脉压差和急性主动脉夹层院内预后关系的研究

目的 探讨脉压差和急性主动脉夹层院内预后的关系。 方法 选取2013年1月至2015年12月于安徽医科大学第一附属医院住院的急性主动脉夹层患者270例,根据入院时脉压差分为四组：A组（脉压差低,PP≤39mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa）,B组（脉压差正常,PP:40-56mmHg）,C组（脉压差轻度增高,PP:57-75mmHg）,D组（脉压差明显增高,PP≥76mmHg）,分析四组间的临床资料及院内预后,并进一步Logistic回归分析影响院内预后的相关因素。 结果 与其他三组比较,A组患者在年龄、心率水平、Stanford A分型中差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与其他三组比较,A组患者中晕厥/昏迷、低血压（SBP＜100mmHg）、腹腔干缺血、心包积液、夹层破裂等并发症及其院内死亡率差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;进一步对院内预后影响因素进行Logistic回归分析显示,肾功能不全、Stanford A型、心包积液、低脉压差（PP≤39mmHg）是院内预后的预测危险因素,手术治疗是院内预后的预测保护因素。结论 低脉压差（≤39mmHg）与急性主动脉夹层患者院内预后有一定相关性,是其院内预后的预测危险因素。     

Early recovery of oxygen kinetics after submaximal exercise test predicts functional capacity in patients with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Oxygen (O2) uptake at peak exercise (VO2 peak) is an objective measurement of functional capacity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The significance of recovery O2 kinetics parameters in predicting exercise capacity, and the parameters of submaximal exercise testing have not been thoroughly examined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-six patients (mean age = 48+/-14 years) with CHF and New York Heart Association functional class I, II, or III, and eight healthy volunteers (mean age = 39+/-13 years) were studied with maximal and submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). The first degree slope of O2 uptake decay during early recovery from maximal (VO2/t-slope), and submaximal exercise (VO2/t-slope)(sub), were calculated, along with VO2 half-time (T(1/2)VO2). Patients with CHF had a longer recovery of O2 uptake after exercise than healthy volunteers, expressed by a lower VO2/t-slope (0.616+/-0.317 vs. 0.956+/-0.347 l min(-1) min(-1), P=0.029) and greater T(1/2)VO2 (1.28+/-0.30 vs. 1.05+/-0.15 min, P = 0.005). VO2/t-slope correlated with the VO2 peak (r = 0.84, P<0.001), anaerobic threshold (r = 0.79, P<0.001), and T(1/2)VO2, a previously established estimate of recovery O2 kinetics (r = -0.59, P<0.001). (VO2/t-slope)(sub) was highly correlated with VO2/t-slope after maximal exercise (r=0.87, P<0.001), with the VO2 peak (r=0.87, P<0.001) and with T(1/2)VO2 after maximal exercise (r=-0.62, P<0.001). VO2/t-slope after maximal and submaximal exercise was reduced in patients with severe exercise intolerance (F=9.3, P<0.001 and F=12.8, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Early recovery O2 kinetics parameters after maximal and submaximal exercise correlate closely with established indices of exercise capacity in patients with CHF and in healthy volunteers. These findings support the use of early recovery O2 kinetics after submaximal exercise testing as an index of functional capacity in patients with CHF.     

Prognostic value of changes over time in exercise capacity and echocardiographic measurements in patients with chronic heart failure.

AIMS: This study sought to examine the predictive values of changes over time in exercise capacity and echocardiographic measurements of ventricular dimensions or function in predicting mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixty-two patients with chronic heart failure (58 men, mean [+/-SD] age 60+/-10 years, mean peak oxygen consumption (VO(2)) 18.2+/- 5.9 ml. kg(-1). min(-1), mean left ventricular ejection fraction 38.9+/-15. 8%) who underwent both treadmill exercise testing and echocardiographic examination on two occasions, separated by 19+/-15 months were followed-up for a mean of 17 months (interquartile range 9-30 months). During the follow-up period, 19 patients (30%) died and three (4.8%) underwent heart transplantation. Of measurements taken at a single time-point (visit 2) exercise duration, peak VO(2), ventilatory response to exercise (VE/VCO(2)), left atrial diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction were found, by Cox proportional-hazard analysis, to predict the outcome in these patients (all P<0.05). Of the changes in parameters between visit 1 to visit 2, only changes in peak VO(2)per year (P=0.026) predicted non-transplanted survival (independent of changes in left ventricular ejection fraction and VE/VCO(2)). In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis patients with increased peak VO(2)over time (n=28) showed a better prognosis at 2 years (cumulative survival 75% [95% confidence interval: 56-95%] than those with a decrease in peak VO(2)(n=34, cumulative survival 50% [95% confidence interval: 31-68%]). CONCLUSIONS: Although single estimates of peak VO(2), VE/VCO(2)and left ventricular ejection fraction have significant prognostic importance in patients with chronic heart failure, when monitoring changes over time only peak VO(2)remains a significant predictor of outcome.     

