超声心动图评估新型主动脉人工瓣膜Perceval Sorin

目的 探讨超声在新型主动脉人工瓣膜Perceval Sorin临床试验研究中的应用价值.方法 术前、术中、术后7 d和术后1个月,使用经胸超声心动图及经食管超声心动图检查经主动脉瓣及人工瓣膜Perceval Sorin的血流速度曲线,记录最大跨瓣压差和平均压差,彩色多普勒判断主动脉瓣反流程度,术后有无瓣周漏.结果 15例患者术前均患有中-重度主动脉瓣狭窄,Perceval Sorin置换后,主动脉跨瓣平均压差(12.57±1.99)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),瓣口面积(1.37±0.28)cm~2.无瓣周漏,1例(1/15)患者术后主动脉瓣口少量反流,余患者术后主动脉瓣口微量反流或未见反流.结论 Perceval Sorin置换手术后,术后主动脉跨瓣压差明显减低,瓣口面积明显增大.超声心动图能及时准确评价治疗效果,提供有价值的信息.     

超声心动图在经导管主动脉瓣置换术中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声心动图在主动脉瓣膜病变患者经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）的术前评估、术中监测及术后随访中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析我院收治的32例行TAVR的主动脉瓣膜病变患者的临床资料，分为单纯主动脉狭窄患者13例（Ⅰ组），单纯主动脉瓣反流患者6例（Ⅱ组），主动脉瓣狭窄合并反流患者13例（Ⅲ组）。分析各组术前多层计算机断层扫描（MSCT）对主动脉根部结构测值、术前及术后1个月超声心动图参数的差异，以及术中情况、术后并发症发生情况。结果 32例患者术中均经股动脉植入瓣膜，并应用经食管超声心动图（TEE）监测，其中2例于TEE引导下行房间隔穿刺逆行跨主动脉瓣，4例采用瓣中瓣手术。术前实时三维经食管超声心动图（RT-3D TEE）与MSCT测得的主动脉瓣环最大径、最小径、面积、周长，以及左、右冠状动脉开口高度比较，差异均无统计学意义。术后即刻TEE评估：少至中量瓣周漏4例，少量瓣周漏9例，微量瓣周漏5例，无瓣周漏14例。经胸超声心动图结果显示，与术前比较，Ⅰ组术后1个月主动脉瓣峰值流速（AV Vmax）、主动脉瓣平均跨瓣压差（AVPGmean）、室间隔厚度（IVST）、左室后壁厚度（PW...     

先天性主动脉-左心室通道影像诊断及误诊分析

目的探讨超声心动图结合CT对主动脉-左心室通道(ALVT)的诊断价值及误诊分析。方法 2010年8月至2014年10月于武汉亚洲心脏病医院诊断并手术治疗的ALVT患儿共5例,对其超声心动图及CT图像进行回顾性分析。结果超声心动图将4例患儿诊断为主动脉-左心室通道,二维超声心动图可清楚显示主动脉根部与左心室之间的异常交通,彩色多普勒可见收缩期左心室血流经主动脉开口和ALVT同时进入主动脉,舒张期可见血流经ALVT反流入左心室。4例患儿中有2例为主动脉瓣二瓣化,1例有主动脉瓣反流。根据Hovaquimian分型:超声心动图诊断的4例病例中,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型各2例。1例患儿超声误诊为左冠状动脉-左心室瘘。行CT检查的3例患儿,2例诊断为主动脉-左心室通道,1例误诊为左冠状动脉-左心室瘘。结论超声心动图结合CT检查是诊断主动脉-左心室通道的可靠手段,可为选择治疗方案及评价预后提供重要依据。     

