Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1961

CONTEXT: Schizophrenia is a common major mental disorder. Intrauterine nutritional deficiency may increase the risk of schizophrenia. The main evidence comes from studies of the 1944-1945 Dutch Hunger Winter when a sharp and time-limited decline in food intake occurred. The most exposed cohort conceived during the famine showed a 2-fold increased risk of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether those who endured a massive 1959-1961 famine in China experienced similar results. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The risk of schizophrenia was examined in the Wuhu region of Anhui, one of the most affected provinces. Rates were compared among those born before, during, and after the famine years. Wuhu and its surrounding 6 counties are served by a single psychiatric hospital. All psychiatric case records for the years 1971 through 2001 were examined, and clinical and sociodemographic information on patients with schizophrenia was extracted by researchers who were blinded to the nature of exposure. Data on number of births and deaths in the famine years were available, and cumulative mortality was estimated from later demographic surveys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Evidence of famine was verified, and unadjusted and mortality-adjusted relative risks of schizophrenia were calculated. RESULTS: The birth rates (per 1000) in Anhui decreased approximately 80% during the famine years from 28.28 in 1958 and 20.97 in 1959 to 8.61 in 1960 and 11.06 in 1961. Among births that occurred during the famine years, the adjusted risk of developing schizophrenia in later life increased significantly, from 0.84% in 1959 to 2.15% in 1960 and 1.81% in 1961. The mortality-adjusted relative risk was 2.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.99-2.65) for those born in 1960 and 1.93 (95% confidence interval, 1.68-2.23) for those born in 1961. CONCLUSION: Our findings replicate the Dutch data for a separate racial group and show that prenatal exposure to famine increases risk of schizophrenia in later life.     

Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1961

Context  Schizophrenia is a common major mental disorder. Intrauterine nutritional deficiency may increase the risk of schizophrenia. The main evidence comes from studies of the 1944-1945 Dutch Hunger Winter when a sharp and time-limited decline in food intake occurred. The most exposed cohort conceived during the famine showed a 2-fold increased risk of schizophrenia. Objective  To determine whether those who endured a massive 1959-1961 famine in China experienced similar results. Design, Setting, and Participants  The risk of schizophrenia was examined in the Wuhu region of Anhui, one of the most affected provinces. Rates were compared among those born before, during, and after the famine years. Wuhu and its surrounding 6 counties are served by a single psychiatric hospital. All psychiatric case records for the years 1971 through 2001 were examined, and clinical and sociodemographic information on patients with schizophrenia was extracted by researchers who were blinded to the nature of exposure. Data on number of births and deaths in the famine years were available, and cumulative mortality was estimated from later demographic surveys. Main Outcome Measures  Evidence of famine was verified, and unadjusted and mortality-adjusted relative risks of schizophrenia were calculated. Results  The birth rates (per 1000) in Anhui decreased approximately 80% during the famine years from 28.28 in 1958 and 20.97 in 1959 to 8.61 in 1960 and 11.06 in 1961. Among births that occurred during the famine years, the adjusted risk of developing schizophrenia in later life increased significantly, from 0.84% in 1959 to 2.15% in 1960 and 1.81% in 1961. The mortality-adjusted relative risk was 2.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.99-2.65) for those born in 1960 and 1.93 (95% confidence interval, 1.68-2.23) for those born in 1961. Conclusion  Our findings replicate the Dutch data for a separate racial group and show that prenatal exposure to famine increases risk of schizophrenia in later life.      

Prenatal Exposure to Wartime Famine and Development of Antisocial Personality Disorder in Early Adulthood

Context  Several observational epidemiological studies report an association of pregnancy and obstetric complications with development of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in offspring. However, the precise nature and timing of the hypothesized biological insults are not known. Objective  To test whether severe maternal nutritional deficiency early in gestation is associated with risk for ASPD in offspring. Design and Setting  Retrospective cohort study. From October 1944 to May 1945, the German army blockaded food supplies to the Netherlands, subjecting the western Netherlands first to moderate (official food rations, 4200-6300 kJ/d) then to severe (<4200 kJ/d) nutritional deficiency. The north and south were subjected to moderate nutritional deficiency only. Participants  Dutch men born in large urban areas in 1944-1946 who were given psychiatric examinations for military induction at age 18 years (N=100,543) were classified by the degree and timing of their prenatal exposure to nutritional deficiency based on their birthdate and birthplace. Main Outcome Measure  Diagnosis of ASPD by psychiatric interview at time of medical examination for military induction, using the International Classification of Diseases, Sixth Revision (ICD-6). Results  Men exposed prenatally to severe maternal nutritional deficiency during the first and/or second trimesters of pregnancy exhibited increased risk for ASPD (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-4.2). Third-trimester exposure to severe nutritional deficiency and prenatal exposure to moderate nutritional deficiency were not associated with risk for ASPD. Conclusions  Our data suggest that severe nutritional insults to the developing brain in utero may be capable of increasing the risk for antisocial behaviors in offspring. The possible implications of these findings for both developed countries and developing countries, where severe nutritional deficiency is widespread and often exacerbated by war, natural disaster, and forced migration, warrant study.      

