超声二维斑点追踪显像评价肥厚型心肌病左心室扭转和径向位移的初步研究

目的 采用超声二维斑点追踪显像技术(STI)探讨肥厚型心肌病(HCM)患者左室扭转运动的特征.方法 随机选取心功能测值正常的HCM患者及正常对照各35例,取胸骨旁左室心尖和心底短轴观二维图像对左室旋转及径向位移进行测量分析,记录并计算心底部旋转角度峰值(Prot-MV)、心尖部旋转角度峰值(Prot-AP)、扭转角度峰值(Ptw)、收缩期末扭转角度(AVCtw))、等容舒张期末扭转角度(MVOtw)、解旋率(Untw R)、解旋减半时间(HTU)、收缩期末径向位移(AVCdisp)、等容舒张期径向位移(IVRTdisp),比较两组间上述各参数的差别;同时构建左室扭转一径向位移环,并分析其各形态参数.结果 ①与对照组比较.HCM组Prot-MV、Prot-AP、Ptw、AVCtw、MVOtw、HTU测值均增加,Untw R测值减低,两组间差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),而AVCdisp、IVRTdisp测值差异无统计学意义.②HCM组内左室旋转心尖部达峰时间较心底部测值增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).③与对照组比较,HCM组收缩期及等容舒张期左室扭转-径向位移环的变化斜率均增加,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论 STI显示HCM患者左室旋转运动力学参数较正常人有明显异常改变.     

超声二维斑点追踪显像评价健康人左心室扭转-位移环的初步研究

目的 应用超声二维斑点追踪显像技术探讨不同年龄正常成人左室扭转与径向位移的关系.方法 健康成年志愿者121例,按年龄分为青年组(18～45岁)、中年组(46～64岁)和老年组(≥65岁).取胸骨旁左室心尖和心底短轴观对左室各水平旋转及径向位移进行测量分析,计算出左室扭转与左室径向位移,构建左室扭转-位移环,并比较不同年龄组的差别.结果 三组左室心尖部与心底部心肌旋转角度及各节段径向位移曲线随心动周期规律变化.三组左室扭转-位移环均呈"8"字构型.收缩期及等容舒张期左室扭转与径向位移均呈线性相关;随年龄增加,收缩期扭转-位移环的变化斜率明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与青年组比较,中年组及老年组等容舒张期扭转-位移环的变化斜率均明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但中年组与老年组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 应用超声二维斑点追踪显像技术可无创性构建左室扭转-位移环,年龄影响收缩期左室扭转-位移环.     

超声斑点追踪显像技术评价健康人左室心肌整体和局部扭转运动特征的临床初步研究

目的 运用超声斑点追踪显像技术(STI)评价健康人左室心肌节段和整体扭转运动特征.方法 运用STI技术对35例正常人左室心尖、乳头肌和心底水平整体和节段旋转角度进行测量,计算并记录左窒整体及节段扭转角度峰值(peak-tw)和达峰时间(time to peak-tw),从而定量分析心动周期中左室整体和节段扭转特征.结果 正常人心室扭转特征为:收缩期,心尖部呈逆时针方向旋转,心底部呈顺时针方向旋转,心室逆时针方向扭转;舒张期,心室反向解旋;心肌各节段室壁对整体扭转贡献由心尖至心底递减.结论 斑点跟踪显像技术可以无创性地评估左室整体及节段心肌扭转,具有良好重复性,为临床评价左室心功能提供一种敏感而可靠的新方法.     

