纵隔囊性病变的CT与MRI诊断

目的：探讨纵隔囊性病变的CT、MRI诊断及鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性总结30例经手术、病理确诊的纵隔囊性病变的CT及MRI表现，包括胸腺囊肿7例，囊性畸胎瘤8例，气管、支气管囊肿9例，食管囊肿4例，囊性淋巴管瘤2例。结果：不同纵隔囊性病变均有其较特定的发病部位。7例胸腺囊肿中6例位于前上纵隔的胸腺区，1例位于前纵隔中下部；8例囊性畸胎瘤主要位于前纵隔中部、大血管起始处；9例气管、支气管囊肿位于中上纵隔，气管、支气管右旁区；4例食管囊肿，其中3例位于后纵隔，1例位于中纵隔；2例囊性淋巴管瘤，其中1例为颈纵隔型，1例为颈一腋纵隔型。结论：纵隔囊性病变虽无明显特征性影像学表现，仔细观察CT与MRI征象特点，结合发病部位，对提高本病的诊断具有重要意义。     

纵隔内胚窦瘤的MSCT表现及诊断价值

目的探讨纵隔内胚窦瘤(mediastinal endodermal sinus tumor,MEST)的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)表现,提高临床诊断水平。方法回顾性分析7例病理证实的纵隔内胚窦瘤的MSCT表现。结果 7例病例均位于前纵隔,其中前上纵隔4例,前中上纵隔3例;CT平扫显示肿块均为实性软组织肿块,边界不清;6例密度不均匀,5例肿块内部可见坏死囊变,2例可见不规则钙化;增强扫描肿块中度～高度不均匀强化;1例较大肿块内可见强化血管。结论纵隔内胚窦瘤CT表现具有一定的特征性,MSCT图像后处理有利于病变细微结构的显示,根据CT表现可以提示诊断并帮助确定手术方案和推测预后,但确诊需依靠病理学。     

原发性纵隔卵黄囊瘤CT影像学诊断

目的探讨CT对原发性纵隔卵黄囊瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析我院2012年至今发现的5例原发性纵隔卵黄囊瘤的多层螺旋CT表现。结果 5例病变均位于前中上纵隔,肿块形态均不规则,密度不均匀,均呈囊实性;体积较大,其中4例肿瘤最大径大于10cm,另外1例最大径约9cm。4例出现胸膜及肺转移,其中1例并发肝转移。结论原发性纵隔卵黄囊瘤是一种比较罕见且恶性程度比较高的生殖细胞肿瘤,CT增强检查结合实验室检查对其有重要诊断价值。     

囊性纵隔肿瘤的CT鉴别诊断

目的：探讨囊性纵隔肿瘤的CT表现在其鉴别诊断中的价值。方法：搜集58例经手术病理证实的囊性纵隔肿瘤的CT资料。其中纵隔囊肿37例,肿块内的囊性改变超过肿块70%以上者21例。将58例病例先按纵隔7分区定位缩窄鉴别诊断范围,后在全面观察肿物的瘤-心脏大血管界面（mass-cardiovascular interface,MCI）、囊壁的厚度、囊内缘清晰度、囊内容物的基础上,重点分析其囊性影像的CT特点。结果：①纵隔囊肿的CT表现多为类圆形或椭圆形的肿块,囊壁薄而边缘清晰,无强化或轻度强化;②胸腺类囊性肿瘤多位于前中区,囊壁可厚可薄,除凸出型外,MCI的余三种类型均可见,但灌铸型仅见于此种病例中;畸胎瘤多位于前中区,囊壁多厚而不规则,均为凸出型;前肠源性囊肿多位于中中区,囊壁薄,以平坦型为主;心包囊肿多位于前下区,囊壁薄,均为凹陷型;神经源性囊性肿瘤则均居于后区,多无MCI。结论：囊性纵隔肿瘤定性诊断的征象较少,需全面观察其影像学所见作分析性判断。仔细观察囊性肿瘤的壁、边缘以及MCI的表现无疑可提高诊断水平。     

