腔内射频消融治疗胆管恶性狭窄的初步研究

目的 探讨内镜下应用腔内射频消融技术姑息性治疗胆管恶性狭窄的安全性及可行性.方法 前瞻性选取胆管恶性梗阻无法手术切除的12例患者实施ERCP,在胆管插管成功后,循导丝导入专用双极射频电极,于肿瘤部位进行射频烧灼,然后留置胆道支架,观察术后恢复情况并密切随访.结果 所有患者均成功完成射频消融治疗并留置胆道支架(塑料支架6例,金属支架6例,其中3例患者同期放置胰管支架).出现胆管炎1例,胰腺炎1例,均短期保守治疗控制.黄疸迅速缓解率为58.3％ (7/12);平均随访3.4个月(0.5 ～5.5个月),1个月末支架通畅率为100％ (12/12),3个月末通畅率为80％ (8/10);1例患者死于心脑血管意外,其余患者均存活无特殊不适.结论 对于胆管恶性狭窄,经内镜进行腔内射频治疗是安全可行的,初步疗效满意,但远期疗效及最佳治疗方案仍有待进一步探讨.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融联合胆道支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床观察

目的：探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融技术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全性及可行性。方法选取2013年1月－2014年3月接受治疗的20例无法切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者作为实验组,其中9例不能外科手术切除患者透视下行经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融术,并留置金属胆道支架;同期随机纳入11例相似病情患者作为对照组,经皮肝穿刺胆道造影（PTC）成功后仅行胆道支架置入。观察两组手术并发症及黄疸缓解情况,密切随访并比较术后3和6个月支架的通畅性。结果所有患者术后通过门诊或电话均获得完整随访。实验组及对照组术后3个月支架通畅率分别为100％,72．7％（χ2＝2．888,P ＝0．218）,术后6个月支架通畅率分别为：87．5％、27．3％（χ2＝6．739,P ＝0．02）。随访期内射频组1例患者于术后113 d 死于消化道出血,对照组1例患者于57 d 死于肝功能衰竭,1例患者于术后142 d 死于弥散性血管内凝血。结论经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融对恶性胆道梗阻的治疗是安全和可行的,在延长自膨式金属支架通畅性方面初步疗效令人满意,但尚需大量样本随机对照研究进一步验证。     

内镜治疗术后胆漏和继发胆管狭窄

目的 探讨内镜治疗手术后并发胆漏和继发胆管狭窄的方法及效果。方法 胆漏患 者均先行内镜下十二指肠乳头切开,行鼻胆管引流术,继续保留原有胆道、腹腔引流。待胆道、腹腔引 流停止1-2周证实胆漏愈合后拔管,伴有胆道狭窄的患者在拔除鼻胆引流管后置入塑料内支架,持 续扩张2-3个月。结果 22例胆漏患者鼻胆引流3-4周后胆漏处均闭合,13例胆管狭窄置入内支 架者,10例支架取出后狭窄解除,2例合并肝总管狭窄者经重新置入双支架3个月后效果良好,1例 左肝管狭窄伴结石者,再置入单支架,术后仍有胆道感染症状反复出现。结论 内镜治疗可列为手术 后胆漏或继发胆管狭窄治疗的首选方法。     

经内镜诊治肝移植术后胆道远期并发症

目的：探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症中的应用。方法：肝移植术后出现胆道远期并发症患者6例，共行ERCP 12次，根据患者的情况进行扩张、内镜下乳头切开取石、内支架置入等治疗。结果：1例胆总管结石行乳头切开后取石成功，1例胆道狭窄在胆道扩张后胆道梗阻症状解除，4例胆道狭窄合并胆总管结石的狭窄近端结石经乳头切开取出，狭窄远端结石行胆道扩张、内支架置入等治疗后取出。所有患者经治疗后胆红素、碱性磷酸酶等酶学指标均有不同程度的下降，无严重并发症发生。结论：ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症安全、有效的手段。     