定量组织速度成像评价扩张型心肌病患者左心室扭转运动特征

目的 评价定量组织速度成像(QTVI)技术观察扩张型心肌病患者左心室扭转运动特征的可行性.方法 32例健康成年志愿者和30例扩张型心肌病(DCM)患者,应用QTVI获取标准左室心底部及心尖部短轴图像,分别获取其室间隔与侧壁心肌的心肌运动曲线,比较室间隔与侧壁心肌运动的收缩期峰值速度(Vs)及侧壁-间隔位移速度差(lateral-septal displacement diference,D1-s)、快速充盈期和心房收缩期的速度(Ve和Va),并观察其运动方向.左室扭转运动指数(torsional motility index,TMI)由收缩期左室心尖部与心底部D1-s的差值来计算.结果 正常人与DCM患者左室短轴观室间隔和侧壁的反向运动造成了:①左室心底部收缩期舒张期逆时针(解旋)运动;②左室心尖部收缩期环向逆时针旋转和舒张期顺时针(解旋)运动.收缩期心脏整体主要表现为逆时针方向的扭转运动.DCM组较正常组收缩期心尖部与心底部D1-s均显著减低,导致其收缩期左室扭转运动指数减低(6.56±2.19对14.44±1.55,P＜0.05).左室TMI与左室射血分数显著正相关(Spearman相关系数r=0.517,P=0.000).结论 DCM患者收缩期左室扭转运动指数减低对于左室收缩功能有很大影响.QTVI技术为简便、客观地评估左心室扭转运动特征提供了全新的定量工具.     

超声二维斑点追踪成像评价原发性3级高血压患者的左室扭转重构

目的探讨超声二维斑点追踪成像（two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging,2D-STI）评价原发性高血压患者左室扭转（left ventricular twist,LVtw）重构特征的应用价值。 方法25例原发性3级高血压患者与30例正常成人经胸采集标准动态左室基底部及心尖部的胸骨旁短轴二维图像并存贮。在Echo PAC超声工作站上获取各层面在收缩期和舒张期左室的旋转角度和旋转率度曲线。LVtw（率）值定义为左室心尖部与基底部2个层面旋转角度（速度）的差值。为消除不同个体间心率差异,对时间参数进行标化。 结果原发性3级高血压患者与正常人的左室旋转和解旋曲线的走行趋势基本一致。扭转曲线图：收缩期左室呈短暂的逆时针扭转后,心底水平迅速呈顺时针旋转,同时心尖水平呈逆时针旋转,2个水平的旋转角度均于收缩期末达峰值。左室扭转角度均在（97±10）%（收缩末期）达到峰值。至舒张期,心室则表现为快速反向的解旋运动;与正常组相比,原发性3级高血压患者的左室峰值扭转度明显增大（P〈0.001）,左室峰值扭转速度及达左室峰值扭转速度时间测值则无明显差异（P〉0.05）;左室舒张期解旋率显著减小（P〈0.001）,解旋速度达峰时间延长（P〈0.05）,解旋峰值速度增大（P〈0.05）。 结论超声二维斑点追踪技术可全程量化左室扭转重构,并从机械力学角度对左室心肌功能进行合理解释,为临床防治原发性高血压提供理论依据。     

应用超声二维斑点追踪成像技术评价扩张型心肌病患者左室扭转的初步研究

目的应用超声二维斑点追踪显像技术(STI)探讨扩张型心肌病患者(DCM)左室扭转(LVtw)运动特征。方法DCM患者33例,年龄匹配的健康志愿者30例。经胸采集3个心动周期标准左室基底部及心尖部短轴二维图像并存贮,运用Echo PAC超声工作站进行脱机分析,获取每个切面的旋转值。左室扭转值定义为左室心尖部旋转值与心底部旋转值的差值。对不同研究对象间心率差异进行时间校标。结果从左室心尖来看,正常人LVtw运动主要表现为心底部顺时针旋转和心尖部逆时针旋转,心脏整体表现为心动周期内逆时针方向为主的扭转运动。DCM患者LVtw运动于收缩期仍维持心底部顺时针旋转、心尖部逆时针旋转及心脏整体收缩期逆时针方向的扭转运动,但其左室扭转峰值[(6.56±2.19)°/(14.44±1.55)°,P<0.001]显著减低。左室峰值扭转与左心功能显著正相关,相关关系密切(Spearman相关系数r=0.762,P=0.00)。结论DCM患者组收缩期左室扭转值减低对于左室收缩功能有很大影响。STI技术为准确地评估左心室扭转运动特征提供了全新的定量工具,具有广阔的临床应用前景。     

