Acute renal failure due to non-Hodgkin lymphoma infiltration of the kidneys detected by ultrasonography and confirmed by positron emission tomography

Acute renal failure (ARF) as a consequence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma infiltration of the kidneys (LIK) is an uncommon complication of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In literature, ARF due to LIK is reported in progressive disease. A case of non-oliguric acute renal failure secondary to relapse of large B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma primarily localized in the mediastinum is reported. LIK of both kidneys was diagnosed by ultrasonography, computer tomography scan and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. No other causes for renal failure were found. The prognosis of renal involvement in relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma is poor, as is demonstrated by our case.     

Une étiologie exceptionnelle de l’insuffisance rénale aiguë : le lymphome de Burkitt

IntroductionBurkitt's lymphoma (BL) is an exceptional cause of acute renal failure (ARF). The origin of the tumor clone may be lymphoid follicles secondary to renal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. With the presentation of this clinical case, the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and evolution of this extremely rare affection will be discussed.ObservationA 4-year-old patient with a recent history of acute osteomyelitis of the right thigh presented an ARF without indications of post-infectious glomerulonephritis. Ultrasound showed enlarged kidneys without dilation of the excretory cavities. Diffuse interstitial infiltration of atypical lymphoid cells of medium size were noted upon renal biopsy. The tumor cells expressed antibodies against CD20, CD10, Bcl6, and Ki67 but not against Bcl2 or CD3. The search for an EBV infection was positive. A few days after diagnosis, the evolution was spontaneously fatal.Discussion/conclusionBL of the kidney is a rare condition that accounts for less than 1 % of kidney tumors, associated almost invariably with EBV infection. The diagnosis is confirmed histologically by renal biopsy and the criteria of Malbrain affirms the primitive character of the lymphoma. BL of the kidney is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency and may be fatal.     

Acute renal failure during pregnancy--an unusual cause.

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis as a cause of acute glomerulardisease and renal failure during pregnancy has been rarely reported.We report a patient with acute glomerulonephritis during thesecond trimester of an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy, whopresented with acute renal failure (ARF), the diagnosis of whichwas confirmed by renal biopsy.

Isolated renal intravascular lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a very rare subtype of extranodal large B-cell lymphoma. It may involve various organ systems such as skin, liver, lung or kidney. Isolated kidney involvement of IVLBCL is also very rare. Herein we report a very rare case of isolated renal IVLBCL presented with fever of unknown origin, acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome. Diagnosis was suspected with isolated high renal ¹⁸F fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in positron emission tomography and confirmed with renal biopsy. Complete remission was obtained with combined chemotherapy including rituximab. We reviewed the English literature in terms of IVLBCL with renal involvement and we could only find 16 such cases. Accordingly, fever, AKI and nephritic syndrome are the most common presenting symptoms in renal intravascular lymphoma.     

Renal insufficiency due to bilateral primary renal lymphoma.

Diffusely enlarged nonhydronephrotic kidneys on ultrasound and computer-tomographic examination in a case of progressive preterminal renal insufficiency were very suggestive of extensive lymphomatous infiltration. Diffuse infiltration of the kidney by centrocytic/centroblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma was confirmed upon renal biopsy. No other localizations of lymphoma could be found. After four courses of CHOP chemotherapy there was a complete remission of this primary renal non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with complete recovery of renal function.     

肾脏原发性淋巴瘤一例报告并文献复习

目的 提高肾脏原发性淋巴瘤的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析1例肾脏原发性淋巴瘤患者的临床病理资料,结合文献复习讨论.患者,女,61岁.因左侧腰痛2周入院.查体:左上腹压痛,左肾区叩击痛.B超检查见左肾正常结构未显示,集合系统分离,最宽处约1.0 cm,左肾区可探及一巨大低回声肿物,大小9.7cm×5.3cm,边界模糊.CT检查见左肾中下极肿物,大小9.8 cm×8.9 cm ×8.8 cm,边界不清,平扫CT值为39 HU,增强后为61 HU,强化不明显.术前诊断:左肾恶性肿瘤.结果 患者行根治性左肾切除术.病理报告:左肾大部分被肿瘤组织占据,中下极见10.0cm×9.5 cm ×8.5 cm类圆形肿物,质硬,肿物切面呈灰白色,质地细腻.镜下瘤细胞呈弥漫性浸润,卵圆形或多边形,略大于正常淋巴细胞,核大深染呈不规则形.病理诊断:肾弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤.骨髓穿刺检查未见异常.行环磷酰胺+吡喃阿霉素+长春新碱+泼尼松+利妥昔单抗方案化疗6周期.术后每3个月复查胸部X线片、腹部B超及CT等.随访20个月,未见肿瘤复发.结论 肾脏原发性淋巴瘤临床罕见,症状与肾癌相似,影像学检查无特征性改变,确诊需依靠病理学检查.本病预后不良,手术切除患肾联合规范的全身化疗,可延长患者的生存期.     