Risk stratification by treadmill exercise echocardiography in patients with excellent exercise capacity

BACKGROUND: The incremental value of exercise echocardiography (EE) has been demonstrated to be maximal in patients with moderate pretest probability for coronary artery disease, but there is a lack of data in patients with low pretest probability or patients with good functional capacity. METHODS: To investigate whether such incremental value is maintained in patients with excellent exercise capacity, we studied 1,433 patients who had excellent exercise capacity (>or=8 METs for women, >or=10 METs for men). RESULTS: During a follow-up of 2.3 +/- 1.5 years, 42 hard events occurred (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction). Variables independently associated to hard events were male gender (P = 0.04), % of the age-predicted maximum heart rate (P = 0.02), chronotropic reserve (P = 0.002), and abnormal EE (P = 0.03; incremental P value of EE = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: EE has incremental value over clinical variables, resting echocardiography, and exercise testing variables in patients with excellent exercise capacity. EE may be preferable to ECG exercise testing even in patients expected to have good exercise capacity.     

Physical responses to different modes of interval exercise in patients with chronic heart failure--application to exercise training

METHOD: In exercise training with chronic heart failure patients, workingmuscles should be stressed with high intensity stimuli withoutcausing cardiac overstraining. This is possible using intervalmethod exercise. In this study, three interval exercise modeswith different ratios of work/recovery phases (30/60 s, 15/60s and 10/60 s) and different work rates were compared duringcycle ergometer exercise in heart failure patients. Work ratefor the three interval modes was 50% (30/60 s), 70% (15/60 s)and 80% (10/60 s) of the maximum achieved during a steep ramptest (increments of 25 w/l0s) corresponding to 71, 98 and 111watts on average. Metabolic and cardiac responses to the threeinterval exercises were then examined including catecholaminelevels and perceived exertion. Parameters measured during intervalexercise were compared with an intensity level of 75% peak VO₂,determined during an ordinary ramp exercise test (incrementsof l2·5 W. min^–1). RESULTS: () (1) In all three interval modes, VO₂, ventilation and lactate did not increase significantlyduring the course of exercise. Mean values during the last workphase were between 754 ± 30 and 803 ± 46 ml. min^–1for VO₂, between 26 ± 3 and 28 ± 11. min^–1for ventilation and between 1·24 ±0·14and l·29 ± 0·10 mmol.1^–1 for lactate.(2) In mode 10/60 s, heart rate and systolic blood pressureincreased significantly (82 ± 485 ± 4 beats. min^–1;124 ± 5134 ± 5 mmHg; P<0·05 each), whilein mode 15/60 s catecholamines increased significantly (norepinephrine0·804 ± 0·0891·135 ± 0·094nmol. 1^–1; P<0·008; epinephrine 0·136± 0·012 0 193 ± 0·019 nmol. 1^–1;P<0·005). (3) In all three modes, rating of leg fatigueand dyspnoea increased significantly during exercise but remainedwithin the range of values considered ‘very light to fairlylight’ on the Borg scale. (4) Compared to an intensitylevel of 75% peak VO₂, work rate durrng interval work phaseswas between 143 and 221%, while cardiac stress (rate-pressureproduct) was significantly lower (83–88%). CONCLUSION: All three interval modes resulted in physical response in anacceptable range of values, and thus can be recommended.     

Prognostic importance of predischarge exercise capacity for long-term mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction in patients admitted for suspected acute myocardial infarction and treated with metoprolol.