超声心动图诊断主动脉左心室通道的价值

目的 探讨超声心动图诊断与鉴别诊断主动脉左心室通道(aortico-left ventricular tunnel,AOLVT)的价值.方法回顾分析近20年来9例先心病AOLVT的超声心动图特点,总结诊断方法,分析超声容易漏诊、误诊的原因,提出鉴别诊断要点.结果 9例AOLVT中,除1例术前经CT检查确诊,因心脏骤停死亡外,其余8例全部完成外科手术治疗,术中确诊为AOLVT.超声于术前准确诊断5例,误诊4例,误诊病例中有3例诊断为主动脉瓣关闭不全,1例诊断为主动脉夹层瘤.分析全部患者超声心动图图像,AOLVT有其特有的结构及血流特点.最主要特点包括:二维超声显示主动脉瓣环与主动脉壁分离;彩色多普勒显示通道内收缩期左室流向主动脉花彩加速血流.此血流顺着通道走行,与其并行的主动脉瓣前向血流则不加速,色彩暗淡,舒张期则显示通道内由主动脉反流向左室的花彩加速血流.本病合并主动脉瓣病变时容易误诊为单纯主动脉瓣病变.8例手术患者中有7例术后6个月左室内径明显回缩(P＜0.001),左室射血分数提高(P＜0.001),仅1例行主动脉瓣机械瓣置换术患者术后心功能无明显恢复,2个月后因机械瓣瓣周漏死亡.结论 AOLVT诊断主要依赖超声心动图.提高对这类畸形的认识,研究其结构及血流动力学特点.可以提高本病的早期发现率及诊断的准确性.     

经食管超声心动图在主动脉夹层术中的应用

目的评价经食管超声心动图(TEE)在主动脉夹层术中的应用价值.方法对62例(其中DeBakeyⅠ型53例,DeBakeyⅡ型9例)确诊并将行开胸术的主动脉夹层患者,术前采用TEE评价主动脉瓣解剖结构、有无内膜撕脱及其范围、破口位置、升主动脉内径及夹层分型.术后即刻评价主动脉瓣、人工机械瓣及人工血管的功能情况.结果62例患者合并主动脉瓣关闭不全45例.TEE准确评估升主动脉内径大小、内膜撕脱情况、破口位置、主动脉瓣结构及反流情况、真假腔情况,同时显示假腔内血栓.根据TEE在术前提供的诊断信息,采取主动脉瓣不处理、主动脉瓣成形术、David术及人工机械瓣置换术.术后即刻评估手术效果,主动脉瓣成形术后效果理想20例,不理想4例;David术后效果理想4例,不理想1例;人工机械瓣功能良好20例,有瓣周漏1例.结论TEE在主动脉夹层术前提供诊断信息,术中指导手术操作,术后评价手术效果.     

超声心动图在经心尖主动脉瓣人工瓣膜植入术治疗主动脉瓣狭窄患者中的应用价值CSCD

目的探讨超声心动图在经心尖主动脉瓣人工瓣膜植入术(TAAVI)治疗主动脉瓣狭窄患者中的应用价值。方法选择2014年6月至2015年3月中国医学科学院阜外心血管病医院收治的接受TAAVI治疗的15例重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者。分别于术前、出院时、术后1个月、术后3~6个月采用超声心动图评估左心室舒张末内径、左心房内径及左心室射血分数、主动脉有效瓣口面积、平均跨瓣压差。采用单因素方差分析分别比较术前、出院时、术后1个月、术后3~6个月患者左心室舒张末期内径、左心房内径、左心室射血分数、主动脉瓣有效瓣口面积、平均跨瓣压差,进一步组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。结果入选15例患者术前超声心动图显示为重度主动脉瓣狭窄,平均有效瓣口面积(0.55±0.28)cm2,术前平均跨瓣压差为(58.93±14.96)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 k Pa)。1例患者术中超声示中量瓣周漏,重新放置瓣膜顺利。出院时、术后1个月、术后3~6个月患者左心室舒张末内径、左心房内径及左心室射血分数与术前比较差异均无统计学意义。除1例患者其他原因死亡外,术后超声随访结果示所有患者人工瓣膜位置均正常,7例患者探及瓣周1~2 mm反流。与术前比较,患者出院时及术后1个月、术后3~6个月主动脉瓣有效瓣口面积均增加,平均跨瓣压差均下降,且差异均有统计学意义(t=6.619、7.357、6.401,P均<0.001;t=9.523、9.687、5.932,P均<0.001)。结论术前经过超声心动图严格筛选,TAAVI治疗严重主动脉瓣狭窄患者效果良好。超声心动图在术中评估及术后随访中具有非常重要作用。     

