颈动脉内膜剥脱术的临床应用

目的探讨应用颈动脉剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄和闭塞。方法对2004年6月至2005年4月对8例颈动脉硬化狭窄患者行颈动脉内膜剥脱术的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者颈内动脉狭窄程度均大于70％,术中都应用Brener转流管及血管补片。结果术后所有患者未出现严重并发症,脑部供血好转,术后颈动脉超声及CTA检查见患侧颈动脉血流增加,未见动脉瘤形成。结论颈动脉内膜剥脱术是治疗颈动脉狭窄和闭塞较有效的方法。术中可常规应用转流管,应用血管补片可提高远期疗效。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉重度狭窄30例体会

目的 探索如何更快度过颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉重度狭窄的学习曲线。方法 2015年6月至2022年9月采用颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄患者30例研究，术前完成病情评估和危险因素分析，术中根据患者情况选择补片和转流管，严格血压管控，术后双抗药物维持，控制并发症发生。术后长期随访，观察有无缺血性脑血管事件发生。结果 30例患者均顺利完成颈动脉内膜剥脱术，技术成功率100%，其中1例患者术后15个月发现颈内动脉远端吻合口再狭窄。其余患者随访时间内均未发现手术侧出现需要临床干预的再狭窄。围手术期患者未出现症状性脑出血，脑梗死，高灌注和死亡等严重并发症。最短随访1个月，最长随访7年零3个月，无短暂性脑缺血发作，脑卒中发生，有2例死亡，但均与脑卒中事件无关。结论 完善的术前评估，精细的术中操作，严格的术后管理可以让单中心开展颈动脉内膜剥脱术更快地度过学习曲线。     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄的疗效

目的评价颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄的近远期疗效.方法20例患者接受21例侧颈动脉内膜切除术.其中缺血性卒中者7例,短暂性脑缺血者11例,无神经系统症状者2例.所有患者均行术前颈动脉Duplex超声检查,19例同时行DSA检查,18例行MRA检查.21侧手术的颈内动脉中,19侧狭窄≥70%,2侧狭窄60%～69%伴斑块溃疡.手术均采取颈丛麻醉,术中选择性地应用转流管和补片缝合.术后定期行超声检查和随访.结果术后30d内无死亡和卒中.围手术期有1例短暂性脑缺血发作和2例术后颅神经损伤.20例患者随访1～63个月,平均(31±20)个月.术后2年生存率和卒中发生率分别为92.3%和0,5年生存率和卒中发生率分别为79.1%和12.5%.2例随访中超声检查发现手术侧颈内动脉50%～60%的再狭窄.结论本组病例中,颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄取得了满意的围手术期结果和较好的预防卒中的远期疗效.     

Brener转流管在颈动脉内膜剥脱术中的应用

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术中常规应用Brener转流管以保持颈动脉对脑持续供血的作用。方法 58例患者应用Brener。转流管完成颈动脉内膜剥脱术,并对围手术期并发症予以总结。结果 58例患者置放转流管成功率为100％。围手术期患者病死率及脑卒中发生率为0,但术后发生一过性脑缺血的患者有2例(3．5％),与手术操作有关的并发症为2例(3．5％),均为切口皮下血肿。结论术中常规应用Brener转流管是颈动脉内膜剥脱术成功的关键步骤之一,但其与术者詈前转流管的经验有直接关系。     

显微颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄和闭塞

目的:探讨颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄和闭塞的疗效.方法2005年8月至2008年11月16例患者均经彩色超声、磁共振血管成像(MRA)、CTA、数字减影血管造影证实为中重度颈动脉狭窄,14例狭窄率为60%～99%,2例完全闭塞;12例行标准颈动脉内膜切除术,4例行外翻式颈动脉内膜切除术;2例术中放置转流管;1例术中行补片成形术.所有手术均借助显微镜完成.结果:围手术期及术后随访无卒中、短暂性脑缺血及死亡病例.术后均经彩色超声、MRA检查证实颈内动脉血流通畅,术后原症状改善或消失.1例并发消化道出血,1例围手术期有声嘶、呛水,对症治疗后症状消失,余均无并发症.结论:颈动脉内膜切除术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效方法,采用不同术式及技术,对不同颈动脉病变可以达到最佳治疗效果;显微手术有助于高位分叉颈动脉的显露,能有效避免颅神经损伤及其他并发症.     

