CT联合超声引导下经皮微波消融治疗尾状叶肝癌的可行性及短期疗效观察

目的探讨CT联合超声引导下微波消融治疗尾状叶肝癌的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾性地收集2015年1月~2017年1月我院收治的明确诊断为尾状叶肝癌患者63例,经多学科会诊讨论后,共15例患者行CT联合超声引导下肝癌微波消融治疗。对患者进行随访,随访截止日期为2018年1月;评估治疗效果,主要为局部病灶复发率,以及手术并发症。首次治疗后3个月内每月返院复查一次,若未发现肿瘤复发,则每3个月复查一次,若发现病灶有复发,则再次行消融治疗,复查时通过增强CT、超声造影或增强MR影像学检查明确尾状叶病灶情况。结果 15例均成功完成治疗。平均随访时间为14(8~20)个月。随访时间内15例患者于术后1个月复查完全消融率达到100%;1例于术后2个月尾状叶病灶复发,复发率为6.7%,再次行消融治疗,截止最终随访时间尾状叶病灶未复发,其余14例于随访时间内尾状叶病灶均未复发;15例患者中有1例发生手术相关性4级并发症,发生率为6.7%,其余均为1~2级不良反应。结论 CT联合超声引导下微波消融治疗尾状叶肝癌对尾状叶肝癌的治疗提供了一种新途径,并且具有良好的临床效果和较高的安全性。     

超声造影评价射频消融治疗肝癌的疗效

目的探讨超声造影评价射频消融治疗肝癌疗效的临床应用价值。方法 25例原发性肝癌患者(28个病灶)和4例转移性癌患者(8个病灶)经射频消融治疗后行常规超声和超声造影检查,评价治疗后肿瘤灭活、残存或复发情况。结果 36个病灶中,27个病灶在造影各时相均未见增强,提示肿瘤完全灭活;9个病灶在动脉相呈局部形态不一增强,门脉相及延迟相消退,提示有残存肿瘤。超声造影的诊断准确性为91.7%,敏感性为87.5%,特异性为92.9%。结论超声造影判断射频消融治疗肝癌疗效准确性较高,可作为肝癌局部治疗疗效评价的重要方法,可临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜超声引导下微波消融治疗肝细胞性肝癌合并肝硬化的价值

目的评价肝硬化背景下经腹腔镜超声引导微波消融治疗肝细胞性肝癌的安全性和有效性。方法选取经腹腔镜超声引导下微波消融治疗伴有肝硬化的肝细胞性肝癌患者71例,定期对患者行血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)及影像学检查以评估治疗效果。结果术中腹腔镜超声检查,发现7个术前影像学未检出的肝内病灶(6.9%)。共计101个肝肿瘤病灶,均在腹腔镜超声引导下成功完成肿瘤微波消融治疗,患者血清AFP水平明显降低,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。术后仅1例患者出现术后严重并发症(1.4%),无死亡情况。术后1个月后复查,超声造影及增强CT均显示肝病灶完全消融,未见残留。术后随访(11.5±10.1)个月,4个病灶发现局部复发,6个病灶出现远处转移,3个病灶同时发生局部复发和远处转移。结论腹腔镜超声引导下的肝癌微波消融治疗具有安全、有效、恢复期短及并发症发生率低等优点。     

超声造影对肝癌射频微创治疗的应用价值

目的：评价超声造影对肝癌射频微创治疗的价值。方法：98例肝癌患者126个病灶在超声引导下射频消融治疗,其中原发性肝癌51例60个病灶,转移性肝癌47例66个病灶。治疗前及治疗后行超声造影检查,并与同期增强CT比较,治疗中51例69个病灶使用了超声造影引导消融。结果：126个病灶治疗1个月后超声造影判定89.7%（113/126）的病灶达到完全消融,10.3%（13/126）的病灶消融不全;增强CT判定88.9%（112/126）的病灶达到完全消融,11.1%（14/126）的病灶消融不全,两者比较差异无显著性,P＞0.01。结论：超声造影在肝癌射频微创治疗中不但起着定位肿瘤、引导穿刺、监测治疗过程的作用,而且是评价肝癌射频消融疗效的有效方法。     

