农村中学生艾滋病相关知识与态度的对应分析

目的了解农村中学生艾滋病相关知识与对待HIV感染者及患者态度的关系,为进一步开展艾滋病健康教育提供科学依据。方法运用对应分析方法对996名农村中学生艾滋病相关知识与态度进行分析。结果农村中学生艾滋病相关知识与态度之间存在对应关系,艾滋病相关知识得分最高与较高的学生对待HIV感染者及患者的态度也最好与较好,知识得分中等以下的学生其对待HIV感染者及患者的态度也在中等以下,存在歧视与恐惧心理。结论农村中学生要形成对待HIV感染者及患者的宽容理性的态度,应该以艾滋病相关知识的教育为基础,并辅以其他教育手段。     

医学院学生AIDS知信行现状及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解医学院学生艾滋病相关知识、态度和行为现状及其影响因素,探讨在大学生中实施艾滋病健康教育的有效途径.[方法]2007年,在滨州医学院分层随机整群抽取696名大学生进行问卷调查.[结果]调查696人,对艾滋病各种传播途径的知晓率为8.91%～99.43%,对各种艾滋病非传播途径的知晓率为70.69%～85.92%;艾滋病预防知识知晓率为69.83%～87.36%).全部调查对象艾滋病知识得分(满分32分)为(27.68±2.03)分,对待艾滋病患者和HIV感染者的态度(对待艾滋病态度)(满分7分)得分为(3.03±1.79)分;对待艾滋病态度得分与艾滋病知识得分呈正相关(r=0.077,P<0.05).多元非条件Logistic回归分析结果,高年级、能得到父母关爱的学生对待艾滋病态度得分高,医学专业学生艾滋病知识得分高.[结论]某医学院大学生艾滋病的认知水平不高,对待艾滋病患者和HIV感染者的态度有待提高.     

澜沧县15～49岁艾滋病病毒感染者艾滋病知识及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解澜沧县15~49岁的HIV感染者的艾滋病知晓情况和影响因素,为确定开展艾滋病健康教育的重点提供依据。[方法]2009年4~8月,对澜沧县2008年底以前报告在访的15~49岁HIV感染者291例进行调查,并采用非条件Logistic回归分析HIV感染者艾滋病知晓的影响因素。[结果]调查291例,艾滋病知识总知晓率为89.69%,对"看似健康的人是否携带艾滋病病毒"、"蚊虫叮咬是否传播艾滋病"回答正确率较低(80.41%、81.79%)。艾滋病知识知晓率,汉族为94.90%,少数民族为87.05%(P0.05);文盲、小学者为77.14%,初中及以上为97.25%(P0.01);农民为86.98%,其他人群为97.37%(P0.05);不同性别、不同年龄、不同婚姻状况、不同户籍、不同传播途径感染者之间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。非条件Logistic回归分析结果,初中及以上文化程度、静脉吸毒途径感染的HIV感染者艾滋病知识知晓率较高。[结论]澜沧县HIV感染者的艾滋病知识知晓率较高,文化程度和被感染的途径是影响知晓率的因素。     

暗娼艾滋病相关知识、态度及行为的描述性研究

目的了解暗娼艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为现况及探讨影响健康行为形成的相关因素。方法采用按规模大小成比例的概率抽样（PPS）方法对7913例暗娼进行问卷调查。结果调查暗娼平均年龄（24.6±5.8）岁,婚姻状况以未婚为主,文化程度以初中为主。艾滋病相关知识知晓率为83%（95%CI：82%～84%）,对熟人（邻居、亲戚、朋友或同学等）感染了HIV明确表示愿意继续交往的为67%（95%CI：66%～68%）,形成健康行为的率为87%（95%CI：87%～88%）。Logistic回归分析,入选变量为文化程度、是否知晓UNGASS定义艾滋病知识、是否知晓艾滋病3个传播途径和对HIV感染者/病人的态度。结论相对于知识知晓的影响,对HIV感染者/病人积极的态度对暗娼健康行为影响不大。应进一步加强艾滋病相关知识的普及,以促进目标人群尽快形成健康行为;并通过社会倡导舆论、道德观念的转变以减少对艾滋病消极、歧视的态度。     

艾滋病高发区HIV/AIDS患者的艾滋病相关知识和影响因素分析

目的:了解河南省艾滋病高发区HIV/AIDS患者的艾滋病相关知识知晓情况和影响因素.方法:采用整群随机抽样的方法,对当地HIV/AIDS患者进行问卷调查,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归进行统计学分析.结果:艾滋病相关知识知晓率为79.5%;多因素非条件Logisti.回归显示,年龄、文化程度是艾滋病相关知识知晓情况的主要影响因素.结论:河南省艾滋病高发区HIV/AIDS患者艾滋病相关知识的知晓率较高,年龄较高者和文化程度较低者是艾滋病相关知识宣传的重点对象.     

基层医务人员艾滋病知识态度及职业防护行为现状

目的调查分析江苏省基层医务人员艾滋病相关知识、态度和职业暴露防护行为现状及其影响因素,为开展艾滋病综合防治及职业防护提供依据。方法采用分层抽样的方法,对江苏省泰兴、张家港和丹阳的各级医疗卫生服务机构医务人员进行艾滋病相关知识、态度和职业暴露防护行为状况的问卷调查,并分析其影响因素。结果医务人员对艾滋病的基本知识总知晓率为81.41%(40 370/49 588);58.4%(841/1 439)的临床一线医务人员认为自己有感染艾滋病的危险;当同事或朋友感染人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)时,表示会对其更加关心,并注意自我保护的医务人员占78.8%(1 132/1 436);36.1%(519/1 439)的医务人员面对HIV感染者/艾滋病患者时会感到恐惧;83.9%(1 207/1 439)的医务人员不拒绝为HIV感染者/艾滋病患者提供治疗;仅58.3%(839/1 439)的医务人员将所有诊疗病人的血液或体液当作艾滋病潜在传染源来防护;职业暴露后进行局部处理、预防性用药者分别占87.9%(1 262/1 435)、50.2%(721/1 435);多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄、职称、工作科室和接受培训情况对医务人员艾滋病知识知晓率有影响;性别、年龄、三级网络、工作科室及自觉有感染HIV危险对医务人员面对艾滋病恐惧心理有影响;培训、曾经诊断艾滋病和工作科室对医务人员艾滋病职业暴露防护行为有影响。结论医务人员艾滋病知识缺乏全面性、系统性,对艾滋病患者和HIV感染者仍然存在恐惧心理,职业暴露相关防护行为正确率较低。     