胆道支架联合胆管内射频消融治疗梗阻性黄疸的临床研究

目的探讨胆道支架联合胆管内射频消融治疗梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。方法广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院2016年2月至2018年2月收治的94例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,随机数表法分为联合组与支架组,各47例。支架组采取单纯胆道支架植入,联合组采取胆道支架联合胆管内射频消融治疗。比较两组术前与术后1周的总胆红素(TBIL)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT),并发症总发生率及随访至2019年4月的胆道通畅时间、中位生存时间、12个月生存率。结果两组术前TBIL、AST、ALT的差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后1周,两组TBIL、AST、ALT均显著减小(P 0. 05)。联合组术后的TBIL、AST、ALT显著低于支架组(P 0. 05)。联合组与支架组均未见腹膜炎、胆漏、穿孔等严重并发症,并发症总发生率分别为25. 53%与21. 28%,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。截至随访结束,联合组失访2例,支架组失访3例。联合组胆道通畅时间、中位生存时间、12个月生存率分别为(8. 47±1. 67)个月、(14. 16±2. 37)个月、60. 00%,均显著高于支架组(5. 62±1. 43)个月、(10. 21±2. 09)个月、38. 64%(P 0. 05)。结论胆道支架联合胆管内射频消融治疗梗阻性黄疸可更有效改善患者肝功能指标,延长胆道通畅时间与生存时间,且并发症相对较少,值得推广。     

跨越十二指肠主乳头平行放置双侧金属支架治疗肝门部胆管恶性狭窄的临床研究（含视频）

目的探讨内镜下跨越十二指肠主乳头平行放置双侧胆管金属支架治疗肝门部胆管恶性狭窄的成功率和疗效。方法回顾性纳入2012年1月—2018年12月在上海东方肝胆外科医院内镜中心采用改良内镜引流技术（内镜下跨越十二指肠主乳头平行放置双侧金属支架）治疗的肝门部胆管恶性狭窄（Bismuth Ⅱ~Ⅳ型）患者共55例,分析技术成功率、临床成功率、并发症发生率、内镜下双侧胆管再干预成功率、支架通畅期和生存时间。结果内镜下跨越十二指肠主乳头平行放置双侧金属支架技术成功率为96.4%（53/55）,临床成功率为96.2%（51/53）,早期并发症发生率为13.2%（7/53）,支架中位通畅期为9.2个月（95%CI：8.0~10.3个月）,双侧胆道系统的内镜再干预成功率为92.3%（12/13）,患者的中位生存时间为6.7个月（95%CI：4.7~8.8个月）。结论改良的双侧金属支架置入法治疗无法手术的肝门部胆管恶性狭窄是安全和有效的。     

内镜下乳头切除术治疗十二指肠乳头腺瘤的疗效分析

目的 探讨十二指肠乳头腺瘤内镜下治疗的疗效及价值。方法 回顾性研究2012年9 月至2018年1月因十二指肠乳头腺瘤行十二指肠乳头切除术患者的临床资料,探讨十二指肠乳头切除术的疗效。结果 37例患者行39例次十二指肠乳头切除术,均顺利完成手术,其中整块切除（EMR）33例次,分块切除（EPMR）5 例次,ESD 1例次,术后置入胰管支架5 例次,胆管支架4例次,胰胆管双支架4 例次,无一例出现术后穿孔或胰腺炎。随访平均23.4个月,2例患者复发,平均复发时间为术后12个月,均再次行内镜下十二指肠乳头切除术。结论 内镜下十二指肠乳头切除术治疗十二指肠乳头腺瘤安全、有效,但仍有复发风险。     

经内镜胆道金属支架引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻76例

恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸,多需外科手术治疗,但部分患者就诊时已不能作根治性切除术.经内镜胆道金属支架引流术(endoscopic metal biliary endoprothesis,EMBE)是在经内镜塑料内支架引流术(ERBD)技术基础上为扩大支架口径、提高引流效果、延长通畅期而开发应用的.我院对76例无法行手术根治性切除的恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者行EMBE治疗,取得了较好疗效,报道如下.     

金属内支架治疗食管癌术后吻合口狭窄和瘘的临床应用

目的 探讨金属内支架成形术治疗食管癌术后吻合口狭窄和瘘的适应证、技术、疗效及展望其应用前景。方法 用国产金属内支架治疗食管癌术后吻合口狭窄14例，吻合口瘘7例，经口置入国产镍钛合金网状内支架21个，其中带膜支架7个。结果 所有病例均一次成功置入支架，未出现食管穿孔、大出血，支架滑脱移位等严重并发症，术后随访2～12个月，支架开通良好，食管通畅，瘘口闭塞。结论 金属内支架置入术为治疗食管癌术后吻合口狭窄和瘘简便、有效的方法，具有较好的临床应用价值。     

可膨式金属胆道支架解除恶性胆管梗阻的中长期疗效

为总结经内镜放置可膨式金属胆道支架（ＥＭＢＥ）的中远期疗效，回顾了７６例恶性胆管梗阻接受ＥＭＢＥ治疗患者的资料，并与同期５３例次放置普通塑料支架的疗效进行对比。结果前者操作成功率９３．８％，与操作有关的并发症发生率６．６％，黄疸消除率为８７．０％，金属支架的平均通畅期为３１０天，明显高于塑料支架的８５天（Ｐ＜０．０１），患者平均存活期为２１０天。随访患者中有１６例（３４．８％）发生支架阻塞，平均发生时间１８５．５天。结果表明可膨式金属胆道支架的平均通畅性能显著优于普通塑料支架，可持久有效解除恶性肿瘤所致的肝外胆管梗阻，为提高ＥＭＢＥ的疗效必须严格掌握适应证     