纵隔支气管源性囊肿的CT诊断探讨

目的　探讨纵隔支气管源性囊肿CT诊断及鉴别诊断。方法　回顾分析经病理证实 2 0例纵隔支气管源性囊肿CT表现。结果　 14例位于中纵隔气管旁 ,其中 12例位于右侧 ,2例位于左侧 ;5例位于右中纵隔隆突部支气管旁 ;左后纵隔食管旁 1例。呈圆形或卵圆形肿块 ,12例呈囊性密度 ,8例呈软组织密度 ,增强 5例囊内容物无强化 ,3例软组织密度病变强化后呈囊样低密度。结论　支气管源性囊肿多发于中纵隔气管旁 ,CT平扫加增强有助于诊断和鉴别诊断 ,结合临床资料多数可确诊。     

纵隔囊性病变的CT诊断

目的探讨纵隔囊性病变的CT诊断和鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析38例经临床病理证实的纵隔囊性病变患者的CT资料、病理及临床表现,术前均行CT平扫,28例同时行增强扫描。结果支气管囊肿10例,7例位于中纵隔,3例位于后纵隔;心包囊肿8例,6例位于前纵隔,2例位于中纵隔;胸腺囊肿3例,均位于前纵隔;食管重复囊肿1例,位于后纵隔;胸内甲状腺囊肿1例,位于中纵隔;囊性畸胎瘤8例,6例位于前纵隔,2例位于后纵隔;淋巴管瘤1例,跨前、中纵隔;神经鞘瘤囊性变5例,均位于后纵隔;纵隔转移性淋巴结囊性变1例,位于中纵隔。结论 CT检查可清楚显示纵隔囊性病变的位置、形态及其与邻近结构的关系,结合临床表现,常可于术前作出定性诊断。     

胸腺囊肿的CT、MRI诊断

目的:总结胸腺囊肿的CT和MRI影像表现。材料和方法:回顾分析12例胸腺囊肿的胸部平片、CT和MRI表现并与手术病理对照。结果:12例胸腺囊肿直径1~12cm,平均3.6cm;圆形或类圆形10例,长圆或圆柱形2例;位于前上纵隔9例,前下纵隔1例,从主动脉弓至横膈2例;边缘光整12例;境界清楚9例,与心脏大血管或心包联系紧密3例;未突出纵隔轮廓5例,突出纵隔轮廓7例;薄壁10例,厚壁2例;单房11例,多房1例;均匀水样密度9例,接近肌肉密度3例;7例增强扫描囊内容物均无增强。结论:大多数胸腺囊肿根据其CT和MRI表现,术前可作出正确诊断,并与其他纵隔囊性肿块相鉴别。     

纵隔型肺癌的CT及MR表现分析

目的 探讨纵隔型肺癌CT及MRI诊断能力.方法 回顾分析15例经纤支镜、穿刺活检及手术病理证实为纵隔型肺癌的CT及MRI影像资料,15例全部行CT平扫,其中11例增强扫描,3例行MR平扫与增强扫描.分析CT及MRI图像上肿块的位置、大小、形态、边缘及其与纵隔和肺的关系.结果 15例纵隔型肺癌为单发肿块,5例小细胞型肺癌,8例鳞癌、腺癌及腺鳞癌各1例.肿块均位于纵隔胸膜下,与纵隔呈宽基底相贴,大多呈类圆形或椭圆形.边缘分叶12例,毛刺9例.肿块位于上纵隔8例,中纵隔5例,下纵隔2例.其中前中纵隔区12例,后纵隔3例.肿块与肿大淋巴结融合7例.癌肿邻近相应支气管变窄或闭塞9例.4例有胸廓骨转移性骨质破坏.结论 纵隔型肺癌易误诊,仔细分析CT及MRI表现,结合临床可作出较准确的诊断.     

颈外侧部囊性肿块的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 分析颈外侧部囊性肿块的CT表现,探讨该区域囊性病变的CT诊断及鉴别诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析43例经手术病理证实的颈外侧部囊性肿块(囊肿20例,肿瘤性病变15例,炎性病变8例)的CT表现,包括病灶的大小、形态、边缘、密度、强化特点、肿块的解剖部位及其与邻近血管和间隙的关系等.结果 囊肿、肿瘤及炎性肿块的平均发病年龄分别为20.3岁、49.4岁、33.3岁.66.67%(18/27)单发病变为囊肿,56.25%(9/16)多发病变为肿瘤性病变.肿块位于咽旁间隙10例,颈血管间隙22例,颈后间隙6例,腮腺间隙3例,胸锁乳突肌外侧2例.70%(14/20)囊肿边界清晰壁薄,66.7%(10/15)肿瘤性病变壁厚薄不均,75%(6/8)炎性病变周围可见炎性渗出表现.囊肿囊壁无或轻度强化,多数肿瘤及炎性病变囊壁呈中度或明显强化.结论 CT能对颈外侧部囊性肿块准确定位,结合囊性肿块的囊壁、囊内外及CT强化特点有利于定性及鉴别诊断.     