To evaluate the influence of acute beta-blockade on the ability of predischarge exercise test data to predict long-term prognosis in patients admitted for suspected acute myocardial infarction, patients randomized at hospital admission to intravenous metoprolol or placebo were studied. Among 190 patients discharged alive, total 4-year mortality was 20.5% (n = 39); (33 cardiac deaths, 6 non-cardiac deaths). Non-fatal infarction rate was 6.8% (n = 13). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that total mortality and non-fatal infarctions were independently predicted by (a) inability to perform predischarge stress testing (event-free survival for patients exercise tested 79.5% vs 56.9% for patients not eligible for testing; relative risk (RR) 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.78; P = 0.01), and (b) low predischarge exercise capacity (RR 1.44, CI 1.08-1.93; P = 0.034). ST segment shift > or = 1 mm did not predict mortality or reinfarction. Administration of metoprolol in the acute phase did not influence the predictive value of these parametres. It is concluded that assessment of exercise capacity at early exercise testing yields independent information for later death and myocardial infarctions, and that beta-blockade with metoprolol does not influence the predictive value of early exercise testing.     

急诊主动脉夹层临床特征研究

目的分析急诊主动脉夹层（AD）患者的临床特征,提高急诊确诊率及改善预后。方法回顾性分析2008年1月-2009年1月急诊收入的45例AD患者的临床资料。结果45例AD患者突发胸骨后撕裂样剧痛为93.33%,发病时收缩压〉180 mmHg者33例,为73.33%,胸片阳性占48.89%,超声心动图阳性占62.22%,97.78%患者D-二聚体水平升高。结论疼痛是急诊AD的主要临床表现,疼痛伴有高血压或血压不对称、D-二聚体水平升高、胸片示纵隔增宽时,提示该病可能。超声心动图检查阴性不能除外AD,血管螺旋CT及三维重建为确诊的重要方法。     

稳定期COPD患者深吸气量与运动耐力的关系

目的 探讨深吸气量 (IC)及相关肺功能指标与稳定期中重度 COPD患者运动耐力的相关性.方法 对62例处于稳定期的中重度 COPD 患者进行常规肺功能检测及斜坡式功率递增症状限制性心肺运动试验,测定相关肺通气功能参数、气体交换参数.结果 COPD患者的 IC%pred与运动耐力 [峰值摄氧量占预计值的百分比 (peak ·V O2%pred)]有显著的相关性 (r =0.74,P <0.001),IC%pred对 peak ·V O2%pred 有显著预测意义.结论 IC%pred对稳定期 COPD患者运动耐力的预测较其他肺功能指标更有优势.     

Value of exercise capacity and heart rate recovery in older people

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prognostic value in older adults of two predictors of mortality: impaired functional capacity and an attenuated heart rate recovery. SETTING: Academic medical center. DESIGN: Prospective study with mean 3.7 years follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: Seven thousand three hundred fifty-four adults aged 65 and older consecutively referred for exercise testing between 1990 and 1999. Patients with heart failure, valvular disease, atrial fibrillation, and pacemakers were excluded. MEASUREMENTS: The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Impaired functional capacity was defined as the peak exercise workload in the lowest quintile of metabolic equivalents achieved according to prespecified strata of age and sex. Heart rate recovery was defined as the fall in heart rate during the first minute after exercise and was abnormal if 12 or fewer beats per minute, except for patients undergoing stress echocardiography, in which case 18 or fewer beats per minute was abnormal. RESULTS: There were 842 deaths. Patients with impaired functional capacity were at increased risk for death (23% vs 9%, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.2-3.1, P <.0001) as were patients with an abnormal heart rate recovery (17% vs 9%, HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.8-2.3, P <.0001). After adjusting for age, sex, coronary history, and other confounders, impaired functional capacity (adjusted HR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.8-2.4) and an abnormal heart rate recovery (adjusted HR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3-1.7) independently predicted death. No interactions between these two variables with age were noted. CONCLUSIONS: In older patients, impaired functional capacity and heart rate recovery were independent predictors of death.     

Multiparameter assessment of exercise capacity in patients with arterial hypertension

Introduction: Arterial hypertension (AH) can lead to the development of heart failure.

Aim: Evaluating the relationship between parameters of exercise capacity assessed via a six-minute walk test (6MWT) and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), with a hemodynamic assessment via impedance cardiography (ICG), in patients with AH.

Methods: Exercise capacity was assessed in 98 hypertensive patients (54.5 ± 8.2 years) by means of oxygen uptake (VO₂) get from CPET, 6MWT distance (6MWTd) and hemodynamic parameters measured by ICG: heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO). Correlations between these parameters at rest, at anaerobic threshold (AT) and at peak of exercise as well as their changes (Δpeak-rest, Δpeak-AT, ΔAT-rest) were evaulated.