容积超声造影对肝肿瘤射频消融效果的评估

目的探讨容积超声造影评估肝肿瘤射频消融效果的价值。方法对22只新西兰白兔肝脏VX2肿瘤和22例肝癌患者进行射频消融治疗,治疗前后分别进行二维及容积超声造影,所有患者治疗前后行增强CT检查,动物肝脏均做病理学检查。结果消融前所有病灶二维及容积超声造影均表现为早期动脉相病灶内均匀或不均匀高增强;消融后,动物实验中19个病灶的疗效判断二维超声造影与病理结果相同;22个病灶容积超声造影与病理结果相同;临床研究中20个病灶的疗效判断二维超声造影与增强CT相同,24个病灶容积超声造影结果与增强CT相同。结论容积超声造影有可能更好地评估肝脏肿瘤消融治疗效果。     

射频及射频联合其他介入性治疗对肝癌术后复发的应用比较

目的比较原发性肝癌术后复发的射频及射频综合治疗方法及疗效.方法分别对123例肝细胞肝癌(HCC)术后复发患者共149个肿瘤病灶进行射频消融或射频消融综合治疗,(1)Ⅰ组66例77个肿瘤病灶(肿瘤直径＜3cm),行单纯冷循环射频消融治疗(CRFA);(2)Ⅱ组57例72个肿瘤病灶(肿瘤直径＞3cm),其中Ⅱ a组21例30个肿瘤病灶行单纯CRFA;Ⅱ b组36例42个肿瘤病灶于CRFA之前分别行肝动脉栓塞或瘤内无水酒精注射治疗;(3)Ⅲ组另选63例75个肿瘤病灶(肿瘤直径＜3cm)行单纯瘤内无水酒精注射治疗(PEIT).术后观察各组患者治疗前及治疗后2周丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和术后1个月甲胎蛋白、二维及彩色多普勒血流显像、增强CT/MRI的改变.其中23例分别于消融治疗前后进行了超声造影检查.记录患者治疗后1、2、3年生存率.结果Ⅰ组肿瘤病灶完全坏死率为92.2%(71/77),术后1个月AFP明显下降;术后1年生存率93.2%(55/59),2年生存率71.9%(23/32),3年生存率64.0%(16/25);Ⅱ a组肿瘤病灶完全坏死率为23.3%(7/30),术后1个月仅1例AFP下降,术后1年生存率45.0%(9/20),2年生存率38.5%(5/13),3年生存率28.6%(2/7);Ⅱ b组术后1个月肿瘤病灶完全坏死率57.1%(24/42),术后1个月AFP下降;术后1年生存率65.6%(21/32),2年生存率47.4%(9/19),3年生存率38.5%(5/13);Ⅲ组肿瘤病灶完全坏死率为78.7%(59/75),术后1个月AFP明显下降;术后1年生存率78.9%(45/57),2年生存率58.1%(18/31),3年生存率46.2%(12/26).结论对于术后复发的小肝癌CRFA的效果优于单纯瘤内无水酒精注射治疗,且术后复发的小肝癌肿瘤病灶是CRFA的最佳适应证;而对于直径大于3 cm的HCC复发肿瘤病灶,应采用包括射频消融、酒精注射以及肝动脉栓塞在内的综合治疗,以增强疗效和延长肝癌患者生存期.     

