孟鲁司特联合多索茶碱治疗老年支气管哮喘的临床分析

目的 观察口服孟鲁司特联合多索茶碱治疗老年支气管哮喘的临床疗效.方法 选取非急性发作期老年支气管哮喘患者87例,按随机数字表法分为试验组44例和对照组43例.试验组给予口服孟鲁司特10 mg,1次/d,多索茶碱0.2 g,2次/d;对照组给予吸入氟替卡松250μg,2次/d,共治疗3个月.比较两组患者第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、呼气峰值流速（PEFR）、一秒率[FEV1/用力肺活量（FVC）]、哮喘控制测试（ACT）评分以及药物不良反应.结果 两组患者治疗前FEV1、PEFR、FEV/FVC比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,两组患者治疗后FEV1、PEFR、FEV1/FVC均较治疗前明显改善[试验组：（2.20±3.21）L比（1.68±0.71）L、（3.97±0.32）L/s比（3.27±0.32）L/s、（76.18±1.02）％比（63.91±1.40）％,对照组：（2.24±0.75）L比（1.71±1.58）L、（4.06±0.34） L/s比（3.29±0.28） L/s、（77.85±0.67）％比（62.37±1.29）％],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.但两组治疗后比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.据ACT评分,试验组总有效率为90.9％（40/44）,对照组总有效率为95.3％（41/43）,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.试验组和对照组不良反应发生率分别为4.5％（2/44）和7.0％（3/43）,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 口服孟鲁司特联合多索茶碱治疗老年支气管哮喘的效果接近于吸入氟替卡松的经典方案,易被老年患者所接受,且安全性好,为老年支气管哮喘患者提供了另一种治疗选择.     

北京城、郊区儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患的室内环境因素比较

目的 探讨与儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患发生相关的室内环境影响因素.方法 采用整群抽样方法,在北京市城区与郊区各选择7所小学的一至四年级学生4612名,使用国际间儿童哮喘及过敏性疾病对比研究标准问卷,调查室内环境因素对儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患发生的影响.结果 实际分析4060名儿童,其中城区1992名,郊区2068名.城区儿童近12个月喘息、过敏性鼻炎及特应性湿疹的发生率分别为3.1%(61/1992)、5.3%(106/1992)和1.1%(22/1992);郊区为1.3%(27/2068)、3.1%(65/2068)和1.0%(22/2068).城区儿童12个月喘息及过敏性鼻炎的发生率高于郊区,差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为14.77、11.93,P＜0.01).城区儿童既往患有哮喘及湿疹的发生率分别为5.3%(105/1992)、29.4%(586/1992),郊区分别为1.7%(35/2068)、13.8%(285/2068),城区高于郊区,差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为39.03、147.22,P值均＜0.01).尽管两区儿童所处的室内环境因素分布比例比较相近,但被动吸烟及家庭装修对两区儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患的发生影响不同:被动吸烟对郊区儿童既往哮喘发生的OR=2.70,95%CI=1.17～6.23.而在城区未发现显著影响(OR=1.06,95%CI=0.71～1.58);84.0%(1673/1992)的城区儿童家庭装修过,郊区为80.0%(1655/2068),家庭装修对城区儿童既往湿疹发生的OR=1.57,95%CI=1.17～2.10,在郊区未发现显著影响(OR=1.06,95%CI=0.76～1.48).结论 北京市城区学龄儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患的发生率显著高于郊区,室内环境因素中被动吸烟、家庭装修对两区儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患发生的影响可能不同.     

安徽地区儿童暴露于农村生活环境对过敏性哮喘的影响

目的 研究暴露于农村生活环境对预防儿童哮喘及致敏的保护作用.方法 向2986名在校儿童父母发放哮喘标准调查表,采用放射性变应原荧光酶免疫吸附实验(RAST-FEIA)检测儿童血清中特异性IgE(sIgE)含量.结果 与在城镇生活的儿童相比,暴露于农村生活环境儿童的过敏性哮喘与非过敏性哮喘、过敏性哮鸣及特应性哮呜危险度显著性降低(OR=0.45,95%CI:0.13～0.96:OR=0.41,95%CI:0.15～0.95;OR=0.32,95% CI:0.11～0.62;OR=0.44,95% CI:0.13～0.91).1周岁内暴露与农村生活环境的儿童过敏性哮喘及特应性致敏危险度较低(OR=0.23,95% CI:0.04～0.91;OR=0.32,95%CI:0.17～0.78);若暴露持续至6周岁,过敏性哮喘及特应性致敏危险度更低(OR=0.21,95%CI:0.03～0.87;OR=0.31,95%CI:0.15～0.78).结论 暴露于农村环境对预防儿童过敏性哮喘及致敏的发生可能有保护作用,持续的暴露能加强此作用.     