Results: A large proportion of patients exhibited reduced exercise capacity, with 45.9% not reaching 80% of predicted peak VO₂ and 43.9% not reaching predicted 6MWTd. Clinically relevant correlations were noted between the absolute peak values and AT values of VO₂ vs HR and VO₂ vs CO. Furthermore ΔVO₂(peak–AT) correlated with ΔHR(peak–AT), ΔCO(peak–AT) and ΔSV(peak–AT); ΔVO₂(peak–rest) with ΔHR(peak–rest) and ΔCO(peak–rest); ΔVO₂(AT–rest) with ΔHR(AT–rest) and ΔCO(AT–rest). Stronger correlations between changes in the evaluated parameters were demonstrated in the subgroup of subjects with peak VO₂ < 80% of the predicted value; particularly ΔVO₂(peak–AT) correlated with ΔSV(peak–AT) and ΔCO(peak–AT).

Conclusions: The hemodynamic parameters show significant correlations with more measures of cardiovascular capacity of proven clinical utility. Impedance cardiography is a reliable method for assessing the cardiovascular response to exercise.     

Prognostic value of supine scintigraphic heart function and simultaneous conventional exercise response in patients after myocardial infarction

A total of 240 survivors of one or more myocardial infarctions were consecutively admitted to perform supine exercise radionuclide ventriculography. Within 3 years after the test, 22 died; this group was compared to an age-matched control group of 22 survivors for left and right ventricular function during rest, exercise, and simultaneously assessed exercise performance as well as ECG variables. Evaluation of 3-year survival by linear discriminant analysis revealed an accuracy of 82% for discriminant models using ECG and exercise performance variables. Implementation of resting left ventricular ejection fraction and change of right ventricular ejection fraction during exercise, as well as scintigraphic presence or absence of dyskinesia, improved the accuracy of the model to 91% of correctly classified patients.     

老年冠心病患者心肺运动试验特点

目的 了解老年冠心病患者心肺运动试验（CPET）特点。方法 选择2010年10月至2014年10月在阜外医院心内科住院行冠状动脉造影，并进行CPET的老年患者，除外急性心肌梗死、左心室射血分数（LVEF）＜55%、恶性心律失常，合并肺部疾病、肺血管疾病、神经肌肉疾病或贫血等，根据冠状动脉造影检查结果分为两组，冠心病组33例和非冠心病组17例，比较其CPET参数。结果 共入选患者47例，平均年龄（62.6±4.3）岁，男性32例，女性15例。两组患者年龄、性别、体质量指数、吸烟史、高血压及糖尿病病史无明显差异，超声心动图左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）及LVEF无明显差异。CPET结果显示，冠心病组峰值氧耗量（peak VO2）和峰值VO2占预计值的百分比（peak VO2%）分别为（1158.4±286.4）ml/min和（60.5±13.4）%，非冠心病组分别为（1382.2±337.9）ml/min和（83.6±14.5）%，冠心病组较非冠心病组明显降低，P＜0.05。冠心病组峰值氧脉搏（peak VO2/HR）明显低于非冠心病组，分别为（10.7±1.6）和（9.5±1.5）ml/（min·beat），P＝0.038。冠心病组氧耗量与功率比值斜率（VO2/WR slope）明显低于非冠心病组，分别为（7.8±0.9）和（6.5±1.5）ml/（min·W），但无氧代谢阈值（AT）及通气效率等无明显差异。结论 老年冠心病患者运动耐量较非冠心病患者明显降低，可能与冠心病患者运动时心肌缺血左心室功能不全导致心排血量降低有关。     

Prognostic value of ambulatory ST segment monitoring compared with exercise testing at 1-3 months after acute myocardial infarction

The relative value of ambulatory ST segment monitoring for assessingprognosis following acute myocardial infarction is currentlyuncertain. Ambulatory monitoring was performed in 177 patientsat a mean of 38 days (range 22–93) post-myocardial infarctionand its prognostic value was compared with exercise treadmilltesting (n=170). Cardiac events (myocardial infarction, cardiacdeath or coronary revascularisation) were noted during at least1 year of follow-up. The presence or absence of ST depressionon ambulatory nonitoring did not predict increased fatal ornon-fatal cardiac events although more severe ST depressionhad some predictive power: after adjusting for clinical variablesand coronary prognostic indices, the duration/24 h (P=0·03)and magnitude (P=0·007) of ST depression had independentvalue. ST deviation on exercise testing was associated (P<0·05)with increased events (19/90; 21% vs 7/80; 9%) and in patientswith a positive exercise test ST depression on ambulatory monitoringdid not identify any additional events (8/41; 20% vs 11/49;22%). No factor available from ambulatory monitoring was predictiveof outcome once variables from exercise testing were taken intoaccount. Ambulatory ST segment monitoring performed in the laterecovery phase (1–3 months) after acute myocardial infarctionis inferior to exercise testing for predicting prognosis anddoes not increase the predictive power of an exercise test.Ambulatory monitoring may only be indicated in patients unableto perform an exercise test.     