超声造影引导下经皮经肝注射无水乙醇治疗肝癌的临床观察

目的：探讨超声造影引导下经皮经肝注射无水乙醇治疗肝癌的可行性和有效性 方法：对我院2013年3月至2015年5月，病理证实的原发性肝癌患者86例，共计107个病灶，行超声造影引导下经皮经肝无水乙醇注射治疗肝癌，并行超声造影对其疗效进行观察。 结果：107个病灶经超声造影引导下行经皮经肝无水乙醇注射治疗后，经超声造影评价，局部消融成功率达到100%，随访时间6月至2年，肿瘤局部进展率5.6%（6/107），未发现严重消融相关并发症。 结论：超声造影引导下行经皮经肝无水乙醇注射治疗肝癌，可以有效的杀灭肿瘤组织，是一种临床可行有效的介入治疗肿瘤的方法。     

肝恶性肿瘤超声引导下射频消融短期有效性及影响因素分析

目的 评估肝恶性肿瘤超声引导下射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)的有效性及影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2011年6月至2012年5月405例行超声引导下肝恶性肿瘤RFA治疗患者的临床资料,以及术前影像学检查和术后至少3个月随访影像学资料,分析肿瘤患者RFA后病灶完全消融率、局部残存率、肿瘤复发率及肿瘤进展率,并分析影响肝恶性肿瘤RFA局部疗效的相关因素.结果 405例患者共行462次RFA治疗,消融病灶数610个,病灶直径(2.5±1.1)cm,术后3个月肿瘤完全消融率89.2％(544/610),肿瘤复发率17.5％(81/462),肿瘤进展率23.8％(110/462).病灶数目(≥3个)、病灶大小(≥3 cm)及肿瘤位置(位于大血管旁)影响肿瘤完全消融率;而病灶数目(≥3个)影响肿瘤复发率及进展率.复发性肝细胞性癌、胃肠道转移癌及非胃肠道转移癌相比原发性肝癌(HCC)有更高的复发率和进展率.结论 超声引导下RFA治疗肝恶性肿瘤可有效控制肿瘤局部进展,病灶数目、大小及位于大血管旁可影响肿瘤完全消融率,病灶数目可影响肿瘤复发率及进展率,复发性HCC及转移性肝癌与原发性HCC相比肿瘤复发率、进展率更高.     

实时虚拟导航系统引导消融治疗肝癌

目的 探讨实时虚拟导航系统引导消融治疗肝癌的临床应用。方法 对2个等回声和2个靠近膈肌受肺气干扰而超声显示不佳的肝细胞性肝癌病灶，在实时虚拟导航系统引导下经皮穿刺无水酒精消融，观察局部消融效果。结果 治疗后经对比增强CT或MRI判定，4个病灶2个完全消融，2个有局部残留。未发生相关并发症。结论在肝癌经皮消融治疗中，对常规超声显示不佳的病灶，实时虚拟导航系统有助于正确引导穿刺和监控治疗。     

超声造影在评价肝癌射频消融临床疗效中的作用

目的了解超声造影对肝肿瘤射频消融(RFA)疗效评价的应用价值.方法选取肝细胞肝癌(HCC)患者12例23个病灶、肝转移瘤1例2个病灶为观察对象.全部病灶RFA治疗后即刻至2个月采用超声造影检查评价疗效,并与彩超和增强CT检查结果进行比较.结果RFA治疗后超声造影显示19个消融灶各期均无异常增强区,提示肿瘤完全灭活;4个消融灶边缘局部有早期增强判断有肿瘤残存;2个可疑残存肿瘤.经CT、穿刺活检及12个月以上随访,证实超声造影正确诊断23个病灶(23/25),与增强CT检查结果相近.超声造影发现新生病灶23个,其中2例有9个直径为＜1 cm的病灶,同期CT未能显示.结论超声造影是评价RFA疗效的一种有效方法,且能明确肿瘤残存部位引导补充治疗,并有助于发现微小新生病灶.     