母孕期应激与子代精神分裂症关系队列研究的Meta分析

背景　精神分裂症的病因及发病机制一直以来不是十分清楚，发育起源学说认为精神分裂症起始于围生期，后期出现精神症状不是疾病的开始而是疾病中后期的表现，母孕期经历应激与子代精神分裂症发病的因果关系尚未定论。目的　探索母孕期经历应激对子代精神分裂症发病的影响。方法　计算机检索Medline、EMBase、PubMed、中国知网（CNKI）、中国科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学数据库（CBM）、维普网、万方数据知识服务平台等数据库，筛选关于母孕期经历应激事件的队列研究文献。检索时间为数据库建库至2019年5月。双人独立根据检索策略进行文献检索，提取题目、第一作者、应激事件、发表时间、例数、诊断标准、孕期时间等信息并评价文献质量。采用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计学分析，采用RR及其95%CI评估合并效应量。采用State 15.0软件进行发表偏倚Egger's检验。结果　本研究共纳入13篇文献，共3 342 829例研究对象，其中应激组536 142例，对照组2 806 687例。Meta分析结果显示，应激组子代精神分裂症发病率高于对照组〔RR=1.43，95%CI（1.17，1.73），P=0.000 01〕。按照应激持续时间进行亚组分析，结果显示，母孕期经历短期应激时应激组子代精神分裂症发病率高于对照组〔RR=1.10，95%CI（1.01，1.20），P=0.03〕，母孕期经历长期应激时应激组子代精神分裂症发病率高于对照组〔RR=1.69，95%CI（1.58，1.80），P<0.000 01〕。Egger's检验结果显示，无发表偏倚（t=0.79，P=0.79）。结论　母孕期经历应激可能使子代精神分裂症发病率增加，且长期应激与短期应激均可能使子代精神分裂症发病率增加。     

孕期尼古丁暴露所致成年雄性子代大鼠肝脏CYP同工酶及抗氧化酶变化

目的:探讨孕期尼古丁暴露(PNE)所致雄性子代大鼠肝脏细胞色素P450(CYP)同工酶及抗氧化酶表达和功能变化。方法:建立孕中、晚期尼古丁[2mg/(kg·d)]暴露大鼠模型,检测出生后3月和7月龄雄性大鼠肝脏CYP同工酶和抗氧化酶的表达和活性变化。结果:PNE的3月龄雄性大鼠肝脏CYP1A2、CYP2C11和CYP3A1的mRNA表达显著增加,其他亚型(CYP2A2、CYP2B1、CYP2D2和CYP2E1)为增加趋势,而CYP2E1活性显著降低,其他亚型(CYP2C6、CYP2D2/3和CYP3A1)有降低趋势;7月龄雄性大鼠肝脏CYP2A2和CYP2E1的mRNA表达增加,其他亚型(CYP1A2、CYP2C11、CYP2D2和CYP3A1)为增加趋势,而酶活性无明显变化。3月和7月龄雄性大鼠肝脏抗氧化酶谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性无明显改变。结论:PNE可导致雄性3月龄子代大鼠肝脏CYP同工酶的mRNA表达增加,但酶活性降低,7月龄雄性大鼠肝脏CYP同工酶功能趋于正常。提示PNE可改变雄性子代大鼠药物代谢功能但不影响抗氧化酶功能。     

Association between Chinese Famine Exposure and the Risk of Overweight/Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Laterlife:A Cross-sectional Study

正This study aimed to examine the association between famine exposure in different stages of life and the risk of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in laterlife.A total of 12,458 participants were categorized into non-exposure and four direct exposures,including fetal,childhood,adolescence,and adult exposure.Only risk of being overweight or obesity in adolescence exposure [odds ratio(OR),     

Dietary Exposure of the Chinese Population to Acrylamide

ObjectiveTo assess the current status of the acrylamide in the Chinese food supply, the dietary acrylamide exposure in the Chinese population and to estimate the public health risks of the current consumption.MethodsThe acrylamide content in the total diet study (TDS) food samples was analyzed using an LC-MS/MS method. Based on the analytical results, the dietary exposure calculations were performed using a deterministic method, combining mean acrylamide concentrations from the food group composite with their associated food consumptions.ResultsAcrylamide was detected in 43.7% of all samples collected and acrylamide concentration varied from ND to 526.6 μg/kg. The estimated dietary intakes of acrylamide among Chinese general population given as the mean and the 95th percentile (P95) were 0.286 and 0.490 μg·kg^?1 bw·day^?1, respectively. The margins of exposure (MOEs) for the population calculated using both benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10% extra risk of tumors in animals (BMDL₁₀) 0.31 and 0.18 μg·kg^?1 bw·day^?1, were 1069 and 621 for the mean dietary exposure, and 633 and 367 for the high dietary exposure respectively.ConclusionThese MOE values might indicate a human health concern on acrylamide for Chinese population. Efforts should continue to reduce acrylamide levels in food in order to reduce the dietary risks to the human health.     

家兔双光气中毒后急性肺水肿的组织学和超微结构改变

以LC_(50)双光气中毒家兔,其急性肺水肿过程的形态改变,主要为:支气管上皮下水肿,肺泡壁间质水肿和内皮细胞损伤,及肺泡管、细支气管周围肺泡纤维蛋白渗出。肺泡壁间质液体进入肺泡的途径,仍待深入研究。