补片对颈动脉内膜剥脱术围手术期并发症的影响

目的:对比颈动脉内膜剥脱术中使用补片扩大成形和直接缝合的围手术期结果,评价两种方法的优劣。方法:回顾性分析安贞医院血管科2003年3月至2016年12月行颈动脉内膜剥脱手术的492例患者的临床资料,分析其围手术期结果差异。结果:补片组364例（74%）,直接缝合组128例（26%）,补片组围手术期缺血性卒中发生率明显低...     

置腔内转流管和颈动脉补片行颈动脉内膜剥脱术(附45例报告)

目的探讨颈动脉内膜切除剥脱术(CEA)的手术方法及技巧,以降低围手术期脑卒中发生率及术后再狭窄发生率。方法2001年3月至2005年3月复旦大学附属华山医院血管外科行CEA45例,其中颈动脉硬化单侧狭窄36例、双侧9例。短暂性脑缺血(TIA)32例,缺血性脑卒中7例,无神经系统症状者4例。术前常规行多普勒彩超检查,9例行DSA检查,38例行CTA检查。颈内动脉起始段平均狭窄为(69±12)%。所有病人均在全麻下行CEA,术中常规置颈动脉转流管及用牛心包补片作颈动脉成形术。手术时间平均110min,脑缺血时间平均2min45s。结果围手术期及术后30d均无死亡及脑卒中发生,2例分别于术后6h及10h出现TIA。术后随访6~42个月,均未发生脑卒中。32例TIA病人,28例症状消失,4例症状改善。1例8个月后颈动脉轻度狭窄(<30%),其余病人颈动脉均无再狭窄。结论颈动脉内膜剥脱术中,常规运用颈动脉转流管及常规采用牛心包补片做动脉成形术可使手术更安全有效及减少术后再狭窄的发生。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄58例临床分析

目的 评估颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄的疗效,并探讨经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)的价值. 方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2008年12月采用颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗的58例颅外颈动脉狭窄的资料.40例伴有不同程度的脑缺血症状,18例无明显症状.颈动脉狭窄程度均在70%以上.41例行内膜剥脱后动脉单纯缝合,9例采用人工材料(涤纶)补片成形,8例行自体静脉补片成形.32例在TCD的监测下完成,26例没有采用TCD监测,28例则采用临时转流管. 结果手术成功率为100%,无死亡率.术前有腩缺血症状的40例患者中,术后大多数患者有不同程度的恢复.未采用TCD组患者5例(19.2%)术后出现脑血流过度灌注.采用TCD者未发现过度灌注的并发症.53例患者获随访,随访率为91.4%;随访时间为15～86个月,平均42.5个月.死亡5例.3例出现术后再狭窄(5.7%),其中2例接受颈动脉支架成形术,1例仍在观察随访中.结论 颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄是一种安全、有效的措施;TCD监测对于转流管的选择提供重要依据,并对预防术后过度脑灌注具有指导作用.     

血管、淋巴管

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗动脉粥样硬化性颈内动脉闭塞症,颈动脉体瘤的诊断与手术治疗,锁骨下动脉阻塞支架置入50例临床分析,腹主动脉重建后肠出血的诊断和治疗,复杂型主动脉夹层的腔内治疗,急性腹主动脉骑跨栓塞21例的治疗[编者按]     

颈动脉预阻断与逆流压测定在内膜剥脱术中的应用

目的探讨颈动脉预阻断试验与逆流压测定在颈动脉内膜剥脱术中的应用价值。方法2007年1月～2009年1月,对12例颈动脉狭窄者,在颈丛麻醉下完成颈动脉内膜剥脱术,术中行颈动脉预阻断试验并测定颈内动脉逆流压,选择性应用转流管,清醒状态下全术程监测。观察术中、术后并发症,记录、分析颈内动脉逆流压及预阻断试验,评价近期随访结果。结果术中3例一过性心率、血压升高,颈内动脉逆流压2例最低值出现于对侧颈动脉中重度狭窄且伴椎动脉病变的患者,预阻断试验（＋）者2例,选择性应用转流管4例,术后高灌注综合征1例。术前伴有头晕及视力下降的9例症状均改善。术后随访平均11个月（1～26个月）,2例再狭窄,无脑梗死发生。结论颈丛麻醉结合预阻断试验为颈动脉内膜剥脱术提供了微创、安全、有效的监测,建议结合预阻断试验、颈内动脉逆流压及对侧颈动脉、椎基底动脉病变程度选择性应用转流管。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.