实时超声造影在肝癌射频消融治疗前的应用研究

目的　探讨肝癌射频消融（RFA）前实时超声造影对确定消融范围和选择治疗方案的应用价值。方法　对RFA前239例肝癌患者315个病灶进行常规超声和低机械指数（MI〈0．2）实时超声造影检查（造影剂为Sono　Vue）,比较分析肝癌常规超声与超声造影的图像差异及其对确定消融范围和选择治疗方案的影响。结果　192个病灶（60．9％）超声造影后肿瘤大小测值较造影前明显增大（P〈0．01）,其中163个病灶设计消融范围较超声造影前明显扩大,29例因肿瘤≥6cm而改为手术切除;125个病灶（39．7％）超声造影后肿瘤形态更加不规则（P〈0．01）,其中16例因显示形态不规则的肿瘤邻近重要结构而改为手术切除。结论　与常规超声比较,RFA前超声造影可以更清晰、更准确地显示肝癌的大小、形态和浸润范围,为确定消融范围和选择治疗方案提供可靠的依据。     

低机械指数谐波超声造影评估肝细胞癌介入治疗效果

目的 探讨低机械指数谐波超声造影在肝细胞癌(HCC)介入治疗中对疗效的评估价值.方法 对82例介入治疗的HCC患者分别于治疗前后进行低机械指数超声谐波造影、常规二维灰阶超声、彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)和增强CT和(或)MRI检查,记录病灶数目、大小,观察病灶内血供.结果 82例患者介入治疗前二维超声及CDFI共检出病灶119个,超声造影共检出病灶142个;治疗前后超声造影显示病灶范围均较二维超声所示增大;病灶内血流信号检测以超声造影最准确.结论 超声造影能较好地评估HCC介入治疗的疗效.     

经直肠腔内灌注肠道超声造影诊断结直肠占位性病变的价值

目的探讨经直肠腔内灌注肠道超声造影在结直肠占位性病变中的诊断价值。 方法选取可疑结直肠占位性病变的患者196例,每例患者分别接受经直肠腔内灌注超声造影检查和肠道内窥镜检查。以外科手术病理结果作为"金标准",分析比较经直肠腔内灌注超声造影检查和肠道内窥镜检查诊断结直肠占位性病变的准确性。 结果经直肠腔内灌注超声造影观察结肠和直肠的解剖结构和病变特征,发现恶性占位性病变81例,其中结肠癌39例,直肠癌42例;良性占位性病变30例,其中直肠息肉11例,结肠息肉19例。经直肠腔内灌注超声造影探查结直肠占位性病变的位置、数目和>10 mm的病变,其敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性,与肠道内窥镜检查比较,均无显著差异。经直肠腔内灌注超声造影检查与肠道内窥镜检查在判断病变位置和数目方面均具有良好的一致性（K值=0.97,0.98）。两者在判断结直肠占位性病变大小方面的一致性因病变大小而不同：对于<5 mm、5~10 mm、>10 mm的结直肠占位性病变的探查,两种检查方法的一致性K值分别为0.82,0.89,0.98,其敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性结果也显示在探查微小的（<5 mm）黏膜病变时,肠道内窥镜检查略优于经直肠腔内灌注超声造影检查。在探查经手术证实的周围组织浸润病变时,经直肠腔内灌注超声造影检查明显优于肠道内窥镜检查。 结论经直肠腔内灌注超声造影检查可以有效探查结直肠占位性病变的位置和范围,与肠道内窥镜检查互补性强,其可作为结直肠占位性病变的常规检查方法之一。     

肝局灶性病变超声造影的误诊病例分析

目的 探讨肝局灶性病变超声造影的误诊因为.方法 收集有病理诊断的578例肝局灶性病变的超声造影资料,将其中与病理诊断不符的75例进行回顾性分析.结果 29例肝良性病变被超声造影误诊为肝癌,占误诊的38.7%.20例肝癌被超声造影误诊为肝良性病变,占误诊的26.7%.13例肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)被误诊为肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC).4例HCC被误诊为ICC.1例胆道乳头状黏液腺癌、1例肝转移癌和1例神经内分泌癌被误诊为HCC,1例HCC和1例ICC被误诊为肝转移癌.3例肝增生病变和1例炎性假瘤被误诊为肝血管瘤.原发性肝癌与肝内增生病变的混淆诊断占误诊的首位,炎性病变与恶性肿瘤的混淆诊断居次位.结论 不同病变的增强模式相似是超声造影出现误诊的原因,分析造影图像细节,紧密结合临床,可提高超声造影的诊断准确率.     