原发性肾脏淋巴瘤2例报道并文献复习

目的探讨原发性肾脏淋巴瘤的临床特点。方法总结2例原发性肾脏淋巴瘤患者的临床资料,结合文献讨论其发病特点、影像学特征、治疗及预后。结果 2例患者均实施手术加化疗,病理诊断均为非何杰金淋巴瘤,1例死于术后2月,另1例已存活1年,仍在随访中。结论原发性肾脏淋巴瘤是一种罕见的恶性淋巴瘤,影像学征象与肾细胞癌相似,以成人发病为主,易误诊为肾癌,病理类型多为B细胞来源的非何杰金淋巴瘤,综合治疗是延长生存的较好方式。     

Acute Tubulo-Interstitiel Nephritis Associated with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Acute Renal Failure

Renal infiltration in malignant lymphomas may involve the interstitium but rarely causes acute renal failure. In this report, we describe a 59-year-old woman presenting with an acute renal failure due to bilateral diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's infiltration of the kidneys.     

原发性肾脏恶性淋巴瘤（附3例报告）

目的 探讨肾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤的临床特点。方法 总结3例肾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤患者临床资料，结合文献复习讨论其发病特点、影像学特征、治疗及预后。结果 3例患者中手术活检加化疗1例，手术切除加化疗1例，术前化疗加手术切除加术后化疗1例。3例均诊断为非何杰金淋巴瘤，1例死于肾衰，另2例分别存活38个月和8个月，仍在随访中。结论 肾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤影像学征象与肾细胞癌相似，肾脏包膜或包膜下弥漫浸润被认为是原发性肾恶性淋巴瘤的特征性表现，通过经皮穿刺活检可明确诊断，治疗应根据组织学分型、分期及肿瘤大小，采取手术联合化疗及放疗。     

Renal infiltrate by a plasmocytoïd chronic B lymphocytic leukaemia and renal failure: a rare occurrence in nephropathology. A case report and review of the literature

We report the case of a 55-year-old male with renal failure as the initial manifestation of interstitial and focal infiltration of the kidneys by a small B-cell lymphoma. Since three years, this patient had a history of CLL with plasmocytic differentiation and was left untreated owing to stade A Binet classification. After chemotherapy, the lymphocytosis and the adenopathies disappear and the renal function improve. Infiltration of the kidneys by non-Hodgkin small B-cell lymphoma, including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), is usually asymptomatic, fortuitously discovered at the time of an X-ray examination or at autopsy. Association with renal failure is extremely rare. We review the reported cases of renal failure associated with lymphomatous infiltration (13 cases of CLL and five cases of lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma kappa or lambda IgM), with the following conclusions: in most cases, renal insufficiency appears in a few months and significantly disappears after chemotherapy; the renal infiltrate is usually focal in lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma and rather massive and diffuse in CLL; the neoplastic feature of a small B-cell lympho?d infiltrate may be difficult to determine: a poorly limited, monomorphous, CD20+ CD5+ lymphoid infiltrate is lymphomatous. In case of plasmocytic differentiation, it must be looked for kappa or lambda monotypy; the type of the lymphomatous infiltrate according to the WHO 2008 classification may be difficult to determine in a small sampling of renal tissue: the renal infiltrate must be compared, if possible, with a lymph node infiltrate. Owing to its bad prognosis, mantle cell lymphoma must be distinguished from other small B-cell lymphoma like CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma and lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma.     

Polyomavirus interstitial nephritis and concurrent post‐transplant lymphoma in a renal allograft: coincidence or more?

We describe a case of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative post-transplant large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma located in the renal allograft, spleen, liver and left inguinal lymph node of a renal recipient and accompanied by a simultaneous polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a simultaneous polyomavirus infection and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.     

Splenic Marginal Lymphoma and Glomerulonephritis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Malignant lymphomas can affect kidneys in several ways. They may precipitate acute renal failure by causing ureteral or renal vascular obstruction, or by direct renal parenchymal infiltration. Furthermore, they may insult renal function via paraneoplastic mechanisms such as hypercalcemia. Lymphomas only rarely can cause glomerulonephritis (GN). We report a case of a 72-year-old male who presented with mild renal function impairment, proteinuria, and microscopic hematuria, suggesting active glomerulonephritis, and pancytopenia of immune origin. A bone marrow biopsy led to a diagnosis of splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Although a kidney biopsy was not performed, glomerulonephritis was attributed to the lymphoma and splenic marginal zone lymphoma-related glomerulonephritis was the final diagnosis. The course of splenic marginal zone lymphoma is extremely indolent. The first manifestation in some patients can be immune cytopenia or other autoimmune phenomena. These patients may respond well to corticosteroids. Therefore, our patient was started on prednisolone resulting in a good hematologic response. Renal function also improved and proteinuria and hematuria disappeared, suggesting a lymphoma-related origin of the GN. Two years after full steroids withdrawal, the patient remained stable with a good renal function and daily protein excretion less than 300 mg. Lymphomas rarely are the cause of secondary glomerulonephritis; however, with a lack of an apparent cause, the clinician should be aware of them, particularly in the elderly with autoimmune manifestations.     