兰州地区450名教师支气管哮喘患者发病的社会心理因素分析

目的研究教师哮喘发作中社会心理因素的作用。方法用《哮喘病社会心理因素调查表》对近3年来体检和门诊中发现患有哮喘病的中小学教师进行调查。结果几乎所有被调查的哮喘患者都存在社会心理因素的作用;其中负性刺激和不良情绪的影响最大,在3个年龄段都超过50%;在男性哮喘发作中,负性刺激(66.9%)和不良个性(57.7%)的影响最大;女性哮喘发作中,负性刺激(84.1%)和不良情绪(90.6%)的影响最大;教师职业的压力在几乎所有患者身上有表现。结论社会心理因素在哮喘中的影响一般是诱发作用;社会心理因素和哮喘之间是相互作用过程,教师的哮喘疾病有明显的职业特点,对哮喘的治疗还应该包括心理治疗。     

中山市居室装修对儿童哮喘样症状的影响

目的 探究中山市居室装修对儿童哮喘及哮喘样症状的影响。方法 于2016年3-7月在中山市城区采用随机整群抽样方法,抽取小学和初中各5所共11 611名儿童,采用国际统一的标准问卷ATS调查表调查所选学生的哮喘及哮喘样症状及家庭装修等情况,分析居室装修对儿童哮喘和哮喘样症状的影响。结果 学生年龄介于5~17岁,平均年龄是（11.49±2.66)岁,持续咳嗽、持续咳痰、喘鸣、哮喘和哮喘现患的患病率分别是2.85%、1.20%、6.93%、5.70%和1.46%。单因素分析显示,家庭2年内住房装修,装修材料中的油漆和墙壁涂料壁纸和新家具均是儿童哮喘和哮喘样症状危险因素(P＜0.05);多因素二分类非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,油漆是儿童持续咳嗽和哮喘现患的危险因素(OR:1.38-1.51,P＜0.05),墙涂料壁纸是儿童喘鸣和哮喘的危险因素(OR:1.24-1.29,P＜0.01)。结论 中山市居室装修是儿童患有哮喘及哮喘样症状的危险因素,不同的装修材料危害不一,应注意装修材料的使用。     

Agricultural exposure and asthma risk in the AGRICAN French cohort

Epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of respiratory diseases in agricultural population, but a protective “farm-effect” has also been reported for asthma. In the AGRICAN cohort, self-reported doctor-diagnosed asthma was analyzed according to allergy, in relation with history of life-time exposure to 13 crops and 5 livestock, pesticide exposure and early life on a farm, taking into account sex, age, education and body mass index. Among the 1246 asthmatics (8.0%), 505 were allergic (3.3%) and 719 non-allergic (4.6%). In multivariate analysis, a significant excess was observed, only for allergic asthma, in vine-growing (OR = 1.43, p = 0.002), fruit-growing (OR = 1.58, p = 0.001), greenhouses (OR = 1.66, p = 0.02), grasslands (OR = 1.35, p = 0.009), beets (OR = 1.52, p = 0.003) and horses (OR = 1.35, p = 0.04). Pesticide use and history of pesticide poisoning were significantly associated with allergic asthma in grassland, vineyards and fruit-growing and with non-allergic asthma in beets. Living on a farm in the first year of life tended to be protective for childhood allergic asthma in farms with livestock (OR = 0.72, p = 0.07) but deleterious in farms with vineyards, fruit or vegetables (OR = 1.44, p = 0.07). In AGRICAN, an increased risk of allergic asthma was observed with crop exposure, pesticide use and early life on a farm, especially in vine-growing, grassland, beets, fruit and vegetable-growing.     

Assessing Home Environment for Early Child Development in Pakistan

Family environment plays a very important role in early child development and the availability of stimulating material in the early years of a child's life is crucial for optimising development. The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory is one of the most widely used measures to assess the quality and quantity of support and stimulation provided for children at home. This cross-sectional study aims to measure the existing situation of home environment with respect to child development using the HOME scale in two communities of Pakistan: TandoJam (Sindh) and Mastung (Baluchistan). From December 2009 until May 2010, all mothers with children from birth to age three were recruited for the study. Data on the home environment were collected from a cohort of 1,097 children using the Infant and Toddler HOME (IT-HOME) scale, further distributed over six subscales. Frequency distributions of all responses and mean and standard deviation for all subscales were calculated. The mean ± standard deviation age of study children was 16.6 ± 12.1 months. Overall, the mean score on the HOME scale was 31.7 ± 7.2 and 29.7 ± 6.9 in TandoJam and Mastung respectively. On a subscale level, about one-half of the families in TandoJam and three-quarters in Mastung scored in the lowest quarter category on the Learning Material subscale, whereas 41% of families in Mastung and 18% of families in TandoJam were in the lowest quarter on the Organization subscale. On the remaining three scales (Responsivity, Involvement and Variety) at least 50% of families scored in the upper quarter category. In conclusion, considerable evidence is available showing that poor home environment retards intellectual growth. The HOME inventory identified up to 23% of young children in the lowest quarter category who are potentially at risk of developmental delays. There is a need to develop culturally acceptable, evidence-based parenting interventions to improve the home environment.     

