32例肝门部胆管癌的临床诊治体会

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的临床特点及诊治体会。方法对32例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 32例患者术前行B超、CT、磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)检查,诊断确诊率达100%。其中Bismuth-Corlette分型Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲa型11例,Ⅲb型9例,Ⅳ型3例。32例均行手术治疗,其中根治性切除17例,姑息性切除6例,内引流4例,外引流4例,剖腹探查活检1例。根治性切除、姑息性切除、内引流和外引流患者术后中位生存时间分别为32.4个月、18.3个月、11.5个月、4.3个月。结论联合运用影像学检查方法可提高肝门部胆管癌的诊断率。根治性切除是提高肝门部胆管癌患者疗效的最有效方法 ,对无法行根治性切除者应积极进行引流治疗,可改善患者生存质量,延长生存时间。     

肝门部胆管癌诊断与手术方式探讨

目的讨论肝门部胆管癌早期诊断方法和手术方式对患者预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月宽甸县中心医院经手术和病理确诊的肝门部胆管癌43例临床特征、发病机制、手术方式和随访结果。结果本组手术切除18例,总手术切除率44.2%,其中根治性切除10例、姑息性切除8例,行胆管内、外引流术25例。能随访根治性切除8例中1.5、2、3年生存率分别为56%、50%、12.5%。能随访姑息性切除6例1.5年生存率仅为16%。结论肝门部胆管癌早期诊断主要依靠影像学。B型超声操作简单、无创伤应为首选,联合应用CT、PTC、ERCP、MRCP和术中活检,可明确诊断。治疗应力争根治性切除,非切除者以内引流术为主,可延长生存时间和提高生活质量。     

肝门部胆管癌58例诊疗分析

目的 探讨肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗效果.方法 回顾分析10年来收治的58例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料.结果 58例患者中,行根治性切除10例,姑息性切除14例,其中合并肝叶切除16例,总切除率为41.4％;未行切除患者采用各种引流30例(51.7％),探查术4例,占6.9％.切除组和引流组平均生存期分别为22个月和10.8个月,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 肝门部胆管癌一旦确诊,应积极手术切除,术中选择适宜的手术方式,合理应用肝叶切除可提高根治率和生存期,对不能切除的患者采用姑息性手术等也能延长患者的生存时间和提高生活质量.     

肝门部胆管癌36例手术的治疗分析

目的 探讨肝门部胆管癌手术治疗的最佳方式及其对愈后的影响。方法 回顾性分析1999年9月至2011年9月我院收治的36例肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗情况。结果 36例根治性切除患者生存时间均较为理想,为13-37个月。结论 肝门部胆管癌的治疗应以手术切除为主,根据具体情况采取相应的手术方法,效果较理想,手术切除能明显减轻黄疸,缓解症状,延长患者生命。     

肝门部胆管癌82例的外科治疗

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的诊断及各种不同外科治疗方法间的疗效差异。方法回顾漯河市第二人民医院2002—2010年手术治疗的82例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料;82例病人中男56例,女26例,年龄30~69岁,平均年龄52岁,根据癌肿侵犯程度及部位行不同手术治疗,对比疗效及预后。结果 82例病人中,27例行不同方式的手术切除,切除率为32.9%,其中根治性切除14例(51.9),姑息性切除13例(48.1%)联合肝切除者17例(63%),其中根治性切除组合并肝切除者10例(71.4),姑息性切除组中兼行肝切除者4例(30.8%)。切除组1、3年生存率分别为79.9%、39.1%,引流组1、2年生存率分别为23.2%、11.1%,无三年生存者。结论肝门部胆管癌应早期诊断,争取手术切除,合理的联合肝叶切除能提高根治性切除率,改善预后。     

20例肝门部胆管癌患者手术切除临床疗效分析

目的浅析手术切除治疗肝门部胆管癌的临床疗效。方法对因上腹部不适、疼痛伴黄疸等症状就诊于阿坝县人民医院经上腹部强化CT初步确诊为肝门部胆管癌的20例患者行根治性手术切除治疗,观察20患者的术后生存时间及并发症。结果治疗后3例患者死于肝衰竭,所有患者平均生存期为26.91个月。结论通过手术切除治疗肝门部胆管癌是现阶段提高肝门部胆管癌远期生存率的关键,患者总体生存时间相对较长,远期疗效已被公认为。     

40例肝门部胆管癌手术治疗体会

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的手术切除方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析40例肝门胆管癌患者术治疗方式与患者的治疗结果进行分析。结果本组40例肝门部胆管癌患者中,根治性切除23例,姑息性切除11例,无法切除6例,术后并发症胆漏2例。结论胆管癌应以手术治疗为主,切除肿瘤和恢复胆管的通畅。肝门部胆管癌的外科切除率明显提高。     

肝门部胆管癌外科治疗的临床研究

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌外科切除的临床价值。方法回顾性分析49例肝门胆管癌病例的临床资料,观察手术方式与患者预后的关系。结果本组49例肝门部胆管癌患者中,根治性切除27例（55．1％）,姑息性切除14例（28．6％）,无法切除8例（16．3％）;根治切除组1、3、5年生存率分别为66．7％,40．7％,25．9％;姑息性切除组1、3、5年生存率分别为28．6％,7．1％,0．0％;无法切除组1年生存率仅为12．5％。术后并发症：胆漏3例（根治性2例,姑息性1例）,消化道出血1例。结论肝门部胆管癌的外科切除优于其他治疗方式,而根治性切除是提高生存率的有效方法。     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗

目的 探讨肝门部胆管癌治疗方法.方法 肝门部胆管癌切除者行高位胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,未切除者行胆汁内或外引流术,或行PTCD.结果 共有39例予以切除.其中,27例切除后生存在18个月以上;39例术后血清胆红素均降至正常水平.结论 肝门部胆管癌外科手术治疗是主要手段.肝门部胆管癌应争取手术切除,合理的联合肝叶切除能提高根治性切除率,改善预后.     

42例肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗分析

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌临床特征及诊断治疗。方法回顾我科2004年2月至2007年11月共确诊42例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料进行总结分析。结果根治性切除组存活时间为（20.07±9.10）个月,其中7例生存时间〉12个月,3例生存时间〉25个月。姑息性手术组存活时间为（7.7±3.54）个月,最长19个月。结论手术治疗是肝门部胆管癌的首选治疗方法,可以降低病死率和延长生存时间及提高生活质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.