Endoscopic Bilio-Duodenal Bypass: Outcomes of Primary and Revision Efficacy of Combined Metallic Stents in Malignant Duodenal and Biliary Obstructions

Background

Self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) can be used for palliation of combined malignant biliary and duodenal obstructions. However, the results of the concomitant stent placement for the duration of the patients’ lives, as well as the need for and efficacy of endoscopic revision, are unclear.

Aim

This study evaluated the clinical effectiveness of SEMS placement for combined biliary and duodenal obstructions throughout the patients’ lives and the need for endoscopic revision.

Methods

This study is a retrospective multicenter study of 50 consecutive patients who underwent simultaneous or sequential SEMS placement for malignant biliary and duodenal obstructions. The data were collected to analyze the sustained relief of obstructive symptoms until the patients’ death and the efficacy of endoscopic revision, as well as stent patency, adverse events, survival and prognostic factors for stent patency.

Results

Technical and immediate clinical success was achieved in all of the patients. Duodenal stricture occurred before the papilla in 35 patients (70 %), involved the papilla in 11 patients (22 %) and was observed distal to the papilla in four patients (8 %). Initial biliary stenting was performed endoscopically in 42 patients (84 %) and percutaneously in eight patients. After combined stenting, 30 patients (60 %) required no additional intervention until the time of their death. The remaining 20 patients were successfully treated using endoscopic stent reinsertion: nine patients needed biliary revision, three patients needed duodenal restenting and eight patients needed both biliary and duodenal reinsertion. The median duodenal stent patency and median biliary stent patency were 34 and 27 weeks, respectively. The median survival after combined stent placement was 18 weeks. A Cox multivariate analysis showed that duodenal stent obstruction after combined stenting was a risk factor for biliary stent obstruction (hazard ratio 6.85; 95 % confidence interval 1.43–198.98; P = 0.025).

Conclusions

Endoscopic bilio-duodenal bypass is clinically effective, and the majority of the patients need no additional intervention until their death. Endoscopic revision is feasible and has a high success rate.     

Long-term outcome of biliary and duodenal stents in palliative treatment of patients with unresectable adenocarcinoma of the head of pancreas

BACKGROUND: Life expectancy in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer has improved by using new chemotherapeutic regimens. Biliary and digestive stenoses can be endoscopically treated in most cases. However, long-term efficacy of these stenting procedures remains unknown. AIM: To evaluate the incidence of biliary and duodenal stenoses as well as technical success and short- and long-term patency of endoscopically deployed stents in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients with unresectable cancer of the pancreatic head seen between January 1999 and September 2003 in our center were retrospectively studied. Patients with biliary and/or duodenal stenoses underwent endoscopic stent insertion as first intention therapy. Outcomes included technical and clinical success, stent patency, and survival. RESULTS: One hundred patients, median age 65 yr (32-85), with locally advanced (62%) or metastatic (38%) pancreatic cancer were studied. Eighty-three percent received at least one line of chemotherapy. The actuarial median survival was 11 months (0.7-29.3). Biliary and duodenal stenoses occurred in 81 and 25 patients, respectively. A biliary stent was successfully placed in 74 patients (91%). When a self-expandable metallic stent was first introduced (N = 59), a single stent was sufficient in 41 patients (69%) (median duration of stent patency 7 months (0.4-21.1)). Duodenal stenting was successful in 24 patients (96%); among them, 96% required a single stent (median duration of stent patency 6 months [0.5-15.7]). In the 23 patients who developed both biliary and duodenal stenoses, combined stenting was successful in 91% of cases. No major complication or death occurred related to endoscopic treatment. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic palliative treatment of both biliary and duodenal stenoses is safe and effective in the long term, including in patients with combined obstructions. Use of such palliative management is justified as repeat procedures are rarely required even in patients who have a long survival.     