广州高校大学生艾滋病知识、态度现况及其影响因素分析

目的了解广州高校大学生艾滋病(AIDS)知识、态度的现状及其相关影响因素,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法在广州市选取4所高等院校,每院校每年级随机选取20名学生,采用统一调查问卷,调查AIDS传播途径及预防知识以及对待AIDS/HIV感染者的态度。采用Logistic回归分析方法筛选AIDS相关知识、态度的影响因素。结果共调查351名大学生,AIDS知识总知晓率为88.0%,其中传播途径知识总知晓率为91.3%,预防知识知晓率为80.6%;对待AIDS/HIV感染者正确态度率为44.9%。知识分值与态度分值呈正相关(r=0.121,P<0.05)。医学院校生知识得分高于非医学院校生(Z=-2.448,P<0.05);大学3~5年级学生知识得分高于1~2级学生(Z=-2.944,P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析表明,专业、年级、父亲文化程度、了解AIDS等是影响对待AIDS/HIV感染者正确态度的主要因素。获得AIDS相关知识的主要途径是书刊或报纸(占76.6%),其次是广播或电视(占68.9%)、互联网(占51.3%)。结论广州大学生掌握AIDS知识并不全面,对待AIDS/HIV感染者正确态度率较低,应进一步改进高等院校AIDS预防知识健康教育工作。建议开展学校健康促进活动,共同促进与实现有效的AIDS预防与控制。     

广州市服务人员对HIV/AIDS患者保密态度的通径分析

[目的]了解广州市服务人员对HIV/AIDS患者保密态度及其影响因素,为提出有效对策保护HIV/AIDS患者的合法权益提供理论依据。[方法]对广州服务人员进行问卷调查,采用Epidata软件录入数据,运用STATA10.0软件对资料进行χ2检验、Logistic回归分析和通径分析。[结果]艾滋病保密率为43.3%。通径分析结果表明对待艾滋病病人态度对保密率有直接影响,年龄、经济收入、广州户籍对保密率有间接影响,文化程度、工作时间、艾滋病相关知识得分对保密率既有直接影响又有间接影响;从总的效果来看,影响保密率的前4位因素为:文化程度、艾滋病相关知识、对待艾滋病病人态度、工作时间,效应大小分别为0.257、0.198、0.137、0.123。[结论]今后应该在娱乐场所服务人员中大力开展旨在提高艾滋病相关知识、消除对艾滋病病人或感染者歧视的宣传教育,尤其要加强对文化程度较低、工作时间较短服务人员的宣传教育。     

生活技能培训对艾滋病高发地区高中学生相关知识和态度的影响

目的:评价在艾滋病高发地区农村高中学生中开展生活技能培训对他们艾滋病相关知识和态度的影响。方法:在河南省上蔡县选择2所高中的所有一年级学生为干预组,开展为期3个月的生活技能培训;选择生源素质相近的另一所高中的一年级学生为对照组,不开展干预活动。干预活动开展前后分别进行匿名自填问卷调查,评价干预活动效果。结果:干预组学生的艾滋病知识得分(78.79)明显高于对照组(57.58)。干预组对HIV感染者的态度转变明显,他们更愿意接纳和关爱身边的HIV感染者。干预组92.7%的学生认为有必要在学校教育中全面开展这样的生活技能培训。多因素分析显示,生活技能培训、同伴和父母的态度和观点对农村地区高中学生的艾滋病相关知识和态度的影响很大。结论:以生活技能培训方式开展的短期(3个月)性与生殖健康教育对提高学生的艾滋病知识、转变学生对HIV感染者的态度有明显的效果。     

山西省大学生艾滋病相关知识及社会歧视的调查

[目的]了解山西省大学生艾滋病相关知识的掌握程度,探讨在校大学生对艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病患者(HIV感染者/AIDS患者)的歧视状况及大学生对艾滋病歧视的影响因素,为消除艾滋病相关歧视,有针对性地对大学生进行艾滋病健康教育提供参考依据。[方法]采用方便抽样的方法抽取山西大学(文史类)、太原理工大学(理工类)、山西医科大学(医学类)三所高校在校的1313名大学生进行现场自填式问卷调查。[结果]被调查大学生对艾滋病传播途径知识的总体知晓率为89.5%,对部分非传播途径知识和预防知识的认识存在较模糊状态,其知晓率分别为78.3%和75.0%。进行多因素累积logistic回归分析结果显示:本次调查大学生对HIV感染者和AIDS患者歧视态度的影响因素依次为:理学专业、家庭住址在乡村、对艾滋病(AIDS)近几年的发展趋势的关心程度、国家艾滋病政策知识得分、非传播途径知识得分、艾滋病一般知识得分。[结论]大学生对艾滋病相关知识的掌握程度有待于进一步提高。除了对AIDS近几年的发展趋势的关心程度、艾滋病一般知识、非传播途径知识等影响因素外,大学生对HIV感染者/AIDS患者歧视态度还受其所学的专业和家庭住址的影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.