全蝎酶解物高、中、低剂量组均能显著增加小鼠迟发型变态反应(P<0.05),单核-巨噬细胞碳廓清中剂量组,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验高、低剂量组,NK细胞活性高剂量组,均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);3个剂量组对小鼠体质量、脾脏与胸腺系数、小鼠抗体生成细胞以及小鼠血清溶血素能力影响差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论全蝎酶解物具有一定的增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

番灵胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用北大核心CSCD

目的研究番灵胶囊对CKF1(BALB/c×KM)小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法采用经口灌胃分别给予80、160和480 mg/kg·bw的番灵胶囊30 d后,观察其体重,测定其免疫器官指数、脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、小鼠迟发型变态反应,血清溶血素、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)活性、抗体生成细胞水平及腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的变化。结果 480 mg/kg·bw组可增强脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、提高抗体生成细胞水平、提高小鼠NK细胞和巨噬细胞吞噬活性;160和480 mg/kg·bw组可增加小鼠血清半数溶血值。结论在本试验条件下,番灵胶囊在480 mg/kg·bw剂量下有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

猴头多糖抗肿瘤及对免疫功能的影响

目的　研究猴头多糖 ( HEPS)对小鼠 S1 80 肉瘤及免疫功能的影响。方法　 H EPS按 10 0、2 0 0、40 0m g/ kg体重连续灌胃 15 d,测定荷瘤小鼠瘤重 ,通过检测小鼠抗体生成细胞、迟发性变态反应、NK细胞活性 ,荷瘤小鼠免疫器官分别检测 HEPS对体液免疫、细胞免疫、非特异免疫及异常免疫的调节作用。结果　 HEPS可显著抑制 S1 80 肉瘤的生长 ,提高荷瘤小鼠胸腺和脾重 ,增强正常小鼠抗体形成细胞溶解绵羊红细胞能力、迟发型变态反应能力、NK细胞活性。结论　 HEPS具有抗肿瘤及免疫调节作用     

番灵胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用

目的研究番灵胶囊对CKF1(BALB/c×KM)小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法采用经口灌胃分别给予80、160和480 mg/kg·bw的番灵胶囊30 d后,观察其体重,测定其免疫器官指数、脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、小鼠迟发型变态反应,血清溶血素、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)活性、抗体生成细胞水平及腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的变化。结果 480 mg/kg·bw组可增强脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、提高抗体生成细胞水平、提高小鼠NK细胞和巨噬细胞吞噬活性;160和480 mg/kg·bw组可增加小鼠血清半数溶血值。结论在本试验条件下,番灵胶囊在480 mg/kg·bw剂量下有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.