Assessment of exercise capacity in asthmatic children with various degrees of activity

Physical fitness in a group of 49 stable asthmatic children was determined by an incremental exercise test. Thirty-one normal children served as a control group. The asthmatic children were divided into three groups. Group 1 was comprised of 16 children who actively participated in organized sports, Group 2 of 16 children who did not participate in organized sports but who engaged in free-play, and Group 3 of 17 children with a sedentary life-style who avoided even free-play. The results of cardiopulmonary evaluation before and after maximal incremental exercise testing have shown that Groups 1 and 2 behaved like the control group and their physical fitness was similar. Group 3 whose life-style was sedentary had poor physical fitness as compared to the other asthmatics and to the control group. This was the result of poor cardiovascular conditioning and was unrelated to the respiratory limitation. We conclude that poor physical fitness in asthmatic children is the result of a sedentary life-style and can be potentially normalized. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Prognostic value of left ventricular hypertrophy in postoperative outcomes in type A acute aortic dissection

BackgroundLeft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common in hypertension patients. Hypertension is a recognized risk factor of acute aortic dissection. This study aimed to explore the prognostic value of LVH in predicting postoperative outcomes in acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) patients.MethodsThis was a single-central retrospectively designed study. One hundred and ninety-three ATAAD patients who underwent surgical repair at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2018 to November 2021 were enrolled. Patients were divided based on their left ventricular mass index (LVMI). We compared their baseline characteristics, perioperative data, and in-hospital outcome. Then nomogram models were developed based on logistic regression to predict the postoperative outcomes.ResultsLVH presented in 28.5% (55 in 193) patients. LVH group had a higher proportion of female patients compared with the non-LVH group (32.7% vs. 17.4%, P=0.03). Decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac tamponade were more prevalent in patients with LVH. LVH group had a higher risk of postoperative composite major outcomes (CMO) and operative mortality. Based on multivariable logistic regression, LVH/LVMI, Penn classification, hyperlipidemia, emergency surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass duration were applied to develop nomogram models for predicting postoperative CMO. The area under curve was 0.825 (95% CI: 0.749–0.900) for Model LVH and 0.841 (95% CI: 0.776–0.905) for Model LVMI. Nomogram models for predicting postoperative cardiac were developed based on LVH/LVMI and cardiopulmonary bypass duration. The area under curves for the models involving LVH or LVMI were 0.782 (95% CI: 0.640–0.923) and 0.795 (95% CI: 0.643–0.947), respectively.ConclusionsLVH and increased LVMI was associated with increased risk of postoperative CMO and cardiac events in ATAAD patients. The nomogram models based on LVH or LVMI might help predict postoperative CMO. Future research would be necessary to investigate prognostic value of LVH for long-term outcomes in ATAAD patients.     

Diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral CT in aortic dissection

Background Aortic dissection occurs at a low incidence, but is associated with high mortality. It is generally acute onset, complicated and is often misdiagnosed; therefore is a macro vascular disease that poses major threat on patients’ lives. Timely diagnosis and management are essential, so we investigated the diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral CT in aortic dissection. Methods clinical data from 21 patients with confirmed aortic dissection were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had undergone plain and contrasted multi-slice spiral CT scans. Results true lumen and pseudo cavity were clearly revealed in all 21 patients, of which 17 showed intimal flap, four showed intimal calcification and inward displacement, while 2 had thrombosis in the pseudo cavity. As for classification among these 21 patients, 9 had type Ⅰ aortic dissection, including two patients with innominate artery involvement, 1 with celiac trunk involvement and 2 with left renal artery involvement; 2 had type Ⅱ aortic dissection, including 1 patient with innominate artery involvement; Another ten patients had type III aortic dissection, including 2 patients with left subclavian artery involvement and 1 with celiac trunk involvement. Nineteen out of 21 patients had clearly revealed initial rupture. Conclusion multi-slice spiral CT is characterized by rapidness, non-invasiveness and accuracy. It provides clear visualization of the location and scope of aortic dissection, location of the rupture as well as the valves, which makes it a first-choice imaging approach for the diagnosis of aortic dissection.