A cross-sectional study of workers in the chemical industry with occupational exposure to hexamethylenetetramine

Objectives: To assess the health effects of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) on the airways and the skin of workers in the chemical industry. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 17 employees of a HMT-producing chemical plant and 16 control subjects from the plant. In addition, we examined 4 out of 5 subjects who had left the production for medical reasons during the last 10 years. Anamnestic data, total and specific IgE to four environmental allergens, lung function and bronchial responsiveness to methacholine were assessed by standard procedures. Skin prick tests (SPT) and patch tests were performed with known sensitizing substances and HMT 100 mg/ml and 2% pet and aq. Results: A high number of exposed subjects and controls reported symptoms during the previous year (64.7% vs 68.8%), most of them were not related to work. Work-related symptoms and objective parameters did not show differences between groups. No sensitizations to HMT as assessed by SPT or patch tests were found. Among those who had left the HMT production for medical reasons, 2 former baggers showed sensitizations to HMT by patch tests. These reported eczema during exposure but lost symptoms after removal from exposure. Geometric mean HMT concentrations as assessed by personal sampling were 0.3 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.1; 0.9] mg/m³ in shiftleaders and 0.6 (95% CI 0.3; 1.1) mg/m³ in baggers. Conclusion: High exposures to HMT may cause allergic contact dermatitis. There was no evidence of an increased risk for occupational asthma at mean airborne HMT concentrations below 1 mg/m³. Received: 4 February 1999 / Accepted: 10 July 1999     

肺功能及过敏原检测在儿童咳嗽变异型哮喘诊断中的临床意义

目的 探讨肺功能及过敏原检测在儿童咳嗽变异型哮喘(CVA)诊断中的临床意义.方法 对43例慢性咳嗽患儿支气管激发(舒张)试验及过敏原皮试点刺试验结果进行分析,其中CVA组(确诊为CVA的患儿)23例和对照组(其他慢性咳嗽患儿)20例.结果 CVA组支气管激发(舒张)试验阳性19例,对照组3例,差异有统计学意义(x2=14.745,P＜0.01);CVA组过敏原皮试点刺试验阳性17例,对照组5例,差异有统计学意义(x2=10.243,P＜0.05);支气管激发(舒张)试验与过敏原皮试点刺试验结果呈显著正相关(r=0.404,P＜0.01).结论 支气管激发(舒张)试验对CVA的诊断具有重要作用;过敏原皮试点刺试验对CVA诊断有辅助作用;过敏原对肺功能有影响,支气管激发(舒张)试验配合过敏原皮试点刺试验有助于儿童CVA的早期诊断.     

北京市农村地区老年人长期护理的需求现状及相关因素研究

目的 了解北京农村地区老年人长期护理现状和未来选择意愿及相关因素,为政府完善有关老年人长期关爱和照顾政策提供参考.方法 2012年12月至2013年1月,采用现况调查的方法,以北京农村地区1022名60岁以上老年人为调查对象,问卷调查其人口学信息、健康状况、长期护理现状和未来长期护理模式的选择意愿;采用Х^2检验和多元非条件Logistic回归,分析调查对象未来选择不同长期护理模式的相关因素.结果 调查显示有6.00％（59/1016）的老人目前需要长期护理,有82.86％（841/1013）的老人今后会选择家庭长期护理模式,有7.68％（78/1013）的老年人选择社区长期护理模式.单因素分析发现,影响老年人选择家庭长期护理的因素有文化程度、职业、月人均收入、居住情况、同住子女数量、医疗保险、养老保险、慢性病患病情况、听力、味觉和触觉自我评价（Х^2=33.03、136.17、99.32、88.83、58.07、147.71、108.11、9.85、33.78、30.45、22.22,P＜0.05）.多因素分析发现影响老年人选择家庭长期护理的相关因素是职业、月人均收入、与配偶居住情况、参加新农合以及对视力状况的自我评价,OR值（95％CI）分别为：2.48 （1.21～5.10）,0.82（0.71～0.95）,1.64（1.08～2.49）,4.78（2.93～7.82）,0.72（0.59～0.89）.结论 以家庭为基础的综合性长期护理和健康管理体系建设,是北京市农村老年人未来重要的选择和需求方向.     