Acute kidney injury secondary to renal large B-cell lymphoma: role of early renal biopsy

Renal involvement in large B-cell lymphoma represents an exceptional manifestation of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Acute kidney injury (AKI) by lymphomatous infiltration is extremely rare and so far only 19 cases have been reported in the literature. We report a 67-year-old woman who presented with AKI and was found to have large B-cell lymphoma infiltrating her kidneys. The patient was treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) with rituximab, and a dramatic improvement of renal function was noticed after two weeks of treatment. Her renal function completely recovered after four weeks of treatment. In conclusion, lymphomatous infiltration of kidneys can directly lead to AKI. Rapid diagnosis and treatment is essential to preserve the renal function. Renal biopsy is the gold standard for the early diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma as a cause of AKI.     

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma presenting with anasarca-type edema and acute renal failure

Abstract

Intravascular lymphoma (IVL) is a rare extra nodal subtype (usually of B-cell origin) presenting with infiltration of large neoplastic lymphocytes into lumina of blood vessels, leading to vascular occlusion. The early diagnosis is very crucial, however it is usually diagnosed postmortem investigation in most of the cases. A 56-year-old female presented with elevated creatinine level, and anasarca-type edema that superimposed with hard, indurated, erythematous plaques extending to inguinal region, abdomen, anterior aspect of chest, and face. B-cell IVL was confirmed with skin biopsy. The patient had some degree of clinical improvement following chemotherapy. B-cell IVL presenting with anasarca edema was not previously reported in the literature. Even if its rarity, IVL should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal failure with anasarca edema.     

Insuffisance rénale aiguë révélatrice d’un lymphome rénal. À propos d’un cas

Acute renal failure, as the initial manifestation of lymphoma, has been reported only in a few cases. In this work, we report the case of a 28-year-old women admitted for acute renal failure. Her physical examination detected bilateral kidney enlargement. Laboratory evaluation revealed a serum creatinine value 218 μmol/l. A 24-hour urine collection analysis allowed the detection of 1 g of protein. No red cells were found after urinanalysis. Renal ultrasound showed massively enlarged kidneys. Renal biopsy of the kidney and pathologic examination showed diffuse infiltration of the interstitium with lymphocytes and atypical cells positive for CD20 markers. A diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell type non-Hodgkin lymphoma was made. However, investigations revealed the presence of two others sites of lymphoma: gastric and ophthalmic. The patient's renal function and kidney size as well as the other lymphoma locations were normalized after the initiation of chemotherapy.     

Diagnostic histologique de lymphome intravasculaire guidé par une hyperfixation corticale rénale à la tomographie par émission de positons : à propos d’un cas

Intravascular large B cell lymphoma is a rare non-Hodgkin large B cell lymphoma disease, with heterogeneous clinical manifestation and difficult pathological diagnosis. Positron emission tomography may be helpfull in this context and has already been reported. A 45-year-old woman was admitted for persistent high fever, inflammatory syndrome and unexplained haemophagocytic syndrome. Bilateral cortical renal hypermetabolism at positron emission tomography initially misled to pyelonephritis diagnosis and secondarily led to kidney biopsy, which showed intravascular large B cell lymphoma. Renal involvement in intravascular large B cell lymphoma is rare and is usually characterized by acute renal failure and proteinuria. Global hypermetabolism at positron emission tomography has already been described in this context, but cortical hypermetabolism has never been associated with pathological findings. In front of persistent high fever without etiology, this positron emission tomography feature must lead to intravascular large B cell lymphoma suspicion and to kidney biopsy to obtain pathological proof.     

An unusual cause of acute renal failure: renal lymphoma

Renal involvement is a common finding in non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). Acute renal failure at initial presentation due to lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys has been described infrequently. We report a 17-year-old male who presented with acute renal failure due to massive lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys, which necessitated hemodialysis. The diagnosis of B-cell NHL was established by tru-cut biopsy of the kidneys and the patient had an excellent response to high-dose chemotherapy with no major complication. The presence of extrarenal involvement in the testes and the retroperitoneal lymph nodes made the diagnosis of primary renal lymphoma debatable. However, considering the delay in diagnosis and the high proliferative rate of B-cell NHL, we might postulate that the disease had originated primarily in the kidneys. We recommend that in NHL cases with severe renal involvement, full-dose chemotherapy should be instituted with meticulous clinical and laboratory follow-up in order to improve clinical and renal failure status rapidly and to avoid further dissemination of NHL.