Endoscopic management of occluded biliary Wallstents: a cancer center experience

BACKGROUND: Biliary obstruction caused by unresectable malignancy commonly is treated by placement of a biliary self-expandable metallic stent. The endoscopic and percutaneous techniques for self-expandable metallic stent placement are well established and can be performed with a high success rate. Self-expandable metallic stent placement affords palliation of pruritus and enables treatment of advanced cancer with chemotherapeutic agents metabolized by the liver. Unfortunately, these stents tend to occlude with time. Optimal management of an occluded self-expandable metallic stent remains to be determined. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken to determine optimal management of the occluded self-expandable metallic stent. Patients with malignant biliary obstruction who had endoscopic management for occluded Wallstents that had been placed percutaneously and endoscopically were studied. All patients underwent ERCP with one of the following interventions: mechanical cleaning, insertion of a plastic stent within the Wallstent, or insertion of a second Wallstent. The effectiveness of the intervention and duration of stent patency thereafter was studied. RESULTS: A total of 34 patients with occluded biliary Wallstents underwent the following procedures: mechanical cleaning (6 patients), placement of a second Wallstent (4), or insertion of a plastic stent (24). Mechanical cleaning was effective in only one of 6 patients. For all 4 patients who underwent placement of a second Wallstent, there was resolution of jaundice or cholangitis and no reocclusion. Plastic stent insertion was successful in 22 of 24 patients. Median duration of stent patency after intervention was 192 days (range 81-257 days) after second Wallstent placement, 90 days (11-393 days) after plastic stent insertion, and 21 days (3-263 days) after mechanical cleaning. Duration of stent patency was better when the initial malignant stricture involved the distal vs. the proximal bile duct. CONCLUSIONS: Occlusion of a biliary Wallstent is best managed by endoscopic insertion of a second Wallstent or a plastic stent. Mechanical cleaning is less effective. The level of the initial biliary obstruction influences stent patency.     

Endoscopic treatment of anastomotic biliary strictures after deceased donor liver transplantation: outcomes after maximal stent therapy

BACKGROUND: The optimal endoscopic treatment for anastomotic biliary strictures after deceased donor liver transplantation is undefined. Endoscopic therapy with conventional methods of biliary dilation and stent placement has been successful but often requires prolonged therapy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcomes of an aggressive endoscopic approach that uses endoscopic dilation followed by maximal stent placement. SETTING: Tertiary-care academic medical center. PATIENTS: Of 176 patients who underwent deceased donor liver transplantation between June 1999 and July 2004, 25 were diagnosed with anastomotic biliary strictures. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were treated endoscopically with a combined technique of balloon dilation and maximal stent placement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Treatment outcomes, including bile-duct patency, a need for surgical intervention, morbidity, and mortality, were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Endoscopic dilation followed by maximal stent placement was performed until resolution of strictures in 22 of 25 patients (88% immediate success on intent-to-treat analysis). Persistent resolution of strictures was achieved in 18 of these 22 patients. Re-treatment was successful in 2 of 4 patients with recurrent strictures. Overall, 20 of 22 patients who completed endoscopic therapy (91%) avoided surgical intervention. Median duration of endoscopic treatment was 4.6 months. Patients with early onset strictures required a significantly shorter duration of endoscopic therapy (3 vs 9 months; P<.01). Multiple stent placement was not technically difficult, and no major complications were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive endoscopic therapy with combined biliary dilation and maximal stent placement allows resolution of anastomotic biliary strictures after deceased donor liver transplantation in a relatively short period, with sustained success and minimal complications.     

抗反流金属支架用于胆道恶性梗阻的可行性研究

目的 评价抗反流金属支架用于非肝门部胆道恶性梗阻的安全性和有效性.方法 对符合标准的2007年8月至2009年4月诊断为胆总管下段或中段恶性梗阻的患者采用抗反流金属支架进行治疗,记录操作成功率,随访观察早期并发症、支架通畅期和生存期.结果 共有23例无法切除的非肝门部胆道恶性梗阻的患者被纳入研究,均一次性成功置入抗反流金属支架,操作难度与普通自膨式金属支架（SEMS）大致相当,无操作相关并发症.22例患者完成随访,其中20例患者血清总胆红素水平在术后1个月内降至正常水平.有6例患者在随访期内发生支架失效,其中肿瘤组织长入支架腔内1例、超出支架端部2例、支架移位3例;其余患者至随访终点或死亡均未出现胆道症状.抗反流金属支架的中位通畅期为14个月,第3、6和12个月的支架通畅率分别为95.1%、74.2%和55.9%;患者的生存期为1～14个月,平均7.9个月,在术后第3、6和12个月的生存率分别为91.0%、81.3%和17.2%.结论 应用抗反流金属支架治疗低位胆道恶性梗阻在技术上是可行的,并且是安全和有效的.     