纵隔支气管源性囊肿CT征象

支气管源性囊肿是一种起源于胚胎期前肠的先天性发育异常,按发病部位不同分为肺内型、纵隔型和异位型,以纵隔型多见,因其CT表现无特异性而容易误诊,尤其是发病于非典型部位的支气管源性囊肿容易与纵隔其他来源的囊性病变相混淆.现回顾性分析 7 例经手术病理证实的纵隔支气管源性囊肿CT征象,探讨其CT表现及鉴别诊断,旨在有助于提高对本病的认识.     

纵隔囊性病变的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的探讨纵隔囊性病变的CT诊断及鉴别诊断.方法本组共12例,均经手术及病理证实,男9例,女3例,年龄17～55岁.12例均行CT平扫,其中5例行CT增强扫描.回顾性分析其CT表现.结果纵隔囊性病变中,胸腺囊肿3例,淋巴管瘤2例,支气管囊肿7例.3例胸腺囊肿中,2例位于前纵隔,1例位于左颈及前纵隔;2例淋巴管瘤,1例位于中纵隔,1例位于左颈及前、中纵隔.7例支气管囊肿,均位于中纵隔气管及支气管右旁区域.结论CT平扫结合增强扫描,不仅准确显示纵隔囊性病变的位置和形态,而且清楚显示其与邻近结构的关系,因此结合临床资料及发病部位,对于纵隔囊性病变一般能够达到术前定性诊断.     

Mediastinal lymphangioma in adults: CT and MR imaging features

Adult mediastinal lymphangiomas are rare lesions the diagnosis of which is difficult based on imaging studies. A retrospective study of CT, MR, and pathologic findings of mediastinal lymphangioma was performed in order to correlate pathological and imaging findings. Nine cases of adult lymphangiomas were identified in the records of our institution over a 12-year period. The CT, MR, and pathologic findings were reviewed. Lesions were classified pathologically as unilocular, cavernous, and intermediate types. Pathologic examination identified six cases of unilocular lesion, two cases of cavernous type, and one intermediate type. The CT features (n = 9) included a smoothly marginated non-enhancing mass of water attenuation (n = 7), a non-enhancing mass of soft tissue attenuation (n = 1), and an enhancing multiseptated mass (n = 1). Lesions were located in the anterior mediastinum (n = 2), right paratracheal (n = 4), subcarinal (n = 1), aortopulmonic window (n = 1) areas, and below the left hilum extending into the posterior mediastinum (n = 1). The MR features (n = 3) were characterized by an enhancing multicystic and multiseptated appearance, evocative of a cavernous type in two cases. The CT appearance of mediastinal thoracic lymphangioma is variable depending on the pathologic type. The most common unilocular type is a non-enhancing thin-walled mass on CT. A less frequent cavernous type can be suggested based on a multiseptated and loculated mass on CT and/or MR examination. Received: 21 June 1999; Revised: 30 September 1999; Accepted: 23 February 2000     

Whole-body (67)Ga scintigraphy in a patient with thymus carcinoma

We report a case of a 50 year old man referred to our department with a history of mild cough, dyspnea and dysphagia. The thoracic CT scan showed a large solid mass in the anterior mediastinum, corresponding to the findings in the chest radiographs.A 67Ga scintigraphy was performed and showed high pathological accumulation in the anterior mediastinum. A subsequent fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) showed the presence of malignant cells, suggesting thymic carcinoma. Although this type of tumour is uncommon, it should be taken into account in order to establish the differential diagnosis of gallium-avid mediastinal masses.     