经食管实时三维超声心动图在心脏外科手术中的应用

目的探讨经食管实时三维超声心动图在心脏外科手术中应用的可行性及价值。方法对接受心脏外科手术的24例患者进行经食管实时三维超声心动图术中监测,其中风湿性心脏病二尖瓣病变或二尖瓣主动脉瓣联合病变10例,二尖瓣脱垂2例,机械瓣置换术后机械瓣功能异常1例,主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形1例,室间隔缺损1例,房间隔缺损合并室间隔缺损1例,心内膜垫缺损2例,法洛四联症2例,大动脉转位合并室问隔缺损、房间隔缺损、左心室流出道狭窄1例,三尖瓣闭锁合并房间隔缺损、肺动脉狭窄1例,主动脉夹层2例。结果经食管实时三维超声心动图能够在术前清晰显示病变的三维结构,与术中所见基本一致,术后可即刻通过三维图像更直观评价手术效果。结论经食管实时三维超声心动图可方便应用于心脏术中监测,为心脏手术术前决策及术后效果评价提供重要信息,补充了常规术中超声应用的不足。     

超声心动图对主动脉-左室隧道的临床诊断价值

目的 探讨超声心动图在诊断主动脉-左室隧道中的临床应用价值.方法 对6例主动脉-左室隧道的超声心动图资料及临床特点进行回顾性分析,并结合国内外相关文献综述报道的147例进行综合分析.结果 6例患者均经手术证实,超声心动图特征主要表现为升主动脉与左心室间主动脉瓣膜旁侧的异常通道,通道内可见高速往返血流,伴或不伴主动脉瓣受累.根据Hovaguimian分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型1例,Ⅱ型1例(为术后再通).结合文献共报道主动脉-左室隧道153例,超声诊断准确率79.6％,误诊率17.1％,漏诊率3.3％.结论 超声心动图是术前无创性诊断主动脉-左室隧道的首选方法,并能准确分型及描述心内结构受累情况.     

实时三维超声心动图在评价人工瓣膜结构和功能中的应用

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图评价人工瓣膜结构和功能的临床应用价值.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声对33例人工瓣膜置换术后患者进行实时三维超声心动图检查,其中二尖瓣位人工机械瓣19例,生物瓣3例;主动脉瓣位人工机械瓣11例.结果 30例(91%)能够清楚显示人工瓣膜和支架结构及其周邻的解剖结构,其中26例功能正常,4例功能异常,其中3例为二尖瓣机械瓣瓣周漏,另1例为二尖瓣位生物瓣赘生物形成伴瓣叶穿孔破裂.结论 联合应用实时三维和全容积成像模式可以直观、准确地评价人工瓣膜的结构和功能.是对经胸二维超声和经食管超声心动图的有益补充.     

经食管探头行心外膜超声在心脏外科手术中的应用研究

目的：探讨经食管心外膜超声心动图在心脏外科术中监测的操作方法,探索其在多种心脏外科手术中的具体应用价值。方法采用GE公司经食管多平面超声探头,体外循环开放并复跳后行经食管心外膜超声心动图对53例心脏手术患者行术中监测,提供瓣膜功能情况、左心室收缩功能、有无残余分流等信息。结果53例患者均在体外循环复跳后行经食管心外膜超声检查获得满意的图像,无感染、出血、严重心律失常等并发症。5例患者发现左心室壁节段性运动异常给予及时处理;1例患者发现换瓣后机械瓣周残余分流再次转机后分流消失;1例患者三尖瓣成形术后仍为中量反流再次成形反流量减少;2例患者发现室间隔修补术后即刻评价术后残余分流再次修补分流消失。1例肥厚型心肌病左心室流出道梗阻患者,即刻评估流出道血流速度超过正常范围（3.2 m/s）,再次转机手术后流速下降为1.4 m/s,压差降低为8 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）。结论经食管心外膜超声心动图具有操作简便、准确的优势,能够即刻评价手术疗效,在心脏外科手术中具有显著发展前景和重要临床应用价值。     

Severe intermittent intraprosthetic regurgitation after mitral valve replacement with subvalvular preservation.