斑点追踪显像技术对正常成人左室扭转和解旋运动的初步研究

目的使用斑点追踪显像（speckle tracking imaging,STI）技术评价正常成人左室扭转和解旋运动,并探讨年龄对其运动的影响。 方法记录76例健康成人的左室基底部和心尖部短轴高帧频二次谐波图像,应用二维应变分析软件分别获得2个平面的旋转角度-时间和旋转速度-时间曲线,根据其平均值绘制左室整体的扭转角度-时间和扭转速度-时间曲线,测量扭转峰值、等容舒张末期扭转角度、扭转速度峰值及达峰时间,计算解旋率。 结果收缩期左室产生扭转运动,包括基底部顺时针旋转和心尖部逆时针旋转,收缩末后立即发生快速解旋运动。老年组的扭转峰值、等容舒张末期扭转角度明显大于中年组（P〈0.001）和青年组（P〈0.001）,老年组（P〈0.05）及中年组（P〈0.05）的解旋率明显低于青年组,扭转速度负向达峰时间也延迟（P〈0.05）。 结论二维斑点追踪技术可以无创评价左室扭转和解旋运动,年龄是其影响因素。     

定量组织速度成像与二维斑点追踪成像技术评价扩张型心肌病患者左心室扭转运动特征的对照研究

目的评价定量组织速度成像(QTVI)技术检测扩张型心肌病患者左心室扭转运动(LVtw)特征的可行性,并比较QTVI与超声二维斑点追踪成像技术(STI)两种技术的特点。方法应用QTVI和STI成像模式,结合同步记录的心电图,分别于左室基底部及心尖部短轴观评价35例扩张型心肌病患者与32例健康志愿者左心室扭转运动特征。QTVI技术以收缩期左室心尖部与心底部侧壁间隔位移差(SD1-s)的差值来计算左室扭转运动指数(TMI),STI技术以左室心尖部旋转值减去基底部旋转值来定义左室扭转峰值(Ptw)。结果从左室心尖来看,正常人LVtw运动主要表现为心底部顺时针旋转和心尖部逆时针旋转,心脏整体表现为心动周期内逆时针方向为主的扭转运动。DCM患者LVtw运动于收缩期仍维持心底部顺时针旋转、心尖部逆时针旋转及心脏整体收缩期逆时针方向的扭转运动,但其左室扭转运动指数TMI(8.43±2.27vs12.33±3.29)及扭转峰值Ptw(6.56±2.19vs14.44±1.55)均显著减低。TMI与Ptw显著正相关。结论DCM患者组收缩期左室扭转运动指数TMI及扭转值减低对于左室收缩功能有很大影响。高帧频的QTVI技术为简便、客观地评估左心室扭转运动特征提供了全新的定量工具。     

斑点追踪超声心动图技术评价正常成人左室旋转及解旋运动

目的 应用斑点追踪超声心动图（STE）技术,研究正常成人左室旋转运动特征.方法 选取我院健康体检者30例,取胸骨旁左室基底部及心尖部短轴扫查平面,对左室旋转进行测量分析,测量左室基底段和心尖段等容收缩期旋转角度、射血期旋转角度、等容舒张期旋转角度,计算等容舒张期解旋率,并将各项指标与年龄进行相关性分析.结果 正常成人心脏的左室旋转运动主要表现为基底部顺时针旋转和心尖部逆时针旋转形成的相反运动,收缩末后立即发生快速解旋运动.左室射血期旋转角度与年龄呈正相关（P〉0.05）;等容收缩期旋转角度与年龄呈负相关,基底段有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,心尖段无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;等容舒张期解旋率与年龄呈负相关（P〈0.05）.结论 STE技术可以无创评价正常成人左室旋转和解旋运动.     

超声斑点追踪成像评价心功能不全患者收缩期心肌扭转的初步研究

目的 应用超声斑点追踪成像技术评价心功能不全患者收缩期左室心肌旋转及扭转运动变化.方法 32例正常对照者和24例心功能不全患者,显示左室标准短轴观图像,分别测量并比较两组患者各短轴观图像在标化时间点处的左室旋转及扭转角度、收缩期左室旋转及扭转峰值与相应达峰时间,观察左室旋转值及扭转值随时间变化的关系.结果 心功能不全患者左室各短轴观收缩期左室旋转及扭转峰值均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组比较,心功能不全组左室扭转达峰时间明显延长(P<0.05),达峰点出现在舒张期,左室心尖水平顺时针旋转达峰时间长于对照组(P<0.05),延长至射血期.结论 心功能不全患者左室扭转运动减低,左室心底、心尖相对旋转不同步,旋转角度减低.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.