内镜治疗109例恶性胆道梗阻的临床分析

目的探讨经内镜治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析近4年来经内镜治疗恶性胆道梗阻患者109例的临床资料,并进行生存率分析。结果操作成功率94．8％,减黄总体有效率89．9％,内镜治疗后1周肝功能明显好转,术后并发胰腺炎4例（3．7％）、胆管炎2例（1．8％）;ERBD术后3个月、6个月及1年的预计存活率分别为83．6％、69．1％及28．8％,EMBE术后3个月、6个月及1年的预计存活率分别为96．4％、80．4％及36．3％,两组存活率差异无统计学意义。结论对于无法实行根治性手术的恶性胆道梗阻患者采取经内镜下介入治疗不失为一种安全有效的治疗方案。     

Treatment of malignant biliary obstruction by combined percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage with local tumor treatment

AIM: To evaluate the utility of local tumor therapy combined with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for malignant obstructive biliary disease. METHODS: A total of 233 patients with malignant biliary obstruction were treated in our hospital with PTBD by placement of metallic stents and/or plastic tubes. After PTBD, 49 patients accepted brachytherapy or extra-radiation therapy or arterial infusion chemotherapy. The patients were followed up with clinical and radiographic evaluation. The survival and stent patency rate were calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients underwent chemotherapy (11 cases of hepatic carcinoma, 7 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 4 cases of metastatic lymphadenopathy), and 14 patients received radiotherapy (10 cases of cholan-giocarcinoma, 4 cases of pancreatic carcinoma), and 13 patients accepted brachytherapy (7 cases of cholangio-carcinoma, 3 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 4 cases of metastatic lymphadenopathy). The survival rate of the local tumor treatment group at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 97.96%, 95.92%, 89.80%, and 32.59% respectively, longer than that of the non treatment group. The patency rate at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 97.96%, 93.86%, 80.93%, and 56.52% respectively. The difference of patency rate was not significant between treatment group and non treatment group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that local tumor therapy could prolong the survival time of patients with malignant biliary obstruction, and may improve stent patency.     

内镜微创治疗80岁以上胆源性胰腺炎患者80例临床观察

目的探讨80岁以上胆源性胰腺炎患者内镜治疗的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月-2013年10月成都军区总医院消化中心收治的80例大于80岁的胆源性胰腺炎患者资料,采用经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)+十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)+鼻胆管引流(ENBD),或胆道塑料支架植入术治疗。结果 80例患者中,4例因镜下无法找到十二指肠大乳头开口而转为开腹手术,余76例均完成内镜治疗,成功率95%(76/80),其中2例死亡,病死率2.6%(2/76)。其中一次性完成ERCP+EST+ENBD治疗者69例,7例因较大铸型结石嵌顿无法碎石而行胆道塑料支架植入;1例因感染性休克死亡,1例因反复消化道出血死亡。结论内镜治疗高龄胆源性胰腺炎患者具有创伤小、恢复快、病死率低的优点,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in first-line biliary drainage for malignant distal bile duct obstruction: A multicenter randomized controlled trial

Introduction:In patients with malignant distal bile duct obstruction and normal gastrointestinal anatomy, endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) is indicated when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) fails. The ERCP drainage route passes through the tumor, whereas the EUS-CDS route does not. Therefore, EUS-CDS is expected to have a longer stent patency than ERCP. However, for first-line biliary drainage, it remains unclear whether EUS-CDS or ERCP is superior in terms of stent patency. To reduce the frequency of highly adverse events (AEs) such as bile peritonitis or stent migration following EUS-CDS, we developed an antimigration metal stent with a thin delivery system for tract dilatation. This study is designed to assess whether EUS-CDS with this novel stent is superior to ERCP with a traditional metal stent in terms of stent patency when the two techniques are used for first-line drainage of malignant distal biliary obstruction.Methods/design:This study is a multicenter single-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 95 patients in four tertiary centers. Patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction that is unresectable or presents a very high surgical risk and who pass the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be randomized to EUS-CDS or ERCP in a 1:1 proportion. The primary endpoint is the stent patency rate 180 days after stent insertion. Secondary outcomes include the rates of technical success, clinical success, technical success in cases not requiring fistulous-tract dilation (only EUS-CDS group), procedure-related AEs, re-intervention success, patients receiving post-drainage chemotherapy, procedure time, and overall survival time.Discussion:If EUS-CDS is superior to ERCP in terms of stent patency and safety for the first-line drainage of malignant distal biliary obstruction, it is expected that the first-line drainage method will be changed from ERCP to EUS-CDS, and that interruption of chemotherapy due to stent dysfunction can be avoided.Trial registration:University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), ID: UMIN000041343. Registered on August 6, 2020. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000047201Version number: 1.2, December 7, 2020.