Preservation of the subvalvular apparatus during mitral valve replacement preserves left ventricular function and improves long-term survival. Complications of subvalvular preservation include left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and prosthesis impingement. We report a case of severe intermittent intraprosthetic mitral regurgitation detected by transesophageal echocardiography after mitral valve replacement by a bileaflet mechanical prosthesis with subvalvular preservation. Intravalvular prosthetic valve regurgitation was caused by remnants of the subvalvular apparatus, which were shown at reoperation to interfere with prosthetic leaflet motion and which were excised. Postoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed neither abnormal mitral regurgitation nor residual mass. The use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography could enable the detection of this rare complication.     

Excimer laser-assisted extraction of an infected bipolar left ventricular pacing lead implanted 10 years ago

Routine intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed a previously undiscovered ventricular positioning of an infected ventricular lead left in place for 10 years. This case report describes successful removal of this lead from the left ventricle by means of excimer laser and discusses some important aspects to be considered.     

Impact of different annuloplasty rings on geometry of the mitral annulus with fibroelastic deficiency: the significance of aorto–mitral angle

We sought to investigate the impact of full annuloplasty rings versus C-shape bands on mitral annular geometry in the presence of fibroelastic deficiency (FED), as assessed by intraoperative three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE). We retrospectively selected 65 patients who underwent mitral valve repair for severe mitral regurgitation caused by FED using full rings (the Ring group, n?=?30) and C-shape bands (the Band group, n?=?35). 71 controls without valvular heart disease were also included. Thorough 3DTEE inspections were performed for the entire cohort to measure morphological parameters of mitral annulus before and after surgery. Mid-term repair durability and left atrial diameter were followed up. The preoperative 3DTEE parameters, including annular diameters, area, height and aorto–mitral angle, were significantly larger in the FED groups than normal, and were comparable between two groups using different annuloplasty devices. After repair, the anterior–posterior diameter, annulus circumference and area were significantly larger in the Band group than in the Ring group. The aorto–mitral angle became comparable with normal value in the Ring group (p?=?0.728), but not in the Band group (p?=?0.011). Follow-up echocardiographic data showed a significant correlation between postoperative aorto–mitral angle and reduced left atrial diameter at 50.3 months after surgery (r?=?0.63; p?<?0.001). In conclusion, compared with C-shape bands, full rings may impose less narrowing on aorto–mitral angle, which correlates well with mid-term left atrial reverse remodeling.     

Hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients using echocardiography Doppler

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The evaluation of hemodynamic status in critically ill patients is a leading recommended indication of transesophageal echocardiography in the intensive care unit. Advantages and diagnostic yield of transesophageal echocardiography in this setting are particularly relevant when considering limitations and questioned prognostic impact of pulmonary artery catheterization. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent clinical studies have been performed to validate and assess the value of transesophageal echocardiography in determining cardiac output, cardiac preload dependence, right ventricular function, and left ventricular filling pressure. In addition, diagnostic capacity and therapeutic impact of transesophageal echocardiography have been widely reported in various intensive care unit settings. SUMMARY: Transesophageal echocardiography appears well suited for the determination of cardiac index and to track its variations after therapeutic interventions. Although repeated measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic dimension allows to accurately track preload variations, a single determination is not reliable to predict fluid responsiveness in intensive care unit patients. Identification of preload dependence in hemodynamically unstable patients currently tends to rely mainly on dynamic parameters that use cardiopulmonary interactions under mechanical ventilation. Transesophageal echocardiography also allows to adequately assess right ventricular function and left ventricular filling pressure using combined Doppler modalities. Adequate education and training of intensivists and anesthesiologists is crucial to further develop the use of transesophageal echocardiography in the intensive care unit setting. Despite the absence of randomized controlled studies documenting transesophageal echocardiography benefits on patient outcome, present evidence and experience strongly recommend a larger use of echocardiography Doppler for a comprehensive functional hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients with circulatory failure.     