纵隔囊肿的CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的提高纵隔囊肿的诊断与鉴别诊断水平。方法收集经手术病理证实的纵隔囊肿36例,分析其CT表现。结果所有病例CT表现均为边缘清晰、囊壁菲薄、内为不强化的水样密度肿块。其中神经肠源性囊肿1例、支气管囊肿12例、食管囊肿2例、心包囊肿5例、皮样囊肿7例、淋巴管囊肿4例、胸腺囊肿4例、非特异性囊肿1例。结论根据CT平扫和增强扫描上特征性表现,可较正确地作出纵隔囊肿的诊断,并与其它囊性病变鉴别。     

纵隔畸胎瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨纵隔畸胎瘤的CT特点,提高该病的诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析35例经临床和病理证实的纵隔畸胎瘤患者的CT资料。结果纵隔畸胎瘤绝大多数(97.1%)位于前纵隔中上部。纵隔畸胎瘤包括囊性畸胎瘤(60.0%)和实质性畸胎瘤(40.0%)2大类,其内可以观察到多种胚层的各种组织。囊性畸胎瘤(21例)CT表现为囊状水样密度块影,大多数具有“显壁囊肿”的特点。实质性畸胎瘤(14例)CT表现为混杂密度软组织块影。恶性畸胎瘤(5例)与周围组织间脂肪间隙消失,并对周围大血管呈全包绕或大半包绕状态。纵隔畸胎瘤可产生胸腔积液(6例)和心包积液(12例)。结论纵隔畸胎瘤具有明显的CT特点。CT在纵隔畸胎瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要价值。     

The anterior mediastinum: anatomy and imaging procedures

The mediastinum is divided into compartments (anterior, middle, posterior) on the basis of lateral chest radiographs. Several anatomical and radiological classifications of the mediastinum are reported in the literature. Most mediastinal abnormalities are initially suspected following chest radiography; the need for further investigation and the most appropriate imaging modality are largely dictated by the tentative diagnosis made on this examination. Although routine chest radiography initiates the evaluation of mediastinal disorders, it is rarely diagnostic: notable exceptions are teeth or bones within a mass, which are diagnostic of a teratoma; air/fluid levels suggest an oesophageal origin, hernia, cyst, or abscess. Chest radiography is followed by spiral computed tomography (sCT). However, even sCT with contrast material is occasionally diagnostic (a confident diagnosis can be made of some lesions such as mature teratoma and mediastinal goiter) but is usually sufficient for preoperative evaluation before mediastinotomy or mediastinoscopy: it is instrumental in planning further diagnostic workup. In certain cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be complementary to sCT, but its use is not considered routine. Besides, although the anterior mediastinum is suitable for sonographic examination, the diagnostic value of ultrasonography has not been fully exploited. Thyroid scanning with radioactive iodine is useful in identifying and evaluating masses of suspected thyroid origin. The role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in mediastinal diseases continues to be evaluated: it has potential for differentiating between benign and malignant disease and is expected to play a more extensive role in the imaging of mediastinal neoplasms in the future. In this paper, the radiological features of masses located in the anterior mediastinum are discussed, with particular reference to radiographic and CT patterns useful to the clinician's everyday practice.     

Primary mediastinal endodermal sinus tumors: CT evaluation

Five patients with primary mediastinal endodermal sinus tumor have been evaluated by computed tomography (CT). The tumors were all located in the anterior mediastinum. Prechemotherapy CT demonstrated large, irregularly enhancing inhomogeneous masses without fat components. Calcification was visualized in two tumors. Some parts of the pleura-lung interface were irregular in four cases. Obliteration of fat planes to pericardium and chest wall was evident in all cases, and there was infiltration of intercostal muscles in four. Postchemotherapy CT in two patients who responded to chemotherapy showed either newly developed cystic lesions or cystic change of the original mediastinal mass. The cystic masses had more regular borders, a homogeneous hypodense center, and a smooth peripheral rim of contrast-enhancing tissue.     

原发纵隔囊肿影像学表现

目的探讨原发纵隔囊肿影像表现特征,提高影像诊断的准确率。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实且资料完整的42例原发纵隔囊肿的影像学表现。所有病例均摄胸部后前位与侧位片,胸部CT平扫29例,其中15例行增强扫描,胸部MRI平扫6例。观察病变的部位、大小、形态、密度(信号)、边缘、壁及其厚度、邻近结构。每一病种均分为影像征象典型与不典型2类。结果病变位于前纵隔28例,中、后纵隔各7例。上纵隔9例,中纵隔24例,下纵隔9例。支气管囊肿9例,囊性淋巴管瘤4例,胸腺囊肿11例,心包囊肿5例,成熟性囊性畸胎瘤13例。影像征象典型38例,不典型4例。结论90%的纵隔囊肿,根据CT、MRI显示的病变部位与内部密度、信号特征,可做出正确的影像诊断;不典型者确诊仍依靠手术病理。