The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the selection of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma for radio frequency ablation therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in selecting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for radio frequency ablation (RFA). METHODS: One hundred seventy-nine patients with HCC were divided into 2 groups before receiving RFA: a CEUS group and a control group. The patients were concatenated and alternately apportioned into these 2 groups. In the CEUS group, 92 patients underwent pre-RFA CEUS using the contrast agent sulfur hexafluoride and enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging before RFA for selecting suitable cases for RFA, and in the control group, conventional ultrasonography and enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 87 patients for selecting patients. RESULTS: In the CEUS group, 9 patients (9.8%) were excluded for RFA therapy by CEUS. The other 83 patients (90.2%), with a total of 114 lesions, were treated by RFA. In the control group, 5 patients (5.7%) were excluded for RFA. The other 82 patients (94.3%), with a total of 107 lesions, were treated by RFA. During the follow-up period of 18 to 50 months, the primary technique effectiveness rates in the CEUS and control groups were 94.7% and 87.9%, respectively (P = .1182). The local tumor progression rate, the new HCC rate, and the repeated RFA rate of the CEUS group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P = .033, .004, and .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-RFA CEUS provides important information for selecting suitable patients for RFA. The use of CEUS in selecting patients with HCC can decrease post-RFA local tumor progression and improve the efficacy of RFA therapy.     

Assessment of therapeutic response in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous radio frequency ablation: comparison of multiphase helical computed tomography and power Doppler ultrasonography with a microbubble contrast agent.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of multiphase helical computed tomography and power Doppler ultrasonography with a microbubble contrast agent in the assessment of the therapeutic response to radio frequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: In 66 patients with 73 nodular hepatocellular carcinomas ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 cm (mean, 2.6 cm) in diameter, contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography was performed after intravenous bolus injection of a galactose-based microbubble contrast agent before and after radio frequency ablation. The results of the studies were compared with the findings of follow-up 3-phase helical computed tomography. All patients were regularly followed up with computed tomography for more than 1 year (range, 13-19 months). RESULTS: In 8 (11%) of 73 hepatocellular carcinomas, immediate follow-up computed tomography obtained within 2 hours after radio frequency ablation showed focal enhancing portions within the treated lesions, suggesting residual non-necrotic tumors. All 8 of these tumors had intratumoral flow signals on contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography. The diagnostic agreement between computed tomography and contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography was achieved in 100%. Among the remaining 65 hepatocellular carcinomas with the absence of residual tumors at both immediate follow-up computed tomography and contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography, subsequent follow-up computed tomography showed local regrowth at the margins of 10 lesions (15%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography closely correlated with those of immediate follow-up computed tomography for detecting residual tumors in hepatocellular carcinomas treated with radio frequency ablation. Both techniques, however, showed a limitation in detecting small or microscopic residual tumors and in predicting local regrowth in the treated lesions.     

肝细胞癌患者超声造影特征与其肿瘤标志物表达的临床研究

目的分析肝细胞癌(HCC)患者超声造影特征与其肿瘤标志物表达情况,探讨其临床应用价值。方法选取术前行超声造影检查,并经手术病理证实的214例HCC患者,使用免疫组化染色观察白细胞介素8(IL-8)和甲胎蛋白(AFP)的表达情况,分析超声造影参数(始增时间、达峰时间、峰值加速时间、始增速度及增强速率)与肿瘤标志物之间的关系,以及IL-8、AFP表达情况与HCC的关系。结果 HCC病灶的始增时间、达峰时间、峰值加速时间均小于病灶周围背景肝组织,病灶始增速度和增强速率均大于病灶周围背景肝组织,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。IL-8表达阳性率74.77%(160/214),AFP表达阳性率69.62%(149/214),两者表达呈正相关(r=0.252,P=0.003)。IL-8、AFP阴性HCC患者的始增时间、达峰时间、峰值加速时间均大于IL-8、AFP阳性患者,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);IL-8、AFP阳性HCC患者的始增速度、增强速率均大于IL-8、AFP阴性患者,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 HCC超声造影特征可为HCC肝切除患者的生物学行为评估、临床预处理及预后评估提供依据,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography and helical computed tomography for assessment of vascularity of small hepatocellular carcinomas before and after percutaneous ablation