超声心动图在非瓣膜性心房颤动患者经皮左心耳封堵术中的应用进展

目前,经皮左心耳封堵术被推荐用于高卒中风险、不能耐受长期抗凝治疗的非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的卒中预防。经胸超声心动图和经食管超声心动图不仅在经皮左心耳封堵术前患者的筛选、左心耳形态和大小的观测,以及术中封堵器选择和置入过程的实时监控中发挥重要作用,同时还有利于术后封堵器位置和心功能的评估,其中经食管超声心动图已经成为经皮左心耳封堵术必不可少的术中影像学监控手段。本文就超声心动图在非瓣膜性心房颤动患者经皮左心耳封堵术中的应用进展进行综述。     

Transesophageal echocardiography

Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography generally has superior sensitivity and image quality compared with precordial echocardiography. Its unique anatomic perspective posterior to the heart often provides important clinical information not obtainable by other imaging approaches and technologies. It is particularly useful in the diagnosis of mitral valve disease, left atrial masses, endocarditis and its sequelae, and aortic dissections. It is also useful for examination of the left main coronary artery, left ventricular outflow tract, atrial and ventricular septa, and congenital defects. In addition to its application as a diagnostic tool in conscious patients, it can be employed intraoperatively to evaluate and guide surgical intervention. Detection of ventricular wall motion abnormalities by transesophageal echocardiography has been shown to be the most sensitive indicator of myocardial ischemia available in the clinical setting. It has potential for wide application for safely monitoring left ventricular function in patients in intensive care or under anesthesia.     

超声心动图诊断主动脉左室通道

目的：分析主动脉左室通道的超声特征。方法：应用超声心动图检测6例主动脉左室通道患者。结果：在超声心动图检查中，6例较清楚显示主动脉根部与左室之间的异常交通，其中3例与手术结果一致，2例与造影结果一致。结论：超声心动图是诊断主动脉左室通道可靠的技术，可为选择治疗方案及评价预后提供重要依据。     

Comparison of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography to epicardial imaging in children undergoing ventricular septal defect repair.

Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was compared with epicardial echocardiography after ventricular septal defect repair. This comparison was made in 18 children aged 7 to 137 months (median, 32 months), weighing 6.3 to 49.1 kg (median, 10.8 kg) from November 1989 to January 1991. Ventricular septal defect types were perimembranous (six), malalignment (seven), supracristal (three), midmuscular (one), and inlet (one). Eight children had isolated ventricular septal defects, four had tetralogy of Fallot, three had double outlet right ventricle, two had double chambered right ventricle, and one had pulmonary stenosis. Patch interrogation was complete in 17 of 18 transesophageal echocardiography and 16 of 18 epicardial echocardiography studies. Inability to fully interrogate the ventricular septal defect patch by epicardial echocardiography occurred in two children as a result of anterior ventricular septal defect location, limited epicardial exposure, and surgical hardware interference. Incomplete transesophageal echocardiography patch interrogation occurred in the child with the midmuscular ventricular septal defect. Seven residual ventricular septal defects were documented by color flow Doppler in six patients. Five of seven residual defects were demonstrated by both real-time transesophageal echocardiography and epicardial echocardiography imaging. Transesophageal echocardiography and epicardial echocardiography missed 1 and 7 defects, respectively. The missed defects were different with each technique and were confirmed by postoperative surface echocardiography. No residual defects of sufficient size to require reoperation were found as determined by combination color flow jet analysis and intraoperative oximetry (no pulmonary to systemic flow ratio was greater than 1.50). Patches caused two-dimensional and Doppler signal masking, but this was not limiting because all residual defects were found at the margins of the ventricular septal defect patch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Intraoperative transesophageal versus epicardial ultrasound in surgery for congenital heart disease

Twenty-eight patients (age range, 0.7 to 65 years; median age, 6.1 years) who were undergoing correction for congenital heart disease were entered into a prospective study with both intraoperative transesophageal and epicardial ultrasound to determine the relative values of these techniques before and after bypass surgery. Introduction of the transesophageal probe was successful in 26 patients (93%); children were studied with use of dedicated pediatric transducers. Epicardial studies were performed in all 28 patients. Epicardial studies allowed for higher resolution imaging and a more complete assessment before bypass surgery of the intracardiac morphological condition (ventricular septum and right ventricular outflow tract) than the assessment that was obtained by the transesophageal approach. In the period immediately after bypass surgery, the transesophageal technique allowed a more detailed insight into atrioventricular valve function (valvar regurgitation [five patients] and ventricular inflow patterns) and the continuous monitoring of left ventricular function and volume. Residual interventricular shunting (three patients) or residual outflow tract obstruction (four patients) could not be reliably documented by transesophageal studies. It is concluded that intraoperative transesophageal and epicardial ultrasound in surgery for congenital heart disease are complementary rather than alternative techniques.