海口地区138例哮喘患儿血清总IgE水平及过敏原检测分析

目的:探讨海口地区哮喘患儿血清中总IgE水平及主要过敏原种类。方法:采用德国欧蒙印迹法分别检测138例哮喘患儿及40例健康儿童的过敏原种类,并采用美国贝克曼化学发光仪DXI800检测血清中总IgE含量。结果:40例健康儿童血清总IgE含量为116.29±91.60μg/L,过敏原检测均为阴性;138例哮喘患儿总IgE的含量为2 126.17±1 942.69μg/L,138例哮喘患儿总IgE阳性率为73.2%,总IgE水平明显高于对照组过敏原阳性率68.1%(P<0.01),且大多数患儿被多种过敏原致敏。吸入组最高为屋尘57例,其次为屋尘螨/粉尘螨46例;食入组最高为虾20例,其次为鸡蛋白、蟹。结论:通过对哮喘患儿测定血清总IgE水平,并结合过敏原的测定,可了解患儿过敏的变应原,寻找病因,尽量避免接触此类过敏原,减少发病。     

Use of Home-Based Formal Services by Adult Day Care Clients with Alzheimer's Disease

OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between adult day care (ADC) attendance and utilization of home-based formal services among people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). METHODS: Data for this secondary analysis came from a longitudinal parent study of 457 subjects from 16 ADC programs and an Alzheimer's diagnostic center in metropolitan Chicago. We used the method of Generalized Estimating Equations to model the use of home-based formal services over time. RESULTS: Adjusting for relevant covariates, more days of ADC use at each follow-up was associated with decreased use of home-based formal services (coefficient = ?.25, p < .0001). Older, unmarried caregivers who are children of the care recipients had lower use of home-based services. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that ADC services may substitute for specific types of home-based formal services. The projected increase in AD prevalence over the next several decades warrants a clearer understanding of how people with AD use formal services.     

Places of death and places of care for Indigenous Peoples in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesMost people, including Indigenous people in Ontario, wish to die in their communities. How often Indigenous people in Ontario die in their preferred settings is unknown. This study aims to describe the places of care and death for Indigenous people in Ontario who received provincially funded home care services.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using linked health administrative databases housed at ICES. We used a population-based cohort of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in Ontario who died between April 1, 2010 and March 31, 2015 to describe characteristics of people, places of death, and places of care.ResultsIndigenous decedents were on average 8.8 years younger, had more chronic diseases, and lived in lower income neighbourhoods compared with their non-Indigenous counterparts. Indigenous decedents spent nearly 8 more days in acute care in the last year of life and more died in acute care (56.1% versus 46.1%). When controlling for covariates, Indigenous decedents received 1.9 fewer home care nursing hours and 5 fewer personal support worker hours and showed decreased odds (OR 0.72) of receiving a palliative physician visit in the last 90 days of life. Among Indigenous decedents, a palliative physician visit lowered odds of dying in acute care by 50% and total days in acute care by 18%.ConclusionOur study identified a gap in end-of-life care for Indigenous Peoples in Ontario receiving provincially funded home care. Without continued efforts to address challenges that perpetuate health inequalities, we expect many Indigenous people will continue to die in acute care away from their people, families, and culturally relevant supports.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.17269/s41997-021-00482-y.     

Ten Years after the Creation of the Portuguese National Network for Long-Term Care in 2006: Achievements and Challenges

The Portuguese National Network for Long-term Integrated Care (Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados, RNCCI) was created in 2006 as a partnership between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity. The formal provision of care within the RNCCI is made up of non-profit and non-public institutions called Private Institutions of Social Solidarity, public institutions belonging to the National Health Service and for-profit-institutions. These institutions are organized by type of care in two main settings: (i) Home and Community-Based Services and (ii) four types of Nursing Homes to account for different care needs. This is the first study that assess the RNCCI reform in Portugal since 2006 and takes into account several core dimensions: coordination, ownership, organizational structure, financing system and main features, as well as the challenges ahead. Evidence suggests that despite providing universal access, Portuguese policy-makers face the following challenges: multiple sources of financing, the existence of several care settings and the sustained increase of admissions at the RNCCI, the dominance of institutionalization, the existence of waiting lists, regional asymmetries, the absence of a financing model based on dependence levels, or the difficulty to use the instrument of needs assessment for international comparison.     

Availability of Medicaid home- and community-based services for older Americans and people with physical disabilities

This article provides an overview of Medicaid home- and community-based services (HCBS) for older adults and individuals with physical disabilities by describing eligibility criteria, availability, and types of services. All 50 state Medicaid programs provide supplementary HCBS in addition to mandatory services. The amount, type, and eligibility for HCBS varied widely between states. Variation in service provision and eligibility rules has led to a patchwork of services from state to state, with the same person eligible for services in one state but not another.