PURPOSE: We compared the usefulness of Levovist-enhanced power Doppler imaging (PDI) and helical CT in the depiction of tumor vascularity before and after percutaneous ablation of small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). METHODS: Thirty-one cirrhotic patients with solitary unresectable HCCs smaller than 5 cm (mean size, 2.7 +/- 0.8 cm; range, 1.5-5.0 cm) recruited over a 15-month period were treated with percutaneous ethanol injection (n = 9) or radiofrequency ablation (n = 22). PDI, contrast-enhanced PDI (using Levovist), and multiphase contrast-enhanced helical CT were performed before and after percutaneous ablation, and vascularity findings were compared. RESULTS: Levovist significantly increased baseline intratumoral Doppler signals on PDI compared to non-contrast PDI. The most frequent tumor vascularity pattern was heterogeneous (45%). Vascularity was identified in all tumors by both contrast-enhanced PDI and helical CT before ablation. After percutaneous ablation, intratumoral vascularity was detected in 11 tumors by contrast-enhanced PDI and in 15 tumors by CT. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced PDI in demonstrating intratumoral vascularity, with CT being the gold standard, were 66%, 93%, and 81%, respectively. There was significant agreement between the 2 modalities in the depiction of tumor vascularity after ablation (kappa = 0.6, p = 0.001). However, there were 5 false negatives and 1 false positive with contrast-enhanced PDI. Complete tumor necrosis was achieved in 21 patients (68%). CONCLUSIONS: There was a good concordance between contrast-enhanced PDI and helical CT in the depiction of HCC vascularity before and after percutaneous ablation. However, although contrast-enhanced PDI may be useful for real-time guidance of treatment, its low sensitivity makes it inadequate to accurately assess the completeness of ablation.     

Early assessment of the therapeutic response to radio frequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: utility of gray scale harmonic ultrasonography with a microbubble contrast agent.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of gray scale harmonic ultrasonography with a microbubble contrast agent in the early assessment of the therapeutic response to radio frequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with 81 nodular hepatocellular carcinomas (1.3-4.8 cm) treated with percutaneous radio frequency ablation were evaluated with contrast-enhanced gray scale harmonic ultrasonography after intravenous bolus injection of a galactose-based microbubble contrast agent. The vascularity within the ablation zones was evaluated with a continuous scan for 3 to 5 seconds between 15 and 30 seconds after initiation of contrast agent injection. To evaluate the perfusion of the ablation zones, intermittent stimulated acoustic emission imaging was performed with a rapid sweeping technique from the end of the continuous scan. All patients underwent follow-up 3-phase helical computed tomography at 1 month after radio frequency ablation and were followed for at least 1 year. The results of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography were compared with those of follow-up computed tomography in terms of the presence or absence of residual unablated tumors. RESULTS: In 10 (12%) of the 81 treated hepatocellular carcinomas, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography showed either nodular or crescentic enhancing foci at the margins of ablation zones, suggesting residual unablated tumors. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography obtained 1 month after radio frequency ablation confirmed the residual unablated tumors in the same 10 lesions. Diagnostic agreement between 1-month follow-up computed tomography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography was achieved in all 81 cases (100%). CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced gray scale harmonic ultrasonography can be a reliable alternative to contrast-enhanced computed tomography in the early assessment of the therapeutic response to radio frequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma.